REFORM MOVEMENTS IN UNITED STATES HISTORY1830’s; Populism; Progressives; Modern Era

Reforms of the 1730’s – 1760’s

The 1st Great AwakeningA move away from predestination towards

living asJesus had instructed.Related Terms/People/LiteratureArminianism – free will instead of

predestinationJonathan EdwardsGeorge WhitefieldSinners in the Hands of an Angry God

Reform 1820’s-1850’s

The Second Great AwakeningPreached that you were capable of self-

improvement.Salvation through repentance.Each person had a duty to combat sin; lead to

reform movementsRelated Terms/People/LiteratureCharles G. FinneyBurned-over districtMormons; Millerites; Spiritualist; ShakersGrowth of Baptist and Methodist is South

Reforms of 1820’s-1850’s

Education ReformPublic Schools were formed to provide

educational AND moral direction.Middle class families viewed it as a chance

for advancement and to instill Protestant ethics.

Save immigrants and poor children from bad influences and bad parents to influence good citizenship.

Related Terms/People/Literature: Horace Mann

Reforms of 1820’s – 1850’s

Asylum/Prison ReformReformers believed that all problems were

correctable. This lead to many state supported prisons and asylums. Poor treatment/abuse of prisoners and patients lead to reform.

Related Terms/People/Literature: Dorothea Dix

Reform of 1820’s – 1850’s

Reform Turns Radical in the 1830’s Women’s MovementTemperance Movement - Reform

dedicated to the removal of alcohol from society due to rise in alcoholism, spousal abuse, and mismanagement of family funds.

Women’s Equality – Seneca Falls Convention demanded women’s right to vote; rejected the Cult of Domesticity; gender equality

Reform of 1820’s – 1850’s

Women’s Movement ContinuedRelated Terms/People/Literature:Lucretia MottElizabeth Cady StantonSojouner TruthClara BartonDorothea DixSeneca Falls Convention

Reform of 1820’s – 1850’s

Abolitionist MovementAbolition of slavery.Mostly appealed to small town citizens in the

North.Related Terms/People/LiteratureWilliam Lloyd Garrison – The LiberatorFrederick Douglass – The North StarHarriet Tubman – Underground RailroadHarriet Beecher Stowe – Uncle Tom’s CabinAmerican Anti-Slave SocietyLiberty Party

Reform of 1820’s – 1850’s

Utopian CommunitiesReformers who grew tired of trying to reform society

began their own ideal communities.Key Terms/People/LiteratureRobert Owen and Charles Fourier created socialist

communitiesShakers – believed in sexual equality and the 2nd coming of

ChristOnieda Community – 2nd coming of Christ has already

occurred which negates the need for moral rules; free love

George Ripley formed a utopian society based on education

Reform of 1820’s – 1850’s

TranscendentalismLiterary & philosophical idea that

individuals can transcend reality & connect with universal spiritual forces

Key Terms/People/LiteratureHenry David Thoreau – Walden Pond

(advocated a utopia of 1); Civil Disobedience

Ralph Waldo Emerson – Nature; Self-Reliance

Reform of 1880’s

Civil Service ReformBrought on by the spoils system and the

growth of government during the Second Industrial Revolution

Pendleton Act 1883 – merit based exams for civil service jobs

Women’s Christian Temperance Movement

Fought for temperance, improvement in race relations and women’s right to vote. (Carrie Nation)

Populist Reforms 1880-1896

Granger MovementThey were angry at wholesalers, banks,

and railroads (Eastern establishment) They established co-ops, banks and grain elevators. Granger movement died out in the 1870’s depression.

Populist Reforms 1880-1896

National Farmer’s AllianceOcala Demands: Free Coinage of Silver,

railroad regulation, direct election of US Senators, national income tax, storage of grain in government silos when prices are low

Populist Reforms 1880-1896

Populist PartyPolitically oriented group of agrarian

farmers in the Midwest and South that formed a coalition with factory workers that advocated a wide range of economic and political legislation

In addition to the Ocala Demands they wanted an 8 hour workday, break-up of monopolies, and immigration restrictions.

Populist Reforms 1880-1896

Populist PartyKey terms/people/literatureWilliams Jennings BryanBimetalismBland Allison ActSherman Silver Purchase Act*Populist ideas enacted by other parties:

national income tax, direct election of US Senators, secret ballot. The movie, Wizard of Oz, is a populist allegory.

Progressive Reforms 1890s-1920s Began in cities to reform working

conditions, living conditions and labor problems.

Themes: belief in progress, Social Gospel, government help to achieve goals, change environment to change people, and humanize industry and urbanization

Progressive Reforms 1890s-1920s Populist Movements Prohibition – lead to 18th Amendment Prostitution – raised moral conscience; many

states outlawed brothels Good Government Movement – fought to end

local government corruption. Moved power away from party bosses to city councils and mayors.

Muckraking Journalism – Journalist used their craft to expose societal problems in many different areas.

Progressive Reforms 1890s-1920s Standardizing Education – assimilation of

immigrants, creative intelligence Women’s Movement – Women’s suffrage

movement (19th Amendment); birth control education to help eliminate poverty

African-American Movement – racial equality; integrated schools etc.

Workers Movement – Union Movement

Progressive Presidents

Teddy Roosevelt – trust busting; industry regulations; conservation of land and resources; Department of Commerce and Labor; Big Stick Diplomacy

William Howard Taft – trust buster; safety codes for miners; Children’s Bureau; split the Department of Commerce and Labor into two separate departments; Dollar Diplomacy

Woodrow Wilson – graduated income tax; Federal Reserve Act; Clayton Anti-Trust Act; 16-20th Amendments; Moral Diplomacy

Progressive Reforms 1890s-1920s Key terms/people/literatureSettlement housesJane HullSocial GospelMugwumpsJacob Riis – How the Other Half LivesHenry George – Progress and Poverty

(showed the gap between rich and poor)

Progressive Reforms 1890s-1920s Key terms/people/literatureLincoln Steffan – Shame of the Cities

(exposed city political machine corruption)

Ida Tarbell – History of Standard Oil (exposed Rockefeller’s ruthless business practices)

Upton Sinclair – The Jungle (exposed unsanitary conditions of meatpacking industry which would lead to the Pure Food and Drug Act)

John Dewey – Education reform

Progressive Reforms 1890s-1920s Key terms/people/literatureMargaret SangerBooker T. Washington – Atlanta Compromise

SpeechWEB DuBois – Niagara MovementNAACPSamuel Gompers – American Federation of LaborWomen’s Trade UnionIndustrial Workers of the WorldTriangle Shirtwaist Comapany

Progressive Reforms 1890s-1920s Key terms/people/literatureInitiatives, referendums, and recallsRobert La Follette – Wisconsin Governor