Referencing

The basics of the Harvard referencing system

Guess what?

• The Harvard referencing system comes from Harvard University.

Professor Edward Mark

• It was first used in a paper by Edward Laurens Mark, Hersey professor of anatomy and director of the zoological laboratory at Harvard University, in 1881.

Parenthetical referencing

• The system is also called parenthetical referencing because citations are placed in parentheses (brackets) within the text.

• The Harvard referencing system is said to be an author-date method of citation.

What is referencing?• References are the direction markers of academia. They are like traffic signs telling

your reader how you are directing the ‘traffic’ of thought from other scholars. Like traffic signs, they represent law and order in the way that ideas are appropriated and utilised. There is a proper way of doing things.

• Once you have learnt to reference correctly, you are on the way to being a good scholar. It is a painstaking business and careful concentration is required. Learn the correct methods now, and you will never look back on your academic journey.

Acknowledge your sources

• REFERENCING is how you acknowledge the sources of the information or ideas you have used when writing your essays/assignments

•

When you utilise the views and research of other scholars –whether in a tutorial, a presentation or in a written assignment – you are entering into an academic discourse (conversation) and you must acknowledge the other person’s work or ideas. Just paraphrasing another person's work without acknowledging the source is plagiarism, so we have to learn to use referencing in our writing.

We use Harvard

• Referencing Styles

• There are a number of referencing styles used in Tertiary Institutions in Australia. The most common ones are the HARVARD style and the APA style.

• At Southern Cross University it is requested that you learn

and use the Harvard referencing style. More advice on Harvard referencing can be found on the Southern Cross University website at: http://libguides.scu.edu.au/harvard.

Two parts to referencing

• There are two parts to referencing:

• 1. In-text references that go alongside (in brackets) the quotes or ideas used in your work

• 2. The reference list at the end of your paper

In-text referencing• Harvard In-text references: Indirect quote/paraphrasing

• Harvard is an 'author/date' system, so your in-text reference consists of the AUTHOR(S) SURNAME and YEAR OF PUBLICATION.

• The basics of an in-text reference in Harvard are: • Book: Single Author • Author Year • ↓ ↓ • (Smith 2013) ← Use round brackets

Book: two authors

• Author Year

↓ ↓ • (Smith & Singh 2013) ← Use round brackets Please note when the names are written inside the brackets, an ampersand (&) is used between authors’ names instead of the word `and ’.

• Also, when paraphrasing, you are encouraged to provide a page number when it would help the reader locate the relevant passage in a long or complex text.

Citing two or more works• If two or more works by different authors or authoring bodies are cited at one point in the text, use a semi-

colon to separate them:• (Larsen 2000; Malinowski 1999)• The authors should be listed in alphabetical order. • Book: 3, 4 or 5 Authors • When you are using in-text referencing you must cite ALL THE AUTHORS THE FIRST TIME the reference

occurs. • Authors Year • ↓ ↓ • (Smith, Singh & Patel 2013) ← Use round brackets • ↑ • Add a comma

As part of the text itself …

For example: • Smith, Singh and Patel (2013) have found it is

important that students learn to paraphrase. • Or • Paraphrasing is an important skill for students to

learn (Smith, Singh & Patel 2013).

Using et al.• After this when you use the same reference again you may then include only the surname

of the first author followed by et al. and the year.

• Author Year • ↓ ↓ • (Smith et al. 2013) ← Use round brackets • For example: • Paraphrasing is an important skill for students to learn (Smith et al. 2013). • Or • Smith et al. (2013) have found it is important that students learn to paraphrase.

• Notice et al. has a full stop after it.

In text citations: direct quotes• Harvard In-text citations: Direct Quotations • When to quote • Generally when you are writing academic text you will paraphrase and

summarise to show that you understand the information and can apply this in your own work. But you will also use DIRECT QUOTATIONS in your

writing. ‘ ……….. ’ • You may choose to quote directly from the text because:

• The phrase would have less impact if paraphrased, or • You want to use the quote to validate or support your argument.

Use single quotation marksAt SCU, we use single quotation marks. If you need to include a quote within a quote, then use double quotation marks for the inserted quotation.

For example:

Harris writes: ‘Students in home stay report vastly different experiences after moving in with their host family but, as Johnson informs us, “some of these experiences are very positive and rewarding.” ’ (Harris 2001, p. 5)

Quotations are usually introduced with commas or colons. The first word of the quotation is usually capitalised.

Examples:

In Thompson’s opinion, ‘The aim of business is purely to make a profit’.

Greenleaf states: ‘The aim of business must extend beyond the basic drive to generate a profit’.

Short quotations• If you do use a direct quote in your assignment, you have to copy and write the text exactly as it is written in the

original word-for- word, enclose the quote in quotation marks ‘ ’ and, include the exact page number of the quote. • There are a number of ways that you can include direct quotations: • 1. As a continuation of the sentence you are writing; for example: • a) The other school of thought defines experiential learning as `education that occurs as a direct participation in the

events of life’ (Houle 1980, p. 221). • OR • 2. As a complete sentence introduced by the author`s name and year: • b) Merriam and Caffarella (1999, p. 330), state that `the ability to think critically, which is mandatory to effecting a

transformation, is itself developmental’.

• c) Kolb and Fry's (1975) experiential learning model is a `continuous spiral process which consists of four basic elements’ (pp.32-34).

• Please note – There is NO comma between the name and the year, but a comma is required after the date if a page

number is added. Use p. for a single page and pp. for double pages. • E.g. (Houle 1980, p. 221)• E.g. (Houle 1980, pp. 221-226)

Long quotes as block quotes• Long quotations (these are quotations of more than 30 words)• This type of quote is also known as a block quote. • If your quotation is 30 words or longer you must begin with your own words and introduce the quote with a colon. ( : )• You do not need to enclose the quote in quotation marks. Instead, you must:

• Start the quote on a new line • Indent 5 spaces from the left margin to identify it as a separate section. • Single space the entire quotation and • Include the page number/s at the end of the block quote in parentheses • The final full stop is placed before the in-text citation • For example: It is in this stage of individuation that we seek the experience of wisdom. This is illustrated by Leggo, who states:

What I am keenly learning from elderly people who exemplify wisdom is that the education of the heart, imagination, body and mind are contingent on a sturdy commitment to practice, especially the practice of living well. (Leggo 2004, p.8)

A person who achieves this stage in the individuation process is able to contain and restrain the opposites.

Consistency … and accuracy

An important principle in referencing is to BE CONSISTENT. Keep referencing in the same way throughout your work.However, you must also be …ACCURATE.

In other words, keep doing the RIGHT THINGS over and over again.

The Reference List • All in-text references are listed in the reference list at the end of your document. The purpose of the

reference list is to help readers find the sources used in your writing. The reference list should be as accurate as possible.

• When writing a reference list in the Harvard style you need to remember the following: • Use Reference List as the heading • Arrange your list alphabetically according to surname • Use italics for the title • Start the reference list on a new page. • When compiling your Harvard reference list, you should: • 1. List references on a new page with a centred heading titled: References • 2. Arrange your list alphabetically according to surname • 3. List works with no author under the first significant word of the title • 4. Use italics when listing the title of a book or journal

Reference List example• Sample reference list (Books only)

REFERENCE LIST Abdel-Khalik, A 2014, Accounting for risk, hedging, and complex contracts, Routledge, New York. Barrow, C 2011, The 30 day MBA in international business, Kogan Page, London. Beauchamp, T 2004, Ethical theory and business (6th edn), Prentice Hall, New York. Binder, G 2009, Corporate governance in Arab countries: development of corporate governance in Arab and MENA countries, University of Vienna, Vienna. Fuller, C 2011, Sociology, gender and educational aspirations: girls and their ambitions, Continuum International, New York.

Book referencing: the basics• The basics of a reference list entry for a book: • Author Year Title (in italics) Publisher • ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ • Cerf, A 1961, Corporate reporting and investment decision, University of California Press, Berkley, CA.

↑ Place of publication

• Remember that an important principle in referencing is to BE CONSISTENT. This applies to the way you format your information (author, date, title, and source), and the way you use the punctuation.

• The format and the punctuation don’t change We have: Author Surname comma Initial(s) Year comma Title (in italics) comma Publisher comma Place of Publication full stop

For example:

Gore, A 2008, The Assault on Reason, Penguin Press, USA.

A pic of the author just mentioned

An inconvenient photograph of Al Gore

Your turn!• Reference the following using Harvard style • • 1. Case studies in Business, Society and Ethics. 2004. Tom Beauchamp. • • Prentice Hall. New York.

• _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________•

• 2. Sociology, gender and educational aspirations: girls and their ambitions. Fuller, C 2011, Continuum International, New York. • • _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• • 3. Dianne Gace and Sarah Cohen. Business ethics: Australian Problems and Cases. 2005 Melbourne. Oxford University Press. • • _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• • 4. R.T. DeGeorge. Business Ethics. 2006 Sydney. Oxford University Press. • • _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• 5. 10 Best and Worst Decisions of Australian CEOs, 1992-2002. Viking Press 2003 Adelaide. David Gottiner. • • _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• • 6. Fisher,C. & Lovell A. 2003 Business ethics and Values. Melbourne. Oxford University Press. • • _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Right or Wrong? Some of the references below are correct, some are not. Tick those that are correct and put a cross X next to those that are not, then write them correctly. Ashwin, P 2006, Changing higher education: The development of learning and teaching, Routledge, London. Changing higher education: the development of learning and teaching (pp. 19–32). London, England. Routledge. Boud, D. (2006). El-Shamy, S How to design and deliver training for the new and emerging generations: (2004). San Francisco, CA, Wiley. Fuller, C F 2011, Sociology, gender and educational aspirations: Girls and their ambitions, Continuum International, Albany, NY. An inconvenient truth: The planetary emergency of global warming and what we can do about it Gore, A. (2006). Emmaus, Rodale. Michaels, P & Balling, R 2000, The satanic gases: Clearing the air about global warming, Cato Institute, Washington, DC. Bickman, L. & Ellis, H. (1990). Preparing psychologists for the 21st century: Proceedings of the National Conference on Graduate Education in Psychology. Hillsdale Pub, New York, The culture of Islam: changing aspects of contemporary Muslim life , University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Rosen, L 2011, A challenge to change. Colclough, B., & Colclough, J. (1999). London, England: Thorsons. Allen, J, O'Toole, W, Harris, R & McDonnell, I 2011, Festival and special event management, 5th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Milton, QLD.

Referencing from the Internet• When you are referencing from the internet, where possible include the author’s name [Surname, Initial(s)] and year [page created or revised], Title of

the page, Publisher [if applicable], Place of publication [if applicable], viewed Day Month Year, ≤URL≥

• Web Page:• Author Year Title The date you found the information • ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ • Steel, W 2008, Hints for web authors, viewed 30 January 2011, • ≥http://www.mcsr.olemiss.edu/~mudws/webhints.html≤• ↑ ↑• URL of the web page

• It is helpful to note the date that you sourced the information as websites and their content can change quite frequently. • If you can’t find the name of the author, start your reference with the name of the website.• Title Year The date you found the information • ↓ ↓ ↓ • Tips on taking multi-choice tests 2010, viewed 30 January 2011, • ≤ http://www.socialpsychology.org/testtips.htm ≥ • ↑ ↑ • URL of the web page

• YOU MUST CHECK THE REFERENCING GUIDE ON HOW TO REFERENCE ALL VARIATIONS OF TEXT • http://libguides.scu.edu.au/harvard.

When do I need to reference?

• You must reference the source any and every time you use somebody else's words or ideas from a:

• magazine, newspaper, • book, e book • song, TV program, movie, • web page, computer program, or any other medium. • You must also reference the source for:

• diagrams

• illustrations

• charts and pictures (www.clipart.com)

How do I reference this? • The secret to referencing accurately is firstly to identify the type of resource. So far we have only

looked at how you reference a book and a website. There are many more resources that you will use in your research such as e-books, journals, manuals, data bases, etc. Each time you reference you MUST follow the formula for referencing that particular type of source.

• Below is the basic reference list entry for a journal article with one author in Harvard

Author Year Article Title • ↓ ↓ ↓

Brill, J 2011, ‘Heal your heart with food: Eight foods that prevent a second heart attack’, Better Nutrition, vol.73, no.2, pp. 38-42.

↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ Journal Title Volume Issue Page (in italics)

• For more information on how to format your source go to the

SCU website: http://libguides.scu.edu.au/harvard.

Some tricky examples These examples have been taken from: • http://guides.is.uwa.edu.au/content.php?pid=43218&sid=318555; accessed 11 June, 2015.

• A book with one editor: Jones, MD (ed.) 1998, Management in Australia, Academic Press, London.

• A book with two editors: Bullinger, HJ & Warnecke HJ (eds) 1985, Toward the factory of the future, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

• A book that has been published in more than one edition: Drafke, M 2009, The human side of organisations, 10th edn, Pearson/Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J.

• A book with no author: A history of Greece 1994, Irwin, Sydney.

• A chapter or article in an edited book: Milkman, R 1998, 'The new American workplace: high road or low road?' in Workplaces of the future, eds P Thompson & C Warhurst, Macmillan Press, London, pp. 22-34.

More tricky examples These examples have been taken from: • http://guides.is.uwa.edu.au/content.php?pid=43218&sid=318555; accessed 11 June, 2015.

An eBook: Aghion, P & Durlauf, S (eds) 2005, Handbook of economic growth, Elsevier, Amsterdam. Available from: Elsevier books. [4 November 2004].

An eBook: Chapter or Article in an Edited eBook: White, H 2002, 'The westernisation of world history' in Western historical thinking: an intercultural debate, ed. J Rusen, Berghahn Books, New York, pp. 111-119. Available from: ACLS Humanities E- Book. [14 May 2009].

Book: Different Works by Same Author in Same Year

Bond, G 1991a, Business ethics, McGraw-Hill, Sydney. Bond, G 1991b, Corporate governance, Irwin, London.

Dictionary or Encyclopedia Do not include in reference list

Book with author and translator Colorado, JA 2006, Economic theory in the Mexican context: recent developments on the ground, trans. K Smith, Oxford University Press, Oxford.