Preparing References and Preparing References and BibliographyBibliography

--Dr.G.SarojaDr.G.SarojaAsst. ProfessorAsst. Professor

Dr.B.R.Ambedkar Open UniversityDr.B.R.Ambedkar Open University

Hyderabad – 500 033Hyderabad – 500 033..

Definition of concepts Definition of concepts

ReferencesReferences: A : A reference reference is a direction to a book, is a direction to a book, article or webpage etc., where certain information may article or webpage etc., where certain information may be found; an indication of the author, work, page etc., be found; an indication of the author, work, page etc., to be looked at or consulted. to be looked at or consulted. Referencing Referencing is the term is the term given to the linking of the citations within the body of given to the linking of the citations within the body of the work and the reference list.the work and the reference list.

BibliographyBibliography: : A bibliography is a list of sources you A bibliography is a list of sources you have used in the course of writing your essay, have used in the course of writing your essay, assignment or report and is given simply as a list at the assignment or report and is given simply as a list at the end of your workend of your work

CitationCitation: citations are references to works that have : citations are references to works that have actually been cited in one’s research paper actually been cited in one’s research paper

Concepts contd..Concepts contd..

Footnotes and EndnotesFootnotes and Endnotes: It is a note of text placed at the : It is a note of text placed at the bottom of a bottom of a pagepage in a book or document. The note comments on in a book or document. The note comments on and may and may citecite a a referencereference for part of the main body of text . for part of the main body of text . Embedded references in combination with footnotes or Embedded references in combination with footnotes or endnotes are not for referencing but for additional substantive endnotes are not for referencing but for additional substantive remarks, caveats, etc., that are sufficiently important to include, remarks, caveats, etc., that are sufficiently important to include, but which would be disruptive to the flow of the text if included but which would be disruptive to the flow of the text if included in the body of the text.in the body of the text.

APA styleguide recommends using footnotes or endnotes to APA styleguide recommends using footnotes or endnotes to avoid long explanations in the text. avoid long explanations in the text.

MLA syleguide recommends to make all notes endnotes, unless MLA syleguide recommends to make all notes endnotes, unless otherwise instructed. Footnotes appear at the bottom of the otherwise instructed. Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page, beginning four lines below the textpage, beginning four lines below the text..

Concepts contd..Concepts contd.. There are a number of ways to refer to the foot notes or end There are a number of ways to refer to the foot notes or end

notes within the text like – Author-Date system; Number notes within the text like – Author-Date system; Number System etc.System etc.

Examples for Author-Date system Examples for Author-Date system : Between 1968 and 1988, : Between 1968 and 1988, television coverage of presidential elections changed television coverage of presidential elections changed dramatically (Hallin, 1992,p.5) dramatically (Hallin, 1992,p.5)

Disciplines such as Chemistry, mathematics, medicine and Disciplines such as Chemistry, mathematics, medicine and physics use the number system. In this system, arabic physics use the number system. In this system, arabic numerals designate entries in the list of works cited and numerals designate entries in the list of works cited and appear in parenthetical documentation followed by appear in parenthetical documentation followed by commas and the relevant volume and page references. commas and the relevant volume and page references. Ex:Frye defined the alazon as a “self deceiving or self-Ex:Frye defined the alazon as a “self deceiving or self-deceived character in fiction”(2,p.365).deceived character in fiction”(2,p.365).

Concepts contd..Concepts contd..

IbidIbid ( (LatinLatin, short for , short for ibidemibidem, "the same place") is the , "the same place") is the term used to provide an term used to provide an endnoteendnote or or footnotefootnote citationcitation or or referencereference for a for a sourcesource that was cited in the that was cited in the preceding endnote or footnote. It serves a similar preceding endnote or footnote. It serves a similar purpose to purpose to ditto marksditto marks

Op. cit.Op. cit. ( (LatinLatin, short for "opus citatum"/"opere , short for "opus citatum"/"opere citato," meaning "the work cited/from the cited citato," meaning "the work cited/from the cited work") is the term used to provide an work") is the term used to provide an endnoteendnote or or footnotefootnote citation to refer the reader to an earlier citation to refer the reader to an earlier citation. To find the citation. To find the Op. cit.Op. cit. source, one has to look at source, one has to look at the previous footnotes or general references section to the previous footnotes or general references section to find the relevant author. find the relevant author.

Need for referencingNeed for referencing

To acknowledge and give credit to sources of words, ideas, diagrams, To acknowledge and give credit to sources of words, ideas, diagrams, illustrations, quotations borrowed, or any materials summarized or illustrations, quotations borrowed, or any materials summarized or paraphrased. paraphrased.

To show that you are respectfully borrowing other people’s ideas, not To show that you are respectfully borrowing other people’s ideas, not stealing them, i.e. to prove that you are not plagiarizing. stealing them, i.e. to prove that you are not plagiarizing.

To offer additional information to your readers who may wish to further To offer additional information to your readers who may wish to further pursue your topic. pursue your topic.

To give readers an opportunity to check out your sources for accuracy. An To give readers an opportunity to check out your sources for accuracy. An honest bibliography inspires reader confidence in your writing. honest bibliography inspires reader confidence in your writing.

To maintain uniformity among different kinds of document formats To maintain uniformity among different kinds of document formats If you do not provide references, others may not accept the paper as If you do not provide references, others may not accept the paper as

scholarly work.scholarly work. Avoid PlagiarismAvoid Plagiarism

Etc. etc..Etc. etc..

Different Formats of Published WorksDifferent Formats of Published Works

BooksBooks Chapter in a Edited BookChapter in a Edited Book Articles published in JournalsArticles published in Journals Newspaper or Magazine articleNewspaper or Magazine article Reference material like Encyclopaedias, Reference material like Encyclopaedias,

dictionaries etc.dictionaries etc. Micrographic materialMicrographic material Cartographic materialCartographic material Online Source etc.Online Source etc.

What information to include in the What information to include in the citation or referencecitation or reference

AUTHORAUTHOR TITLETITLE PLACE OF PUBLICATIONPLACE OF PUBLICATION PUBLISHERPUBLISHER DATE OF PUBLICATIONDATE OF PUBLICATION PAGE NUMBER(S)PAGE NUMBER(S) (For articles from magazines, (For articles from magazines,

journals, periodicals, newspapers, encyclopedias, journals, periodicals, newspapers, encyclopedias, or in anthologies).or in anthologies).

Referencing Style GuidesReferencing Style Guides

APA Style Guide – Publication Manual of the APA Style Guide – Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th American Psychological Association, 5th edition. Mainly used for citations in edition. Mainly used for citations in psychology, education, and other social psychology, education, and other social sciences sciences

MLA Style Guide ( Modern language MLA Style Guide ( Modern language Association)- Mainly used for citations in Association)- Mainly used for citations in literature, arts, and humanities literature, arts, and humanities

Reference Format for Books with Reference Format for Books with Author (APA)Author (APA)

Order of detailsOrder of details::

Author. (Date). Author. (Date). Title.Place of publication: Publisher.Title.Place of publication: Publisher.

ExampleExample: :

Taylor, W.N. (2000). Taylor, W.N. (2000). How to be a How to be a successful technical writer.successful technical writer. Starkville, Starkville, MS: State Publishing House.MS: State Publishing House.

Reference Format for Books with Reference Format for Books with Author (MLA)Author (MLA)

Order of detailsOrder of details::

Author. Author. TitleTitle. Place of publication: Publisher, year.. Place of publication: Publisher, year.ExampleExample: :

Taylor, W.N. Taylor, W.N. How to be a successful How to be a successful technical writertechnical writer. Starkville, MS: State . Starkville, MS: State Publishing House, 2000Publishing House, 2000

NoteNote: Note: Use a colon before a subtitle if any. Underline the title including subtitle. : Note: Use a colon before a subtitle if any. Underline the title including subtitle. Shorten the publisher name.Shorten the publisher name.

Two Authors (APA & MLA)Two Authors (APA & MLA)

APA Style:APA Style:Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across

affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 66Personality & Social Psychology, 66, 1034-1048., 1034-1048.

Note: List authors by their last names. Use ‘&’ to join the authors followed by Note: List authors by their last names. Use ‘&’ to join the authors followed by

the year in paranthesisthe year in paranthesis. . MLA Style: (2 and 3 authors)MLA Style: (2 and 3 authors)Eggins, Suzanne, and Diana Slade. Eggins, Suzanne, and Diana Slade. Analysing Casual ConversationAnalysing Casual Conversation. .

London: Cassel, 1997.London: Cassel, 1997.Note: Reverse only the name of the first author. Add a comma and give the Note: Reverse only the name of the first author. Add a comma and give the

other name in the normal formother name in the normal form. .

MORE THAN THREE AUTHORSMORE THAN THREE AUTHORS(APA & MLA style)(APA & MLA style)

APA Style: (3 to 6 authors)APA Style: (3 to 6 authors)Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993).

There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Journal of Personality and

Social Psychology, 65Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204., 1190-1204. Note: List by last names and initials; commas separate author names, while the Note: List by last names and initials; commas separate author names, while the

last author name is preceded again by ampersand. For more than six last author name is preceded again by ampersand. For more than six authors, write all the authors followed by comma and authors, write all the authors followed by comma and et alet al..

MLA Style: (more than 3 authors)MLA Style: (more than 3 authors)Gilman, Sander, et al. Hysteria beyond Freud. Berkeley. U of California, Gilman, Sander, et al. Hysteria beyond Freud. Berkeley. U of California,

p. 1993p. 1993..Note: In case of more than 3 authors, write only the first name and add et al.Note: In case of more than 3 authors, write only the first name and add et al.

Edited Book (APA)Edited Book (APA)

ExampleExample::Josselin, Daphné, ed. 2001. Josselin, Daphné, ed. 2001. Non-State Actors in Non-State Actors in World PoliticsWorld Politics. New York: Palgrave.. New York: Palgrave.

Chapter in Edited BookChapter in Edited Book::Boserup, Ester. "Economic Change and the Roles Boserup, Ester. "Economic Change and the Roles of Women." of Women." InIn Persistent Inequalities:Women Persistent Inequalities:Women and World Developmentand World Development, edited by Irene Tinker. , edited by Irene Tinker. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990: 14-24New York: Oxford University Press, 1990: 14-24

Edited Book (MLA)Edited Book (MLA) Note: To cite an anthology or compilation that was edited or compiled , Note: To cite an anthology or compilation that was edited or compiled ,

begin the entry with name of that person followed by the abbreviation begin the entry with name of that person followed by the abbreviation eded. . or or compcomp..

Example:Example:

Lopate, Phillip. Ed. Lopate, Phillip. Ed. The Art of the Personal Essay: An The Art of the Personal Essay: An anthology from the Classical Era to the Presentanthology from the Classical Era to the Present. . NewYork: Anchor-Doubleday, 1994.NewYork: Anchor-Doubleday, 1994.

Sevillano, Mando, comp. The Hopi Way: Tales from a Sevillano, Mando, comp. The Hopi Way: Tales from a Vanishing Culture. Flagstaff. Northland. 1986.Vanishing Culture. Flagstaff. Northland. 1986.

Corporate Author (APA)Corporate Author (APA)

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training Clinical training in serious mental illnessin serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.Office.

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Practice Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with eating guidelines for the treatment of patients with eating

disordersdisorders (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Author (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Author

Corporate Author (MLA)Corporate Author (MLA)

A Corporate author may be a commission, an A Corporate author may be a commission, an association, a committee, or any other group whose association, a committee, or any other group whose

individual members are not identified.individual members are not identified. Note: MLA guidelines recommend to cite the book by corporate author even if Note: MLA guidelines recommend to cite the book by corporate author even if

the corporate author is the publisherthe corporate author is the publisher..American Medical Association. American Medical Association. The American Medical The American Medical

Association Encyclopedia of MedicineAssociation Encyclopedia of Medicine. Ed. Charles B. . Ed. Charles B. Clayman. New York: Random, 1989.Clayman. New York: Random, 1989.

National Research Council. National Research Council. Beyond Six Billion: Forecasting Beyond Six Billion: Forecasting the World’s Population.the World’s Population. Washington: Natl.Acad.,2000. Washington: Natl.Acad.,2000.

An article in EncyclopediaAn article in Encyclopedia APAAPABergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new The new

encyclopedia britannicaencyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

MLAMLAMohanty, Jitendra M. “Indian Philosophy.” Mohanty, Jitendra M. “Indian Philosophy.” The The

New Encyclopedia Britannica: MacropediaNew Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropedia. 15. 15thth ed. 1987.ed. 1987.

Note: Do not cite the editor of the reference work. For famous reference Note: Do not cite the editor of the reference work. For famous reference works, no need to give publication information. Enclose the title in works, no need to give publication information. Enclose the title in quotation marks.quotation marks.

Journal ArticleJournal Article APAAPA

Swortzel, K. A., Deeds, J. P., Taylor, W. N., & Swortzel, K. A., Deeds, J. P., Taylor, W. N., & Jackson, G. B. (2002). Factors influencing the Jackson, G. B. (2002). Factors influencing the importance of the information technology importance of the information technology workforce in Mississippi: A delphi study. workforce in Mississippi: A delphi study. Journal Journal of Agricultural Education, 44 of Agricultural Education, 44 (3), 10-16(3), 10-16..

MLAMLAHanks, Patrick. “Do Word Meanings Exist?” Hanks, Patrick. “Do Word Meanings Exist?”

Computers and the HumanitiesComputers and the Humanities 34(2000): 34(2000): 205-15205-15

Article in a NewspaperArticle in a Newspaper APAAPASchultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen

state energy policies. state energy policies. The Country TodayThe Country Today, pp. 1A, 2A, pp. 1A, 2A. . Note: p. is used to give single page no. & pp. for multiple pages.Note: p. is used to give single page no. & pp. for multiple pages.

MLAMLAJeromack, Paul. “This Once, a David of the Art World Does Jeromack, Paul. “This Once, a David of the Art World Does

Goliath a favor.” Goliath a favor.” New York TimesNew York Times 13 July 2002, New 13 July 2002, New England ed:A13+England ed:A13+

Note: complete details like day, month and year should be given. It is Note: complete details like day, month and year should be given. It is important to state the edition because different editions of the same issue important to state the edition because different editions of the same issue

of a newspaper contain different informationof a newspaper contain different information..

Non Print Materials (APA)Non Print Materials (APA) Motion PictureMotion PictureSmith, J.D. (Producer), & Smithee, A.F. (Director). (2001). Smith, J.D. (Producer), & Smithee, A.F. (Director). (2001).

Really big disaster movieReally big disaster movie [ Motion picture]. United [ Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures States: Paramount Pictures

Television BroadcastTelevision BroadcastImportant, I. M. (Producer). (1990, November 1). Important, I. M. (Producer). (1990, November 1). The nightly news The nightly news

hourhour [Television broadcast]. New York: Central Broadcasting [Television broadcast]. New York: Central Broadcasting

ServiceService.. Music RecordingMusic RecordingTaupin, B. (1975). Someone saved my life tonight [Recorded by Elton Taupin, B. (1975). Someone saved my life tonight [Recorded by Elton

John]. On John]. On Captain fantastic and the brown dirt cowboyCaptain fantastic and the brown dirt cowboy [CD]. [CD]. London: Big Pig Music Limited.London: Big Pig Music Limited.

Non Print Materials (MLA)Non Print Materials (MLA) Television BroadcastTelevision Broadcast““Frederick Douglass.” Frederick Douglass.” Civil War Journal.Civil War Journal. Narr,Danny Glover. Dir. Craig Narr,Danny Glover. Dir. Craig

Haffner. Arts and Entertainment Network. 6 Apr.1993Haffner. Arts and Entertainment Network. 6 Apr.1993..Note: “Frederick Douglass.” is an episode of the program Note: “Frederick Douglass.” is an episode of the program Civil War JournalCivil War Journal.. Sound RecordingSound RecordingJoplin, Scott. Joplin, Scott. TreemonishaTreemonisha..Perf.Carmen Balthrop, Betty Allen and Perf.Carmen Balthrop, Betty Allen and

Curtis Rayam. Houston Grand Opera Orch and Chorus. Curtis Rayam. Houston Grand Opera Orch and Chorus. Cond.Gunther Schulle. Audocassette. Deutsche Grammophon, 1976.Cond.Gunther Schulle. Audocassette. Deutsche Grammophon, 1976.

Note: Underline titles of recordings. Select the main access depending on Note: Underline titles of recordings. Select the main access depending on desired emphasis. Title of the recording. List all the artists, manufacturer, desired emphasis. Title of the recording. List all the artists, manufacturer, conductor, performer etc. conductor, performer etc.

If the recording medium is other than CD, record the medium. If the recording medium is other than CD, record the medium.

Electronic SourceElectronic Sources (APA)s (APA)

ReferencesReferences

• Büthe, Tim (2003). A Guide to Scholarly Büthe, Tim (2003). A Guide to Scholarly Referencing and related issues. Chicago: Referencing and related issues. Chicago: Chicago Manual of Style.Chicago Manual of Style.

• Gibaldi, Joseph (2003). MLA Handbook Gibaldi, Joseph (2003). MLA Handbook for writers of Research Papers. 6for writers of Research Papers. 6thth ed. ed. NewYork:MLA.NewYork:MLA.

• APA Manual. 5APA Manual. 5thth ed. ed.