ReferencesReferences

Why & How?Why & How?

Why provide Why provide references?references?

Acknowledge and refer to previous workAcknowledge and refer to previous work Avoid plagiarismAvoid plagiarism

Indicate your sources and provide authority for your Indicate your sources and provide authority for your evidence.evidence.

justify and support your argumentsjustify and support your arguments enable comparisonsenable comparisons express things better than you canexpress things better than you can

Use quotes properly and sparinglyUse quotes properly and sparingly

demonstrate familiarity with the literature on a subjectdemonstrate familiarity with the literature on a subject

Using referencesUsing references

References comprise two partsReferences comprise two parts The citation in the textThe citation in the text The list of references or bibliography at the endThe list of references or bibliography at the end

The citation alerts the reader to the source you The citation alerts the reader to the source you have consulted for this particular piece of have consulted for this particular piece of evidence.evidence.

The list of references enables the reader to go and The list of references enables the reader to go and read the original source, should they so wish.read the original source, should they so wish.

So; both are essential.So; both are essential.

Bibliographic detailsBibliographic details

Author(s)Author(s) Year of publicationYear of publication Title of article (in full)Title of article (in full) For journalsFor journals

volume, part, pagesvolume, part, pages

For booksFor books EditionEdition (Chapter and/or pages)(Chapter and/or pages) Location and Name of Publisher.Location and Name of Publisher.

Keep these records in electronic format.Keep these records in electronic format.

Citing ReferencesCiting References

By name (The Harvard System)By name (The Harvard System) Smith (2000) showed that ...Smith (2000) showed that ... It has be argued that … (Jones 1999)It has be argued that … (Jones 1999) With multiple authors list both authors if there are two With multiple authors list both authors if there are two

or use or use et alet al after the first author’s name for more than after the first author’s name for more than twotwo

The Number systemThe Number system Smith (6) showed that …Smith (6) showed that … It has been argued thatIt has been argued that77 … … Only use superscripts if they are not to be used for Only use superscripts if they are not to be used for

other purposes.other purposes.

Listing References Listing References (Bibliography)(Bibliography)

Citing by nameCiting by name List in alphabetical order of List in alphabetical order of firstfirst author’s name author’s name Single authors before joint authors, date order (a, b, c Single authors before joint authors, date order (a, b, c

etc for more than one in a year).etc for more than one in a year).

Citing by numberCiting by number EitherEither

Numbered in order of first appearance in textNumbered in order of first appearance in text

OrOr Numbered in alphabetical orderNumbered in alphabetical order

Advantages/DisadvantagesAdvantages/Disadvantages

Harvard systemHarvard system Authors name serves as a reminderAuthors name serves as a reminder Easy to Add/removing citationsEasy to Add/removing citations Can make text look cluttered & interrupt flowCan make text look cluttered & interrupt flow

Number systemNumber system Takes little spaceTakes little space less distracting for readerless distracting for reader Adding/removing citations involves renumbering.Adding/removing citations involves renumbering.

Use whichever you feel comfortable with, but be Use whichever you feel comfortable with, but be consistentconsistent

For more detailsFor more details

Go to the DISSC Website:Go to the DISSC Website:

http://dissc.tees.ac.uk/mainmenu.htmlhttp://dissc.tees.ac.uk/mainmenu.html