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Subject Index

The index was prepared IJy the publishers. Page numbers which refer to figures have been italicized .

Abalones, 208 Acacia spp., 23

torti/is, 43 Activity patterns

variations with age, 15 variations with environmental

factors, 37 variations with gender, 15 see also Time budgets

Age, 14, 19, 37, 38, 119, 124, 128, 136, 137,176

Age-related response to death, 140 Aggression, 124, 125, 126, 128

intertroop, 31, 103 intrasexual, 129, 130 see also Agonistic encounters

Agonistic behaviour, 48, 50, 82, 123, 125

Agonistic buffering, 82-3, 88, 92-4 Agonistic encounters, 50, 82, 101, 123,

125, 129, 130 in baboons, 48 in langurs, 92 in rhesus monkeys, 60-1 in spider monkeys, 17 in vervet monkeys, 33

Alloparental behaviour, 64, 65-70, 72, 94

Alouatta palliata, 74, 87, 84, 104, 106 spp., 4, 12, 85, 196 vil/osa, 18

Amboseli, 26, 27, 35, 42, 43 Anthropoids, 4, 180, 203, 209

see also Apes, Man, Monkeys Aotus trivirgatus, 99 Apes, 20, 54, 64, 217

great, 5, 157, 158, 187, 195, 197,203, 211

lesser, 5, 99, 186 Arboreal species, 10, 38, 157, 162

and body size, 11 feeding ecology, 20 infants, 38

Ateles ater, 154 belzebuth, 17, 104 geoffroyi, 17, 46, 79

Aye aye, 3

Baboons, 5, 9,25,27,28,29,34,35,38, 40, 41, 48, 50, 65, 73, 74, 75, 79, 83,89,94,109,120,153,155,162, 169, 173, 200, 215,242

Barbary macaques, 72, 82,82,84,92,93, 94,108,140

Behaviour at birth, 60 'baby-sitting', 73-4 flexibility of, 1, 7, 30, 148, 184 formative factors, 7 in natural environments, 2, 46 influence by man, 51, 97 innovations in, 235 mediating influences on, 234-43 to non-relatives, 9

Behaviour in captivity, 2, 43-57, 83, 233

Behavioural adaptations, 1, 24, 160 Behavioural correlates of cognitive

capacity, 183-5 Behavioural plasticity, 212 Behavioural strategies, 10

see also Life strategies, Feeding strategies, Reproductive strategies

Birth, 2, 52~3 in captivity, 53, 57, 58, 173 in the wild, 53, 61, 62 interbirth intervals, 63, 96 location, 53, 56,56,57 postures, 54-5 social context of, 53, 57~3, 173 time, 53, 55, 56

Black and white colobus monkey, 74, 83,112

Bonnet macaques, 46,46,50,60,69,89, 90, 106, 108,109,124,134,143

Brain, 159 cells, 181 differentiation, 181 size, 160, 180-1, 182, 197, 198

Budango,31 Bushbaby; 24, 153, 160, 163, 164

California, 56 Callicebus

moloch, 47, 164, 173 spp., 4, 99

Callithrixjacchus, 59, 70,71 ,80, 103, 130, 135, 141, 174

Callitrichidae, 4, 59, 80, 99, 102, 130, 131, 135, 136, 142, 171

Cameroon, 33 Cannibalism, 88 Captive environments, 2, 43-51, 60, 88

alteration of behaviour in, 49, 72, 168,233

animal management in, 57, 123 ecological variables of, 44 gender variations in response to,

46-7 genetic change in, 45 peripheralization in, 99, 103 persistance of wild social grouping

tendencies in, 46 problems of birth in, 58 provisioning a site, 50, 51, 231 species variations in response to, 45,

46 studies in, 2, 22, 76, 80, 129

Capuchins, 4, 154, 154, 155, 156, 158, 164, 166, 195, 196, 202

Cayo Santiago, 9, 50,51,57,108,120, 121, 149, 176

Cebidae,4 Cebus monkeys, 196, 197 Cebus

apella, 155, 156, 156 capucinus, 154 nigrivittatus, 154 spp., 4, 155, 164, 195, 196, 202

Cercocebus albigena, 19, 89 Cercopithecidae, 4

cheek pouches, 5 Cercopithecinae, 4, 9, 65, 68, 78, 84, 91,

241 Cercopithecus

aethiops, 5, 26, 27, 33, 34, 43, 84, 89, 108, 110, 169, 173, 218, 233, 241,242

aethiops tan talus, 33 ge/ada, 15

Subject Index 271 spp., 5, 154 talapoin, 129, 132

Cetacea, 180 Chacma baboons, 30, 38,40,93,104-5,

119, 163, 169, 201, 218, 241 Cheirogaleus sp., 21 Chimpanzees, 5, 50, 54, 56, 57, 61, 75,

78, 79, 81, 84, 85, 89, 113, 114, 138,139,139,140,158,158,166, 167,168,169,176,177,181,182, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 194, 203,204,204,205,210,211,214, 215,218,221,221,222,223,223, 227, 227, 228

predation by, 27, 28-9, 170 termite fishing, 215, 220,220,228

Cognitive capacity, 2, 139, 199 and diet, 197, 198 and feeding strategies, 241 and tool use, 199 assessment of, 180-211 behavioural correlates, 183-5 development of, 178, 190, 207-11 flexibility in, 3 in captivity, 49, 147, 183, 185, 191 memory, 190, 198 neurological correlates, 180-3 performance, 185 processes, 190

Cognitive variables, 149 Colobinae, 4, 9, 65, 68, 78, 84, 91, 154,

160,241 Colobus monkeys, 4, 65, 154, 160 Colobus

badius, 15,15,27,28,114 guereza, 74, 83, 112 spp., 4, 65

Common langur, 65,67, 74, 84, 91,91, 112

Common marmoset, 54,59,59,70,71, 80, 103, 130, 135, 141, 174,219

Communication, 40 Competition for food, 10, 14, 27, 160 Cotton-topped tamarin, 130, 130, 131 Cover, 6, 44, 161

see also Shelter Crab-eating monkeys, 26, 81, 133, 133 Crop-raiding, 34, 233 Culture, 3, 223

and food discrimination, 166, 167 human, 226, 236 infrahuman, 224, 226

Curiosity, 147, 160

Danger, 162, 167-72, 240

272 Subject Index DaubentonUl rruuJagascariensis, 3 Daubentoniidae, 3 Death

aggression-trauma, 125 response to, 52, 80-5, 138--43, 168

Defence strategies, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 24-6, 161, 171

Diet, 159 adaptation to, 21 and brain size, 197, 198 and tool use, 202 characteristics ~etermining, 21 'dietary shift' theory, 29 folivorous, 10, 11, 21, 157, 196, 240 rrugivorous, 10, 11, 21, 157, 196 omnivorous, 20, 196, 202 response to changes in, 33 specialized, 20, 68

Disease, 168 atherosclerosis, 18, 19 effect on social organization, 18-20,

136 poliomyelitis, 19 tuberculosis, 19

Display behaviour, 45 Diurnal species, 4, 10, 11, 12 Dolphins, 180 Dwarf bushbaby, 21,22 Dwarf lemur, 21

Ecological variables, 1, 2, 6, 28, 53, 228 and social development, 37-43 effect on reproduction, 35 in captivity, 44 influence on behaviour, 2, 6, 7, 30-7,

226 seasonal, 35 transient, 35 see also Cover, Food, Predators

Ecology functional, 7...IJ social, 2, 6-51, 184

Elephant, 33 Energy requirements, 15, 22

female, 14, 36, 88 variations in, 14

Environment, carrying capacity of, 18, 103

see also Captive environments, Natural environments, Physical environments

Erythrocebuspatas, 25, 35, 48, 55, 74, 106, 129

Evolution cultural, 236

hominid, 29, 207-8 of cognitive capacity, 207-11

Evolutionary stable strategy, mixed, 96 Experiments,2,76,127-43,145,147-79,

184-5

Feeding, factors involved in, 22, 199 Feeding behaviour, 40, 173-4, 218 Feeding strategies, 2, 6, 148, 161, 162-7,

209 and cognitive capacity, 196, 197 and home range, 11 and use of tools, 202, 204-5, 209 components of, 162 evolution of, 21 extractive foraging, 21, 196, 202, 205,

208, 214, 215 'supplying area', 21

Females acquisition of maternal skills, 68, 90 behaviour of pregnant, 60-1 conception by, 85-8, 95,96 diet, 28 energy requirements of, 14, 36, 88 kidnapping by, 88-90 mother-infant bonds, 37, 46, 64, 177,

178 social alliances between, 9, 69, 114,

138 status changes, 50

Field studies, 1, 40-3, 76, 79, 92, 110, 119, 121-2, 163

Fig rruit, 17 Folivorous species, 10, 11,21,157,196,

240 and home ranges, 11

Food, 1, 15, 20-4,44, 199 assessment of intake, 22 competition for, 10, 14, 27, 160 effect on social organization, 17 quantity and quality, 6, 14, 16 response to 'new', 166, 241, 242 sharing of, 29, 208 spatial distribution, 6, 14, 199, 209 temporal distribution, 6, 14, 20 variation in toxicity, 23 'weaning', 43

Foraging, 49, 199, 202 extractive,21,196,202,205,208,214,

215 Frugivorous species, 10, 11, 21, 157, 196

and home ranges, 11 Functional ecology, 7...IJ

Galaginae, 24, 125, 160, 163

Galago crassicaudatus, 125, 163 demidovii, 21 senegalensis, 125

Gelada baboons, 15, 16, 57 Gender, 14, 38, 87, 100, 119, 137, 168,

217, 233, 238 Gender ratios, 10, 11, 13, 33, 124

adjustment of, 120 peripheralization and, 103 see also Social organization

Genetic heterogeneity, 98, 110 Genetic markers, 8 Geographical range of primates, 3-5 Gibbons, 5,99,100, 115, 117, 157,158,

159,197 Golden lion marmoset, 142 Gombe National Park, 27, 29, 38, 94,

110, 119, 170 Gorilla,S, 49, 62, 81, 89, 113,113,114,

158,158,159,181,186,188,194, 204, 205, 206, 206

Gorilla gorilla,S, 62, 81, 89, 113, 114, 159 gorilla gorilla, 135

Greater bushbaby, 125, 163 Grey-cheeked mangabey, 20, 89 Grooming behaviour, 40, 47, 48, 60, 73,

108, 121, 124 Guenons, 5, 154, 158 Guinea, 22,. 2, 227 Guinea baboons, 214

Habitats, 6, 33, 159, 163, 228 and use of tools, 200 characteristics of, 10, 17 disturbed, 33, 57 rain forest, 20 tropical deciduous forest, 20 variation of weaning age with, 38

Hamadryas baboons, 15, 16,26,46,81, 114

Himalayas, 32 Hippopotamus, 33 Home range, 11, 33, 114, 119, 120

and feeding strategies, 11 maintenance of, 121

Hominidae,S Homo sapiens, 5 Hoolock gibbon, 100 Howler monkeys, 4, 12, 17, 74, 78, 84,

85,104,105,106,196. Huddling behaviour, 73, 124, 137 Hylobates

hoolock, 100

Subject Index 273

klossi, 100, 116, 117 lar, 100 moloch,159 spp., 5

Hylobatidae, 5, 99

Imitation, 214, 235 Inclusive fitness, 7, 19, 52, 70, 90, 112,

185,233 Individuals

dispersal of, 6 exceptional, 236 innovators, 235 nucleus of new social units, 122 removal from social units, 136-8 status of, 8

Indriidae, 3 Indris, 3 Infants, 41,59, 63, 66, 67, 199

adoption of, 66, 73, 75, 78-9 advantages to, of alloparental

behaviour, 68 and mother

ameliorating effect of, 177, 178, 217 relationship with, 37, 46, 64 reproductive success of, 85-8 separation from, 76

arboreal species, 38 behavioural plasticity in, 212 care of, 8, 27, 49, 64-70, 73-5, 100,

175 colouration, 83, 84-5 development, 37, 38, 40, 42, 55, 73, 84

of independence, 36 innovation in, 235 kidnapping of, 88-92 male interactions with, 70-5, 82, 83,

113 orphans, 75--80 play behaviour in, 38, 41, 73 precursors of adult behaviour, 41 problems of hand-rearing, 135 responses of conspecifics to, 63--80 social interactions between, 43 species differences in neonate

characteristics, 55 terrestrial species, 38

Infanticide, 2, 88, 94--7 as reproductive strategy, 95 as response to aberrant conditions,

97 'Intelligent' behaviour, 184, 202, 210

·see also Cognitive capacity Interbirth intervals, 63 Interspecific correlations, 10--20

274 Subject Index Interspecific relationships, 44, 134, 191 Intertroop aggression, 31, 103 Intertroop encounters, 91 Intertroop movement, 2, 99, 106-15,

116,116 effect of population density on, 107,

118 in females, 114, 122 in males, 106, 110, 114 parental involvement in offspring

movement, 118 reproductive effects, 110, 112

Intraspecies behaviour, 30-7 Isolation, 99, 104--6, 108

Japanese macaques, 45, 72, 76, 79, 89, 104,106,107, 112, 119, 120, 121, 129,169,201,225,230,230,231, 232,233,234,236

Kenya, 30, 34, 40, 56, 88 Kidnapping, 88-92

benefits of, 89, 90, 94 between species, 89 by females, 88-90 by males, 88 injuries to infants during, 89

Kin discrimination of, 2, 143~ relationships with, 9, 173 selection theory, 69-70, 146

Kinship, 172, 178, 217, 232 influence of, 90, 120 patterns, 9

Kloss gibbon, 100, 116, 117 Koko,l88

Lagothrix cana, 154 spp., 4, 164

Lake Victoria, 33 Language, 187-92

advantages of, 208 assessment of cognitive capacity

and,187 definition of, 187 sign, 214 teaching methods, 188-9, 191 vocal apparatus and, 187

Langurs, 4, 26, 32,32,65,69,74,78,79, 81, 84, 89, 95, 97, 99, 106, 140, 158,233

'Leaf-eating' monkeys, 4, 9 Learning, 183, 212

development of theory, 183

new behaviour patterns, 213 sets, 183 social context of, 215 socially mediated, 212-43

Lemur catta, 38,39,69,155,209 fulvus, 38,39,217

Lemuridae, 3, 160, 163 Lemurs, 3, 38, 153, 155, 157,158,160,

163, 195, 197, 216 Leontopithecus rosalia, 142 Lesser bushbaby, 25 Life strategies, 2, 160

and responsiveness, 148, 161-72, 195 see also Behavioural strategies,

Feeding strategies, Reproductive strategies, Social organization

Lion-tailed macaque, 84 'Lookout' behaviour, 26, 34 Lorises, 3, 24, 163, 195, 197 Lorisidae, 3, 24, 163 Lowland gorilla, 135

Macaca arctoides, 58, 157, 194 fascicularis, 26, 81, 133 fuscata, 45, 50, 72, 76, 79, 89, 106, 112,

119, 120, 129, 201, 230 mulatta, 5, 9, 50, 54, 57, 72, 76, 79, 81,

85,89,108,112,119,120,124, 131,149,156,157,173,178,216

nemestrina, 46, 48, 89, 124, 134, 143, 144,156

radiata, 46, 60, 69, 89, 90, 106, 108, 124, 134,143

silenu5, 84 sinica, 112 spp., 5, 33, 65, 72, 73, 124, 153, 241 sylvanus, 72, 82, 84, 92, 108, 140

~acaques,5,9,33,65,75,153,155,156,

158,241 ~ales

interactions with infants, 70-5, 92-4 predation by, 28 protection by, 10, 25, 27, 73, 74 responses to dead infants, 82, 83 status changes, 51

~an, 5, 176, 177, 180, 181,182, 189, 207, 208, 214

influence on animal behaviour, 51, 97 ~angabeys, 19 ~anipulative behaviour, 157, 159, 162 ~antled howler monkey, 18, 18

Marmoset, 4, 59, 80, 99, 102, 130, 135, 175, 177, 197

Maroon leaf monkeys, 83 Mating strategies, 11

see also Reproductive strategies, Social organization

Methodology, 2, 8, 9, 10, 13, 97, 135, 193 constraints, 13, 14, 22, 218

Monkeys, 4, 186, 195, 217 New World, 4, 16. 17, 20, 58, 64, 99,

153,154,155,164,173,195,197 Old World, 4, 20, 58, 64, 65, 68, 85, 99,

104, 153, 155, 197 see also Individual species

Murchison Falls National Park, 33

Nairobi National Park, 30 Nasalis larvatus, 4, 65, 84 Natural environment, 2, 46, 47, 79 Nepal,57 Neurological correlates

of cognitive capacity, 160, 180-3,241 of life strategies, 197

Night monkeys, 99 Nim Chimsky, 190 Nocturnal species, 4, 10, 125

and body size, 11 and defence strategies, 11

Nyceticebus coucang, 163

'Observational' learning, see Socially mediated learning

Olfaction cues, 143 Olive (savannah) baboons, 30, 31,31,

40,47,81,84,106,110,119,170, 229,235

Omnivorous species, 20, 241 Orangutans, 5, 49, 84, 139, 158, 158,

178,181,186,203,204,205,208, 210,211

Palm fruit, 17, 38, 197 Pan

paniscus, 203 spp., 5 troglodytes, 27, 54, 57, 61, 81, 84, 89,

114,139,158,203,210,218,221 Papio

anubis, 25, 27, 30, 31, 38, 40, 41, 47, 48, 74,75,81,84,89,94,106,110, 119, 170, 229, 235

cynocephalus, 26, 27, 42,63,74,77,81, 106,173

cynocephalus ursinus, 109 hamadryas, 15,26,46,75,81,114,169

Subject Index 275 papio, 214 spp., 5, 15, 40, 46, 65, 73, 74, 79, 83,

153,162 ursinus, 30, 38, 93, 104, 119, 162, 169,

201, 218, 241, 242 Parturition, 52-3

afterbirth, 55 onset, 54

signs of, 54 social interactions before and after,

60-1 vulnerability of mother, 53

Patas monkeys, 25,26,35,48,55,56,74, 106,129

Patterns of behaviour, 102, 128, 213 Peripheralization, 99-103, 106, 108, 116

gender differences, 100 in captivity, 99 in the wild, 99, 115

Peru, 171, 172 Physical environments, 1, 37 Piagetian techniques, 191, 192, 193-9,

241 Pigtail macaques, 46, 48,66, 75,89,124,

134, 143, 144, 156, 157 Play behaviour, 38, 238, 239 Play markers, 41 Poly specific associations, 24, 166, 171 Pongidae,5 Pongo

pygmaeus, 5, 158, 203, 208 pygmaeus pygmaeus, 178

Pottos, 163 Predation, 24, 53, 55, 57, 89, 137

degrees of, 15, 38, 159, 161, 168 by man, 33 response to, 33 social aspects, 29

Predators, 6, 26, 160 avoidance of, 102, 199 defence against, 6, 11, 12, 24-6, 161

in nocturnal species, 11, 55 primates as, 27-30, 33

Pregnancy, 53, 175 Pres/Jytis

aygula, 84 en tel/us , 65, 74, 78, 81, 84, 89, 91, 112,

140 melalophos, 84 potenziani, 26, 99 rubicundus, 84 senex, 112 spp., 4, 32, 65, 74, 79, 95, 106, 233

Prey, primates as, 24-7 Primate taxonomy, 3-5

276 Subject Index Proboscis monkeys, 4, 65, 66 Propithecus verreauxi, 61 Prosimians, 3, 20, 21, 64, 125, 153, 160,

163, 180, 194, 195, 209 birth in, 61 brain size, 3 characteristics, 3-4

Protection, 10, 57, 73, 74, 103 Purple-faced leaf monkey, 112 Pygmy chimpanzee, 203

Queen Elizabeth National Park, 31

Rainfall, 15, 19, 28, 35,36,37,42 and conception intervals, 88

Red colobus monkeys, 15, 15, 27, 28, 114

Reproductive fitness, 1, 23, 44, 95 Reproductive strategies, 13, 95, 209

see also Mating strategies, Social organization

Reproductive success, 7, 43, 103, 110 impairment in captivity, 47 influence of infants on, 85-8 problems of measuring, 8

Response patterns, 153, 153, 155, 156 see also Behaviour, Responsiveness

Responsiveness, 147-79, 184 among great apes, 157, 158 and life strategies, 148, 161-72, 195 effect of age and'gender, 155, 168,

172,176 familiarity and unfamiliarity, ISO,

151,161,172,175,176,179,217 habituation to stimuli, 169 in captivity, 168 motivation, 159 neurological correlates, 160 'novelty', 148 social context and, 172-9 to animate stimuli, 155, 163 to captivity, 159 to danger, 167-72 to inanimate stimuli, 147, 148, 161,

163 to new situations, 147, 149-61, 153

Rhesus monkeys, 5, 9, SO,50, 54,55, 57, 58,60,72,76,77,79,81,85-7,89, 108, 112, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 131,132,149,149,156,157,173, 176, 178, 182, 216

Ring-tailed lemur, 69,69,209 Rodentia, 160 Rodents, 160

Saddle-backed tamarin, 130, 131, 136, 171,175

Saguinus /usicollis, 130, 131, 136, 171, 171, 172,

175,176 mystax, 171, 171, 172 oedipus, 130, 130, 172

Saimiri sciureus,47,54,59,72,74,81,89,137,

154, 164, 173 . spp., 4

St Kitts, 34 Sarah,191 Scent glands, 131 Scent marking, 130, 131, 142 Sea otters, 208 Selection pressures, 2, 7,9,45,160,184,

207,209 'Self-awareness', 185, 186-7 Senegal, 227, 228 Sex ratios, see Gender ratios Sexual behaviour, 40, 47, 123 Shelter, 6, 15

see also Cover Siamang, 5, 99, 100, 101, 101, 115, 117,

197 Sifakas, 3 Simias concolor, 26 Slender loris, 25 Slow loris, 163 Social deprivation, 186 Social discrimination, 127-38

of dead individuals, 138-43 of kin, 143-6 of re-introduced individuals, 134-6 of strange individuals, 134-6

Social ecology, 2, 6-51 effect on behaviour 7, 9-10, 184 evolutionary, 9 of young primates, 38

Social environment, 37, 44, 162, 172-9, 202,214

Social facilitation, 214 Social grouping tendencies, 46, 47, 48,

128,173 Social organization, 1, 2, 128, 161, 169,

209,242 anti-predator strategies of, 25 changes in, 33, 98 contemporary, 7 correlation with ecological variables,

10 development of, 126 effects of disease on, 18-20 effects of malnutrition, 18-19

genetic differences in, 7, 9 matrilineal, 65 monogamy, 8, 11, 47, 70, 173 multi-male troops, 11, 12, 18, 47, 95 one-male (harem) groups, 11, 17, 18,

95 see also, Gender ratios, Home range,

Social units Social relationships, 1, 6, 29, 37-8, 60-1,

65, 113, 177, 206, 212, 238 Social status, 8, 23, 37, 45, 48, 50-1, 68,

87,90,108,111,120,128,131-4, 169, 177, 217, 237

Social traditions, 213, 230 bipedal walking, 231 building nests, 227 candy eating, 230 evidence for, 222-4 grooming-hand-clasp, 223, 223 hot spring bathing, 231,232 sweet potato washing, 230, 231, 234 termite fishing, 215, 220,220 228 transmission of, 98, 112, 213, 229,

236,242 wheat eating, 230, 231, 237

Social units, 1, 73, 242 age composition, 19, 38, 44 cercopithecine, 65, 68 colobine, 65, 68 formation of new, 2, 52, 98, 115-27

in captivity, 123-7 introduction of strange individuals

and, 128 reintroduction of individuals and,

134--6 removal of individuals and, 136-8 male/female ratios in, 10, 11, 19, 38,

44 monogamous, 8, 11, 99, 115 multi-male, 18, 47, 95 one-male (harem), 18, 26, 129 size, 6, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 24 stability of, 38 troop fission, 118-22

Socialization, 37, 65, 212 patterns, 9, 241

Socially mediated learning, 3, 210, 212-43

co-operation, 229 field studies, 218-22 in captivity, 215-8 individual differences, 243 'observational' learning, 213 species differences, 242 see also Social traditions, Socialization

Subject Index 277 Solitary males, see Isolation Spatial organization, 170, 172, 173 Spider monkeys, 4, 16, 17,17, 18,46, 79,

89, 104, 154, 158, 164, 196 Squirrel monkeys, 4, 47, 54, 59, 72, 74,

81,89,137,137,138,154,155, 164,165,165,166,173,174

Stimulus animate, 155, 163 enhancement, 214 inanimate, 147, 148, 161, 163

Stump-tailed macaque, 58,58,157,194, 195

Survival, 1, 8, 23, 44, 52, 53 Symphalangus syndactylus, 5, 100

Talapoin monkey, 129,129,132 Tamarin, 4, 59, 99, 102, 130, 135, 176,

197 Tantalus monkey, 33 Tanzania, 223 Tarsinal, 3 Temperature, 15, 28, 44 Terrestrial species, 10, 38, 40, 162

and body size, 11 home ranges, 11 infants, 38, 55

Territories, 33, 99 Theropithecus gelada, 57 Time budgets, 14, 15,36,37,49

see also Activity patterns Titi monkeys, 4, 47, 99, 164,164, 165,

173, 174, 175 Tools

grass stem tool, 204 influence of habitat, 200 pebble tool, 221, 221 use of, 163, 199-207, 220, 221, 228

by chimpanzees, 29, 215 classification of, 200 definition of, 199 in captivity, 203 in extractive foraging, 22, 214, 215

Toque monkeys, 112 Trapping, 168, 169 Travel, 36, 37, 38

day ranges, 38

Uganda, 31

Vervetmonkeys, 5,23,26,27,33,34,43, 84,89, 108, 110, 111, 111, 113, 169,173,218,233,234,241,242

278 Subject Index wide environmental tolerance, 33

Visual characteristics, as behaviour cues, 83, 84, 143

Vocalization, 85, 101, 102, 107, 131, 140, 141, 144, 155, 157, 167, 196, 232

Washoe, 188 Water requirements, 23 White-handed gibbon, 100

White-lipped tamarin, 171 White sifaka, 61, 62 Woolly monkeys, 4, 154,154,164

Yellow baboons, 26,27,42-3,63 ,77,81, 106

Zimbabwe, 35

Author Index

The index was prepared by the publisher.

Adams,S., 48 Ainsworth, M.D., 177 Alcock, J., 202 Aldrich-Blake, F.P.G., 100, 101, 102,

117,118 Alexander, B.K., 72 Alley, T.R, 84 Alpert,S., 143 Altmann, J., 26,27,35,36,42,63,64,

81, 88, 106, 173 Altmann, S.A., 16, 88, 106, 173 Anderson, J. R, 48 Andrew, J.E., 142 Angst, W., 133 Athumani, J., 56, 61 Atwood, RJ., 52, 54

Babladelis, G., 48 Baldwin, J.D., 238 Baldwin, J.I., 238 Baldwin, P.J., 227 Bales, K.B., 73 Barnett, S.A., 148 Baron, G., 181, 197 Basen, J.A., 186 Bearder, S.K., 127 Beck, B.B., 199, 202,203,209,214, 215,

220 Bekoff, M., 238, 239 Bell, J., 49 Bell, S.M.U., 177 Berlyne, D.E., 147 Bernstein, 1.5., 48, 123, 124, 125, 131,

227 Bever, T.G., 188, 190, 191 Bick, M.J.A., 226 Bingham, L.R, 135 Bishop, A., 4 Bishop, N., 5 Blaffer Hrdy, 5., 51, 64, 68, 69, 70, 73,

85,89,94 Blanton, F.L., 124 Bog$ess, J.E., 78, 95, %, 97

Booth, c., 74, 84 Bouchard, A., 196 Bowcock, P.J., 178 Bowden, D., 54, 58 Bower, T.G.R, 193 Box, H.D., 44, 60,70,80,103,132,135,

141, 142, 172, 175 Boysen,S., 192 Braggio, J.T., 158 Brain, CX, 14, 33, 217, 233, 234 Brainerd, c.J., 193 Bramblett, c.A., 14, 17, 18, 172, 173 Brandt, E.M., 54, 55, 58, 73 Brett, F.L., 169 Brockelman, W.Y., 117 Buettner-Janush, J., 98 Bullerman, R, 89 Burton, F.D., 84, 108,226 Buskirk, R.E., 38, 163, 200, 202 Buskirk, W.H., 38, 163,200, 202 Busse, C.D., 24, 25, 26, 93

Caine, N.G., 69, 70, 128 Cambefort, J.P., 241, 242 Campbell, C.B.G., 183 Candland, O.K., 49 Carpenter, C.R, 104, 106 Cartmill, M., 29 Castro, R, 171 Chalmers, N.R, 38, 40, 41, 238 Chamove, A.S., 49, 87 Charles-Dominique, P., 4 Cheney, D.L., 109 Chepko-Sade, B. D., 121, 122 Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 5., 191, 192, 195,

196 Cheverud, J.M., 98 Chism, J., 55 Chivers, D.J., 99, 100, 101, 102, 117,

118 Church, RM., 190 Clarke, M.R, 78

280 Author Index Clutton-Brock, T.H., 11, 160, 197, 198,

209,241 Coelho, A.M. Jr, 14, 17, 18 Cohen, J.E., 210 Cooper, RW., 1% Cornell, J.M., 146 Cowan, P.E., 148 Crook, J.H., 10, 14, 16, 92 Cubucuotti, D., 144 Curtin, R, 97

Daly, M.,209 Darby, C, 216 Darwin, C, 146 Das Shrestha, R, 57 Davies, N.B., 198 Davis, RT., 155, 156, 157 Dawson, G.A., 131 Deag, J.M., 92, 93 Deriagina, M., 158 De Vore, I., 30, 74, 75, 81, 119 Dittus, W.J.P., 112 Dolhinow, P.C, 97 Donaldson, M., 193 Doyle, G.A., 127 Drews, D.R, 125 Drickamer, L. C, 50 Ducker, G., 186 Dumond, F.F., 74 Dunbar, P., 57 Dunbar, RLM., 57 Duoos, D., 64, 90

Eaton, G., 45, 201 Edwards, S.D., 130, 210 Ehardt-Steward, C, 172, 173 Ehrlich, A., 163 Eisenberg, J.F., 97, 102 Ellefson, J.O., 99 Epple, G., 60, 99, 102, 130 Estrada, A., 79 Estrin, M., 64, 90 Ewer, RF., 239

Feldman, D.W., 217 Fittinghoff, N.A.Jr, 26 Fletmeyer, J.R, 169, 170 Flinn, L., 125, 126, 127 Fossey, D., 89 Fouts, RS., 190 Fowler, H., 148 Fragaszy, D.M., 46, 164, 165, 166, 173,

174 Frahon, H., 181, 197

Frame, G.W., 112 Frame, L.H., 112 Freeland, W.J., 19 French, J.A., 130 Frisch, J.E., 201, 225, 231, 233, 239 Furuya, Y., 120

Galdikas, B.M.F., 139, 205, 206, 209 Galef, B.F., 215 Gallup, G.G.Jr, 139, 185, 186, 187, Gardner, B.T., 188, 190, 214 Gardner, RA., 188, 190, 214 Gartlan, J.S., 10, 14, 21, 24, 25, 33, 35,

84, 89, 106, 112, 129, 217, 218, 233,234

Gauble, RG., 169 Gaulin, S.J.C, 22 Geiger, W.C, 49 Gibson, K.R, 162, 189, 193, 195, 196,

200,201,202,203,208,209,210, 241

Glander, K.E., 73, 78 Glickman, S.E., 152, 153, 157, 159, 160,

162, 164, 176, 241 Goodall, J., 27, 56, 61, 78, 81, 85, 89,

140,203,204,218,220,222,233, 236,239

Gordon, T.P., 124, 131 Goswell, M.J., 212, 240 Gould, S.J., 185 Gouzoules, H.T., 58 Granger, L., 196 Green, S., 232 Gribble, D.H., 124

Hahn, T.C, 135 Hall, K.RL., 25, 30, 35, 48, 74, 119, 199,

212, 214, 217, 218, 240 Hamilton, W.D., 7, 9, 24, 70, 90. Hamilton, W.J.III, 38, 93, 104, 163, 200,

202 Hancocks, D., 49, Hansen, E.W., 79 Harcourt, A.H., 98, 106, 107, 113, 114 Harding, RS.O., 20, 27, 29 Harlow, H.F., 177, 183, 238 Harlow, M.K., 177, 238 Harper, L.V., 135 Harris, M., 224 Harvey, P.H., 10, 160, 197, 198, 209,

241 Hasegawa, T., 76 Hausfater, G., 50, %, 106 Hayes, C, 214 Hayes, K.J., 214

Hebb, D.O., 138 Henzi, S.P., 98, lOS, 110, 111, 112 Herbert, J., 129, 132 Hernandez-Camacho, J., 196 Herscovitch, J., 196 Hinde, R.A., 60, 64, 68, 75, 76, 89, 172,

194 Hiraiwa, M., 76 Hladik, C.M., 20, 21 Hodgen, G.D., 81 Hodos, W., 183 Holloway, R.L., 181 Holmes, H., 144 Holmes, W.G., 144, 145, 146, 178 Hooley, J., 85, 86, 87 Hrdy, S.B., 89, 94, 95, 106, 112 Humphrey, N., 209, 210 Hutt, c., 148, 176, 178 Huxley, J.S., 224, 236 Hylander, W., 21

Ingram, J.c., 60, 70 Isaac, G., 208 Itani, J., 72, 89, 112, 230, 232, 236 Izawa, K., 196, 197

Jaenicke, c., 163 Jay, P.c., 31, 69, 74, 78, 81, 84, 218 Jensen, G.D., 124 Jerison, RJ., 181, 197 Johnson, c., 64, 91 Jolly, A., 15, 56, 68, 69, 163, 194, 195,

209,217 Jolly, CJ., 169 Jones, C.B., 22 Jones, S.P., 48 Jordan, c., 203 Joshiba, K., 31

Kaplan, J., SO, 143 Kaufman, LC., 46, 69 Kaufman, ].H., 108, 134 Kavanagh, M., 33, 34 Kawai, M., 129, 236, 237 Kawamura,S., 225, 230, 234 Kawanaka, K., 107, 114 Kay, R.F., 21 Kellogg, LA., 214 Kellogg, W.N., 214 King, B.J., 203 Kinsey, W.G., 164 Kleiman, D.G., 99, 129, 130, 131, 142 Klein, D., 16, 46, 104, 166, 196,209 Klein, L.L., 16, 46, 104, 166, 196,209 Klein, H.D., 76

Author Index 281 Klopfer, P., 217 Kluckhold, c., 224 Koerner, c., 64, 90 Koford, c., 51, 120 Kohler, W., 200 Koman, J., 221, 222 Konner, M., 22 Kortlandt, A., 138, 140, 166, 167, 168,

169 Krebs, J.R., 198 Kroeber, A.L., 224 Kummer, H., 16, 26, 46, 64, 75, 81, 203,

209,222,223,224,225,231 Kurt, F., 46

Lancaster, J., 29, 68, 90, 218 Leary, R.W., 155, 156, 157 Ledbetter, D.H., 186 Lee, P.c., 43 Le Gros Clark, W.E., 180 Leland, L., 112, 196 Lethmate, J., 158, 186, 203, 205, 211 Linnaeus, c., 3 Lucas, J.W., 98, 108, 110, 112 Lundblad, E.G., 81

McBeath, N.M., 228 McGrew, W.c., 28, 203, 208, 223, 224,

225, 227, 228 McKenna, J.J., 64, 65, 67, 68, 70, 241 Mack, 0.5., 142 McKey, D.B., 21 Mackinnon, J., 21, 116, 117, 205 Mackinnon, K., 21, 116, 117 Makwana, S.c., 96 Maple, T., 210 Maples, W.R., 34 Marsh, C.W., 15, 114 Mason, W.A., 46, 99, 123, 161, 165,

173,174 Mathieu, M., 195, 196 Mayer, B., 48 Maynard Smith, J., 96 Medina, S.R., 144, 145, 146, 178 Meier, G.W., 44 Meikle, D.B., 112 Menzel, C.R., 142, 170, 176 Menzel, E.W., 44, 142, 148, 149, 150,

151,176 Merz, E., 82, 83 Milton, K., 198, 209, 241 Missakian, E.A., 121 Mitchell, G., 54, 55, 58, 69, 70, 72, 73 Miyadi, D., 169 Mizuno, A., 196, 197

282 Author Index

Modahl, KB., 45 Mohnot, S.M., 78, 91, 92, 96, 140 Moore, J., 51 Morgan, C.L., 147 Morgan-Jones, S.c., 48 Morris, J.M., 172, 175 Moynihan, M., 131 Muckenhim, N.A., 97, 102 Munkenbeck, N., 165, 173 Murdock, G.P., 114

Nadler, RD., 158 Nagel, V., 64 Nash, L.T., 119, 120, 122, 125, 126, 127 Newton, W.M., 44 Neyman, P.F., 131 Nishida, T., 104, 107, 112, 114 Nishimura, A., 230 Nissen, H.W., 56 Norton, G.W., 76

Oates, J.F., 112 Orians, G., 209 Owens, N.W., 89, 170

Packer, c., 8, 94, 106, 110 Parker, C.E., 157, 158, 159 Pantuwatana, S., 117 Park~r, S.T., 162, 189, 193, 194, 195,

196,200,201,202,203,208,209, 210,241

Parthasarathi, M.D., 112 Passingham, R.E., 160, 180, 181, 182,

183, 239, 240 Paterson, J.D., 30, 79 Patterson, F., 188, 190 Paully, P.W.Jr, 143 Peffer-Smith, P.G., 93 Perkins, E.M., 131 Petitto, L.A., 190 Petitto, S.A., 190 Phillips, M.J., 174 Piaget, J., 192, 193, 194 Ploog, D., 54, 58 Poirier, F.E .. , 34, 84 Pook, A.G., 136 Popp, J.L., 94 Porter, M., 144 Powell, G.U.N., 24 Premack,D., 189, 191 Proctor, L.P., 60, 172

Quiatt, D., 70, 173 Quick, L.B., 14, 17, 18

Ransom, B.S., 73, 74 Ransom, T.W., 38, 40, 73, 74 Rasmussen, D.R, 7, 10, 30, 43, 45, 172 Rawlins, RG., 57 Redican, W.K., 72, 144 Redshaw, M., 195 Rhine, RJ., 77,170 Richard, A.F., 61 Richards, S.M., 55 Richie, T., 57, 72, 79 Riopelle, A., 216 Ripley, S., 95 Roertgen, W.J., 76 Romanes, G.T., 147 Roonwal, M.L., 97 Rose, RM., 124 Rosenblum, L.A., 89, 134, 143 Rosenson, L.M., 125 Ross, B.A., 117 Rothe, H., 59 Rowell, T.E., 30, 38, 40, 47, 48, 55, 68,

84,119 Rudran, RL., 97, 102, 112 Rumbaugh, D.M., 81, 216

Sabater, J., 227 Sachdeva, R, 60 Sackett, G.P., 144, 145, 146, 178 Sade, D.S., 8, 9, 98, 121 Salzen, E.A., 146 Sanders, RJ., 190 Savage, T., 221 Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S., 190, 191, 192 Schaller, G.B., 81, 239 Scruton, D.M., 129, 132 Seidenberg, M.S., 190 Seigel, L.S., 193 Seyfarth, RM., 109 Short, J., 128 Shrestha, R, 72, 79 Silk, J.B., 69,90 Simonds, P.E., 106, 108, 109 Simpson, A.E., 85, 86, 87 Simpson, M.J.A., 85, 86, 87 Singh, M., 60, 76 Slatkin, M., 106 Smith, E.O., 93 Smith, M.D.C., 155, 156, 157 Snowden, C.T., 130, 210 Soini, P., 171 Southwick, C.H., 57 Southwick, J., 72, 79 Spencer-Booth, Y., 64, 68, 72, 89 Sroges, RW., 152, 153, 157, 159, 160,

162, 164, 176, 240

Staytus, D.J., 177 Stenhouse, D., 184 Stephan, H., 181, 197 Stephenson, G.R, 233 Stevenson, M.F., 54, 59 Stevenson-Hinde, J., 178 Steward, K.J., 62, 113 Stillwell-Barnes, R, 178 Stoltz, L.P., 119 Struhsaker, T.t., 24, 35, 84, 112, 129,

196 Strum, S.c., 27, 229, 235 Stynes, A.J., 134 Suarez, S.D., 139, 185, 186, 187 Sugiyama, Y., 97, 106, 108, 112, 122,

221,222 Suomi, S.J., 72 Sussman, R W., 38 Suzuki, A., 231

Takeshita, H., 54 Taub, D.M., 72, 93 Taylor, H., 52, 72, 79 Teas, J., 51, 57, 72, 79 Teleki, G., 27, 28, 29, 89, 139,208,229 Tenaza, RR, 26 Terrace, H.5., 188, 190, 191 Thompson, C.R, 190 Thompson, RF., 155, 156, 157 Thimdike, E.L., 183 Tilson, RL., 26, 99, 100, 104, 115, 116,

117 Tobias, P.V., 181 Tokunda, K., 124 Trivers, RL., 86 Tsumori, A., 236

Author Index 283

Turner, G.K., 57 Turner, T.R, 57, 169 Tutin, C.E:G., 223, 224, 225, 227 Tylor, E.B., 224

Vaitl, E.A., 70, 136, 137 Vessey, S.H., 112 Vilensky, J.A" 238 Vogel, c., 95, 96, 209 Vogt, J., 175

Wade, T.D., 129, 132 Wallnau, L.B., 186 Warren, J.M., 184 Washburn, S.L., 29, 218 Watanabe, K., 50 Waterman, P.G., 21, 23 Welker, W.I., 147 Westby, G.M.W., 132 Wilson, E.O., 69, 146, 209 Wilson, M., 209 Winter, P., 54, 58 Wittig, B.A., 177 Woodruff, G., 189 Wrangham, RW., 12, 23, 27, 50, 114,

211 Wright, P.c., 99 Wu, H.M.H., 144, 145, 146, 178 Wunschmann, A., 148 Wyman,J., 221

Yamada, M., 230 Yerkes, RM., 56 Y oshiba, K., 112

Zunz, M., 85, 86, 87, 178