References - Springer978-94-009-3421-4/1.pdf · References 1. Forstner, ... Directive 67/548/EEC on...

References

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Acclimation, 241, 242, 243 Asellus spp., 241 Catostomas commersoni, 242 copper, 135 lordanella floridae, 243 Lepomis macrochirus, 242 Nereis diversicolor, 204, 241 Salmo gairdneri, 241, 242 Salmo salar, 242 Salvelinus fontinalis, 242, 243 zinc, 77

Acid effluents, 271 Acute toxicity, 11 Afon Crafnant, 262 Agano River, 3 Age,

bioaccumulation, 294 chromium toxicity, 31

Air pollution control, 314 Ammonia in rivers, 5 Amphipods, effect of salinity on

toxicity to, 241 Analysis, 6 Anguilla anguilla, 254, 255, 260 Annelids

cadmium, 133, 140 chromium, 142 copper, 146 duration of exposure, 134 lead, 144, 154, 206 marine toxicity, 174, 176, 180-2,

186, 192, 194 mercury, 158, 210 nickel, 162, 214 vanadium, 224 zinc, 166-168, 226

Index

Argopecten irradiens, 179 Arius felis, 193 Arsenic

acclimation, 241 chemical form, 22, 127 crustaceans, 127, 128 duration of exposure, 22, 30 freshwater fish, 22, 24, 127-132 Gammarus pseudolimnaeus, 127 insects, 127, 130 lordanella floridae, 22 Lepomis macrochirus, 23 life stages, 23 marine toxicity, 174-178 molluscs, 127, 130 Pimephales promelas, 22 rotifers, 127, 132 statutory limits in food, 5 temperature, 127 water hardness, 22 West Greenland, 288

Artemia, 15, 193 Asellus spp., 135,241,260 Asterias forbesi, 209 Atmospheric deposition, 324

Benthos, 248 Best practicable environmental

option, 313 Best practicable means of treatment,

319 Bioaccumulation

age, 294 growth,292 metal mixtures, 295

363

364 Index

Bioaccumulation---contd. monitoring, 297, 298 Monterey Bay, 287 Mulinia lateralis, 293 Mya arenaria, 293 Mytilus edulis, 293, 295 Mytilus galloprovincialis, 295 physiology, 292 salinity, 293 sex, 294 temperature, 293

Biological assessment, 247, 275 Biomagnification, 287-289 Bivalve molluscs,

arsenic, 174 duration of exposure, 134 nickel, 209, 220

Black tailing, 20 Bolts burn, 263

Cadmium acclimation, 242 annelids, 133, 140 bacterial infection, 31 Chironomus spp., 133 Clava multicornis, 240 Crustaceans, 132, 136 Daphnia magna, 132, 238 environmental standards, 300 Ephemerella spp., 133 European Community, 300 exposure duration, 23, 46 freshwater fish, 23, 132,233,238 freshwater invertebrates, 136, 238 Gammarus pulex, 132 gastropods, 132 growth,23 human health, 2, 4, 5, 7, 287, 297,

298 Hydropsyche betteni, 133 insects, 132, 133, 136 itai-itai disease, 293 lordanella jloridae, 30 Lepomis macrochirus, 30, 242 life cycle tests, 30 life stages, 23, 236 mine pollution, 2, 293

Cadmium---contd. molluscs, 136 oligochaetes, 132, 240 Oryzias spp., 23, 48 pH, 133,240 Physa integra, 133 Pimephales promelas, 236 Pteronarcys dorsata, 133 salinity, 240 Salmo gairdneri, 30, 31, 236 Salmo salar, 236, 242 Salmo trutta, 30 Salvelinus fontinalis, 30, 242 sexual maturation, 30 Shipham, 5 temperature, 23, 48, 133,238 Tubifex tubifex, 133 water hardness, 23, 237

Canada, 4 Cancer magister, 205, 209 Cannabalism in crustaceans, 15 Carassius auratus, 64, 67 Catostomus commersoni, 239, 242 Checkley sewage works, 258, 260,

261 Chelon labrosus, 205 Chemical analysis, 22, 250 Chemical form,

arsenic, of, 127 mercury, of, 208

Chironomus spp., 133, 135 Chisso Corporation, 3 Chlor-alkali electrolysis and mercury,

4 Chromium

age, 31 annelids, 142 Corophium volutator, 239 crustaceans, 134, 142 Daphnia magna, 135, 237 Ebbw Fawr, 256 exposure duration, 31, 62 freshwater fish, 31, 32, 36, 50, 55,

135, 233, 238, 239 freshwater invertebrates, 134, 142-

145 Gammarus pseudolimnaeus, 135 gastropods, 134

Index 365

Chromium-contd. hexavalent, 135 Ictalurus punctatus, 31 insects, 134, 142 life stages, 44, 236 molluscs, 142 pH, 31, 65, 239 rotifers, 134, 142 salinity, 239 Salmo gairdneri, 31, 44 Salmo salar, 44, 236 temperature, 31, 238, 239 trivalent, 135 water hardness, 31, 64, 135

Chronic toxicity, 11 Churnet, River, 258 Clava multicornis, 238, 240 Coal Creek, 251 Coelenterates, 210 Composite samples for analysis, 11,

20 Contamination of samples, 18 Control of inputs to the North Sea,

324 Control animals, 11 Copper

acclimation, 135, 242 annelids, 146 Asellus meridian us , 135 bacterial infection, 49 chironomids, 135 clupeiformes, 45 Corbicula manilensis, 135 Corophium volutator, 234 crustaceans, 135, 153, 251, 258,

260 cyprinid fish, 45, 66, 76, 234 Daphnia pulex, 135, 238, 245, 258,

260 diet, 15 duration of exposure, 76 fluctuating concentrations, 244, 245 freshwater fish, 45, 47, 66, 72, 76,

234,235 freshwater invertebrates, 146 Gammarus pseudolimnaeus, 135 insects, 148 molluscs, 146

Copper-contd. oligochaetes, 135 Oncorhynchus spp., 47, 66, 234 perciformes, 45 Pimephales promelas, 48 rotifers, 135, 146 salinity, 240 Salmo gairdneri, 15, 48, 49 sediment, 241 temperature, 48, 77 water hardness, 47,66, 135,237

Corbicula manilensis, 135 Corophium volutator, 220, 232, 239,

240 Cottus gobio, 255, 258, 260 crab zoeae, 209 Crassostrea gigas, 209, 224 crayfish, 156 crustaceans

arsenic, 127, 128 cadmium, 132, 136 cannabalism, 15 chromium, 134, 142 copper, 135, 153 lead, 144, 145, 156, 206 mercury, 209, 212 nickel, 209, 216 selenium, 220 silver nitrate, 222 vanadium, 224 zinc, 228

Cyprinid species, 45, 66, 76, 234 Cyprinus carpio, 63, 236

Dangerous Substances best practicable means of

treatment, 319 cadmium, 318, 320 European Community, 316-320 implementation of controls, 320 limit values, 318 lindane, 318 List I, 316 List II, 316 mercury, 318, 320 pollution by, 316 quality objectives, 318

366

Danube, River, 388 Daphnia magna

cadnriurn, 132, 238 chronriurn, 135, 237 copper, 237, 238 lead, 145 mercury, 234 nickel,160 silver nitrate, 237 temperature, 238 water hardness, 237 zinc, 165, 166

Daphnia pulex copper, 135 fluctuating concentrations, 245 selenium, 164

Derivation of standards, 300 Derwent Estuary, 288 Diet effect on toxicity, 15, 164 Dispersion models of estuaries, 274 Dredging spoils, 295, 324

Ebbw Fawr, 255-256 Echinoderms

chronrium, 188 copper, 202 embryos, 209 nickel,209 zinc, 180, 230

Effluent dispersion in tidal waters, 270, 280, 281

Elsenz, River, 288 Environmental standards

derivation, 16, 300, 307-309 safety factors, 306 statistical expression, 302

Ephemerella, 133 Erpobdella, 260 European Community, 316-320

Dangerous Substances, 316-318 environmental standards, 300 international controls, 315

Exposure duration annelids, 134 arsenic, 22, 30 bivalve molluscs, 134 cadnrium, 23, 46

Index

Exposure duration--contd. chronriurn, 31, 62 copper, 76 crustaceans, 134 freshwater invertebrates, 134 gastropod molluscs, 134 insects, 134 lead, 49, 90 mercury, 61 nickel, 62, 91 rotifers, 134 selenium, 64 silver, 66, 104 vanadium, 67, 105 zinc, 77, 126

Feeding in toxicity tests, 15 Field studies

freshwaters, 247-251 tidal waters, 268-277

Field versus laboratory data, 265-267, 307-309

Filtration, 6, 251 Flow through toxicity tests, 11, 12 Fluctuating concentrations, 244, 245 Food standards, 296 Freshwater fish

arsenic, 22-30, 132, 233, 237 cadnrium, 21, 30-47, 132,233,237 chromium, 31, 44, 50-65, 135, 233,

237,239 copper, 45, 47-49, 66, 68-77, 237,

238 environmental standards, 308 interspecific variation, 233, 234 lead, 49, 60, 78-85, 90, 233, 237 mercury, 60, 61, 84-89, 90, 233 nickel, 62, 63, 91-97, 233, 237 pH,239 selenium, 63, 64, 98-104, 233 silver, 65, 66, 104-109, 233, 238 temperature, 238 vanadium, 67,105,110-113,237,

239 water hardness, 237 zinc, 67, 77,114-126,237

Index 367

Freshwater invertebrates arsenic, 127-133 cadnrium, 132-133, 136-141 chronrium, 134-135, 142-145 copper, 135, 146-153 exposure duration, 134 lead, 144, 145, 154-157 mercury, 156-161 nickel, 160-163 selenium, 164-165 silver, 164-167 temperature, 238 vanadium, 165 zinc, 165-173

Fundulus heteroclitus, 208

Gammarus pseudolimnaeus, 127, 135, 145

Gammarus pulex, 132, 166,236,237, 260-262

Gasterosteus aculeatus, 26, 255-258, 260,261

Gastropods cadmium, 132 chronrium, 134 exposure duration, 134 lead, 144 zinc, 167

Growth,23

Haliotis, 278-279 Hayle, River, 260 Heliosoma campanulatum, 165 Homarus, 193 Human health

cadmium, 2, 4, 7 lead, 5, 6 mercury, 2, 4, 7 Minamata Bay, 3 Seafoods, 3

Humber Estuary, 283, 284 Hydropsyche, 133, 260, 261 Hydrozoans, 175, 180, 182, 194,204

Ictalurus punctatus, 31

Industrial effluents, 6 Insects

arsenic, 127, 160 cadnrium, 132, 133, 136 chromium, 134, 142 copper, 148 exposure duration, 134 lead, 154 mercury, 158 nickel, 162 silver, 166 zinc, 166, 168

International controls, 7, 313-315, 329

International rivers, 321 Interphyletic variation, 233-235 Iodide, silver, 66 Ionic state, 17, 67 Iraq, mercury, 4 Iron, 256 Itai-itai disease, 5

Jintsu river, 5 lordanella floridae

arsenic, 22 cadnrium, 30 vanadium, 67 zinc, 77, 243

LC5o , 11, 263 Laboratory food chains, 288 Laomedea loveni, 175 Lead

annelids, 144, 154,206 bioaccumulation, 234 blackfinning, 49 Cancer magister, 205 Chelon labrosus, 205 crustaceans, 144, 145, 156, 206 Daphnia magna, 145 Ebbw Fawr, 256 exposure duration, 49, 90 freshwater fish, 49, 78, 233, 237 freshwater invertebrates, 145, 154 Gammarus pseudolimnaeus, 145 gastropods, 144,

368

Lead-contd. human health, 5,6 insects, 154 interspecific variations in toxicity,

233 life cycle tests, 60 lordoscoliosis, 49 Lymnaea palustris, 145 marine fish, 208 mining, 2, 263, 281 molluscs, 154 organic forms, 60, 208 rotifers, 154 Salmo gairdneri, 49 Salmo salar, 49 Salvelinus fontinalis, 60 sediment, in smelter effluent,

Spencer Bay, 241 water hardness, 49, 237 uptake in fluctuating

concentrations, 245 Lepomis macrochirus, 33, 242 Life cycle tests, 30, 60 Life stages, variation in toxicity, 23,

44,47,61,236 Light regime in tests, 13 Limfjord, Denmark, 280 Limit values for EC Dangerous

Substances, 316-318 London Convention, 315 Lordoscoliosis, 49 Los Angeles sewage outfall, 278 Lymnaea sp., 145, 245, 260

Macoma balthica arsenic, 175 chromium, 181 nickel,220 zinc, 232

Marine commercial species, 289 Marine crustaceans, 238 Marine fish

arsenic, 178 cadmium, 179, 184 chromium, 181, 190 copper, 192,202 interphyletic variation, 235

Index

Marine fish-contd. lead,208 mercury, 208, 212 nickel,218 silver, 222 vanadium, 224 zinc, 230

Marine food chains, 288 Marinogammarus obtusatus, 175 MARPOL,315 Mass balance calculations, 311 Mawddach, River, 253, 254 Median effect concentrations, 12 Median lethal concentrations, 11 Median lethal time, 12 Median period of survival, 12 Median survival time, 12 Menidia menidia, 181 Mercenaria mercenaria, 220, 232 Mercury

annelids, 158, 210 birds, 4 Canada, 4 Chisso Corporation, 3 chlor-alkali electrolysis, 4 crayfish, 156 crustaceans, 160,209,212 EC Dangerous Substances, 300,

318,320 exposure duration, 61 freshwater fish, 60, 233 freshwater invertebrates, 158 human health, 7 insects, 158 interaction with selenium, 64 interspecific variation, 233 life stage, 61 marine fish, 208, 212 methyl mercury chloride, 61 Minamata Bay, 3 mink, 4 molluscs, 158,209, 210 Mytilus edulis, 209 natural methylation, 4 oligochaetes, 240 organic forms, 4, 61 Penaeus indicus, 209 pH,240

Mercury--contd. PimephaLes promeLas, 15 planaria, 158 SaLveLinus fontinaLis, 61 temperature, 61,238 tissue concentrations, 4 water hardness, 61

Metal accumulation, 278, 279, 283, 284

Metal mixtures, 239, 245, 246, 295 Metal solubility, 272 Methods for toxicity tests, 9, 10 Methyl mercury, 3, 61 Michigan, 289 Mimram, River, 260 Minamata Bay, 3 Mining, 2, 250--255 Mink and mercury, 4 Molluscs

arsenic, 127, 130, 176 cadmium, 136, 182 chromium, 142, 181, 188 copper, 146, 196 lead, 154, 205-207 mercury, 158,209, 210 nickel, 162,216, 217 selenium, 220, 221 silver, 222, 223 vanadium, 224, 225 zinc, 226-229, 232

Monitoring, 297, 298 Monterey Bay, 288 Mulinaria LateraLis, 293 Mya arenaria, 293 Mya truncata, 282 Mytilus eduLis

bioaccumulation, 293, 294, 295 copper, 293 Limfjord,280 salinity, 240

Mytilus gaLloprovincialis, 295

Neanthes arenaceodentata, 181, 192 Nereis diversicoLor, 181, 192,204,

241 New plant, EC Dangerous

Substances, 319

Index

Nickel annelids, 162, 214 bivalve molluscs, 209, 220 Corophium voLutator, 220 crustaceans, 162, 209, 216 Cyprinus carpio, 63, 236 Daphnia magna, 160 Ebbw Fawr, 256 echinoderms, 209, 218 exposure duration, 62, 91 freshwater fish, 62, 233, 237 freshwater invertebrates, 162 insects, 162 interspecific variation, 233 life stages, 236 Macoma baLthica, 220 marine fish, 218 Mercenaria mercenaria, 220 molluscs, 162, 216 salinity, 220 SaLmo saLar, 63, 236 temperature, 220 Tubifex tubifex, 161

369

water hardness, 62, 91, 161,237 Noemacheilus barbatuLus, 255, 258,

260 Nominal concentrations, 11, 20 North Sea, 324 Nuclear Inspectorate, 315

Oligochaetes, 132, 135,240 Oncorhynchus spp., 47, 66, 77, 175,

234 Organic compounds of metals, 4, 22,

48, 60, 61, 90, 208 Oryzias, 23, 48, 237, 238 Oslo Convention, 315 Oxygen, 12, 16, 241

Pagurus longicarpus, 179 Palaeomonetes pugio, 178 Palaeomonetes setiferus, 174 Panulirus, 278 Paris Convention, 7, 315 Pecten bifrons, 279 Penaeus indicus, 175,209

370

Penaeus sellferus, 174 Perciformes, 45, 66, 76, 234 Perna perna, 174, 224 pH, 239, 240

cadmium, 133 chromium, 31, 65 nickel,63 toxicity tests, 16, 17 vanadium, 67, 124

Phenols, 5 Philodina aeutieornis, 237 Phoxinus phoxinus, 254, 255, 258,

260 Physa sp., 133, 165,260

Index

Salinity-contd. silver, 225 temperature, 238 zinc, 232, 240, 244

Salmo gairdneri arsenic, 241 black tailing, 15 cadmium, 30, 236, 238 chromium, 31, 44 copper, 15, 49, 242, 244 Ebbw Fawr, 255 fluctuating concentrations, 244, 245 lead, 49, 245 salinity, 240, 244

Pimephales promelas, 15, 22, 48, 61, silver, 66 64,65,67,77,236

Pinna bieolor, 279 Planaria, 158 Platiehthys f/esus, 181 Polychaetes, 232 Pseudopleuroneetes, 181,224,245 Pteronareys dorsata, 133

Quality objectives, 318 Quality standards, 246, 329

Restronguet Creek, 284 Rheidol, River, 2 Rhine Commission, 321 Rhyaeophila spp., 262 Rotifers, 127, 132, 134, 135, 142,

146, 154, 168, 194

Safe concentrations, 265 Safety factors, 246 Salinity

amphipods, 241 arsenic, 175 cadmium, 175,240 chromium, 181,239 Clava multieornis, 240 copper, 192,240 Corophium volutator, 239 Mytilus edulis, 240 nickel,220

Slate, River, 251 Tean, River, 258 vanadium, 67, 239 zinc, 77, 240, 244

Salmo salar, 44, 49, 63, 236, 239, 240,242

Salmo trutta, 30, 251, 254, 255, 258 Salvelinus fontinalis, 30, 60, 61, 242,

243,251 Sample preservation, 17,251 Scheveningen, 280 Sea disposal of wastes, 314, 324 Seafoods, 3 Sediment contamination, 277, 279 Seed dressings, 4 Selection of test organisms, 13, 16 Selenium

blood,64 Braehydanio rerio, 64 Carassius auratus, 64 Daphnia pulex, 164 diet, 164 exposure duration, 104 freshwater fish, 63, 233 mercury interaction, 64 Perna perna, 224 Pimephales promelas, 64 Salmo gairdneri, 15, 64 valency, 164 water hardness, 64

Semi-static toxicity tests, 11 Severn Estuary, 282 Sexual dimorphism, 30

Index

Shipham, Somerset, 5 Showa Electric, 3 Silver

chloride, 65 Crassostrea gigas, 224 crustaceans, 166,222 Daphnia magna, 237 exposure duration, 66, 104 freshwater fish, 65, 66, 104, 233,

238 freshwater invertebrates, 165, 166 insects, 166 interspecific variations, 233 iodide, 65 Los Angeles, 278 molluscs, 222 nitrate, 65, 104, 165, 166, 222, 237 Panulirus, 278 Pimephales promelas, 65 Pseudopleuronectes americanus,

224 salinity, 225 Salmo gairdneri, 66 temperature, 66, 238 thiosulphate, 65 water hardness, 237

Simulium, 260 Sizewell A, 281 Slate River, 251 Solubility of lead, 205 Southampton Water, 288 Spencer Gulf, 279, 289 Sphaerium, 260 Static toxicity tests, 11, 12, 20 Statistical expression of standards,

302 Statutory limits, 7 Steel works, Ebbw Fawr, 255 Strathcona Sound, 281, 282 Stratification, 270 Sulphide, silver, 65 Sulz, River, 262

Tean, River, 258,260, 261 Temperature, 238

arsenic, 127, 175 cadmium, 23,48, 175, 238

Temperature---contd. chroDllum, 31, 181, 239 Clava multicomis, 238 copper, 48,77,238 Corophium volutator, 239 freshwater fish, 238 marine crustaceans, 238 marine molluscs, 238 marine oligochaetes, 238 mercury, 238 Mya arenaria, 293, 313 nickel,220 salinity, 238 silver, 66, 238 zinc, 77, 232, 238

Terminology, 10 Thames Estuary, 280 Thiosulphate, silver, 65 Tidal cycles, 268-270 Tidal waters, 268-281 Tin mining, 284 Toxicity tests

acclimation, 15 composite samples, 11,20 conditions, 18 controls, 11 disease, 15 feeding, 15 flow-through, 11, 12 light regime, 13 metal mixtures, 11 methods, 9, 10 nominal concentrations, 11 numbers of animals, 16 oxygen, 12 selection of animals, 13, 16 semi-static, 11 space, 12 static, 11, 12 substrate, 13 temperature, 13 water chemistry, 15, 16, 17,20

UK water standards, 300 Uniform emission standards, 329

371

372

Vanadium annelids, 224 Carassius auratus, 67 crustaceans, 224

Index

Water hardness-contd. vanadium, 67, 124, 237 zinc, 67,77, 125,237

freshwater fish, 67, 105, 110, 112, Zinc 233,239

freshwater invertebrates, 165 ionic state, 67 lordanella fioridae, 67 marine fish, 224 molluscs, 224 pH, 67, 124, 239 Pimephales promelas, 67 Salmo gairdneri, 67, 124, 239 tunicates, 225 water hardness, 67, 124, 237

Water Authorities, 314 Water chemistry, 15-20 Water hardness, 237

arsenic, 22, 237 cadmium, 23, 47, 237 chromium, 31, 64, 135, 237 copper, 47, 66,135,237 Daphnia magna, 237 Gammarus pulex, 237 lead, 49, 145 mercury, 61 nickel, 62, 91, 161, 237 selenium, 64 silver, 66, 237

acclimation, 77, 243 annelids, 166, 168, 226 Corophium volutator, 232, 240 crustaceans, 170,228 Daphnia magna, 165, 166 echinoderms, 230 exposure duration, 77, 126 freshwater fish, 67, 77, 125, 126,

233 freshwater invertebrates, 168 fluctuating concentrations, 244 Gammarus pulex, 166 gastropods, 77, 167 insects, 166, 168 lordanella fioridae, 77, 243 Macoma balthica, 232 molluscs, 168, 226, 232 Oncorhynchus nerka, 77 polychaetes, 232 rotifers, 168 salinity, 232, 240, 241, 244 Salmo gairdneri, 77, 240, 244 Salma salar, 240, 244 temperature, 77, 232, 238 water hardness, 67, 77, 125, 167,

237 Zooplankton, 248

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