References

Supplementary investigations

Arkless R (1966) Cineradiography in normal and abnormal wrist. Am J Roentgerol 96 : 837-844

Belsole RJ (1986) Radiography of the wrist. Clin Orthop 202 : 50-56

Belsole RJ, Eikman EA, Muroff LA (1981) Bone scintigraphy in trauma of the hand and wrist. J Traumatol 21 : 163

Belsole RJ, Hilbelink, Llewellyn Dale S, Stenslers, Rayhack JM (1986) Scaphoid orientation and location from com­puted three-dimensional carpal models. Orthop Clin North Am 17 : 505-511

Blair WF, Berger RA, EIKhoury GY (1985) Arthrotomography of wrist: experimental and preliminary clinical study. J Hand Surg lOA: 350

Bora FW (1985) Wrist Arthroscope. J Hand Surg lOA: 308 Braunstein E, Vdarney K, Louis D, Hankin F (1986) Cost

effectiveness of wrist fluoroscopy and arthrography in the evaluation of obscure wrist pain. Radiology 157 : 29

Dalinka MK (1981) Wrist arthrography. Radiol Clin North Am 19: 217

Destot E (1923) Traumatismes du poignet et rayons X. Mas­son, Paris

Engel J, Salai M, Yaffe B, Tadmor R (1987) The Role of 3 D computerized imaging in hand surgery. J Hand Surg 12 B : 349-352

Frot B, Alnot JY, Folinais D, David M, Benacerraf R (1986) Visualisation de I'interligne scapho-Iunaire. Ann Chir Main 5 : 335-338

Hardy DC, Totty WG, Reinus WR, Gilula LA (1987) Postero­anterior wrist radiography: importance of arm positioning. J Hand Surg 12 A : 504-508

Hart VL, Gaynor V (1941) Roentgengraphic study of the car­pal canal. J Bone Joint Surg 23 : 382

Holder LE (1982) Radionuclide bone-imaging in the evalua­tion of bone pain. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 64 9: 1391-1397

Kessler J, Silberman Z (1961) An experimental study of the radiocarpal joint by arthrography. Surg Gynecol Obstet 112 : 33-40

Kricun ME (1984) Wrist arthrography. Clin Orthop 187 : 65-71 Lentino V, Lubetsky HW, Jacobson HG, Poppel MH (1957)

The carpal bridge view. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 39 : 88 Manaster BJ (1986) Digital wrist arthrography: precision in

determining the site of radiocarpal-midcarpal communica­tion. Am J Roentgenography 147 : 563-566

Mansat Ch, Martinez Ch, Mansat M (1971) Arthrographie du poignet dans les traumatismes de I'avant-bras et du poi­gnet. Encycl Med Chir Radiodiagnostic II, t I, 31020 A 30.9

Mathiowetz V, Weber K, Volland G, Kashman N (1984) Vali­dity and reliability of grip and pinch strength evaluations. J Hand Surg [Am] 9 : 222

Metges PJ, Kleitz C, Vermeulin G, Delahaye RP (1979) L'arth­rographie du poignet: technique, resultats normaux. J Radiol 60: 239-241

Metges PT, Kleitz C, Vermeulin G, Delahaye RP (1979) L 'arthrographie du poignet : resultats dans les traumatis­mes et leurs sequelles. J Radiol 60 : 242-249

Micks JE (1985) Method of evaluating carpal alignment on lateral radiographs. J Hand Surg [Am] : 580

Nielson PT, Hedeboe J (1984) Post traumatic scapholunate dissociation detected by wrist cineradiography. J Hand Surg [Am] 9: 135

Palmer AK, Levinsohn EM, Kuzma GR (1983) Arthrography of the wrist. J Hand Surg 8: 15

Papilion JD, Dupuy TE, Aulicino PL, Bergfiegd TG, Wath­mey FW (1988) Radiographic evaluation of the hook of the hamate. J Hand Surg [Am] 13 : 437-439

Posner MA, Greenspan A (1988) Trispiral tomography for the evaluation of wrist problems. J Hand Surg [Am] 13: 175-181

Protas JM, Jackson WT (1980) Evaluating carpal instabilities with fluoroscopy. Am J Roentgenography 135: 137-40

Ranawat CS, Harrison MO, Jordan LR (1972) Arthrography of the wrist joints. Clin Orthop 83 : 6

Reis ND, Zinnan C, Shifrin B, Folman T, Froindlich, Zak­lad (1982) High resolution computerized tomography in cli­nical orthopaedics. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 64 : 20-25

Resnick D (1974) Arthrography in the evaluation of arthritic disorders of the wrist. Radiology 113 : 331-340

Resnick D, Andre M, Kerr R, Pineda C, Guerra J, Atkinson D (1984) Digital subtraction arthrography. Am J Radiol 142: 1187-1190

Schuh I JF, (1985) Etude radiologique de la hauteur du cubi­tus par rapport au raduis. Ann Chir Main 4: 143-148

Schuhl JF, Leroy B, Comtet JJ (1985) Etude radiologique de

188 Carpal injuries

la mobilite relative du scaphoi'de et du semi-Iunaire. Ann Chir Main 4 : 246-248

Schwartz AM, Ruby LK (1982) Wrist arthrography revisited. Orthopedics 5 : 883

Shigematsu S, Abe M, Kinoshita M, Inoue T, Onomura T (1986) Arthrography of the normal and post traumatic wrist. Communication au 3rd IFSSH Tokyo lapan

Soleihac P (1970) Arthrographie du poignet. These Med Toulouse

Trial R, Laval Jeantet M, Plaifosse MC (1976) Arthrographie du poignet. Traite de radiodiagnostic, tome II Masson, Paris

Weeks PM, Vannier MW, Stevens WG, Gayou D, Gilula LA (1985) Three dimensional imaging of the wrist. 1 Hand Surg [Am] 10: 32-39

1 - Anatomie - Biomecanique

Andrew lG, Youm Y (1979) A biomechanical investigation of wrist kinematics. 1 Biomech 12: 83-93

Anthonis P (1971) Analyse des mouvements du scaphoide car­pien dans les inelinaisons radiales et cubitales du poignet. Ac,a Anat : 78 II G

Arkless R (1966) A detailed study of movement of the wrist joint A1R 96 : 839-844

Berger RA, Blair WF, Crownischield RD, Flatt AE (1982) The scapholunate ligament. 1 Hand Surg 7 : 87-91

Berger RA, Crownischield RD, Flatt AE (1982) The three dimensional rotational behavior of the carpal bones. Clin Orthop 167 : 303-310

Bonnel F, Allieu Y (1984) Les articulations radio-cubito­carpiennes et medio-carpiennes. Ann Chir Main 3 : 287-296

Bradley KC, Sunderland S (1953) The range of movement of the wrist joint Anatomical Record 116 : 2, 139

Bryce TH (1896) On certain points in the anatomy and mecha­nism of the wrist joint. 1 Anat Physiol 31 : 59

Coleman S5, Anson B (1961) Arterial patterns in the hand based upon a study of 650 specimen. Surg Gynecol Obs­tet 113 : 409-424

Crock PR, Chari PR, Crock MC (1980) La vascularisation des os du poignet et de la main chez l'homme, In Tubiana : Traite de chirurgie de la main. Masson, Paris I : 361-371

Cyriax EF (1926) On the rotatory movements of the wrist. 1 Anat 60: 199

De Lange A, Kauer 1M, Huiskes R (1985) Kinematic beha­vior of the human wrist JOInt. A roentgen­stereophotogrammetric analysis. 1 Orth Res 3 : 56-64

Drewniany 11, Palmer AK, Flatt AE (1985) Scaphotrapezial ligament complex: anatomic and biomechanical study. 1 Hand Surg [Am) 10: 492

Fahrer M (1981) Introduction to the anatomy of the wrist, in Tubiana : La main. Masson, Paris I pp 166-171

Gilford WW, Bolton RH, Lambrinudi C (1943) The mecha­nism of the wrist joint with special reference to fractures of the scaphoid. Guy's Hosp Rep 92 : 52-59

Grewve S (1955) Anatomie arterielle des os du carpe. Acta Anat (Basel) 25 : 331-345

Henke W (1859) Die Bewegungen der Handwurzel. Z Rad Med III 7 : 27-42

Hoschi S (1970) Arterial patterns of the carpus. Orthop Surg (Tokyo) 21 : 860-863

10hnston HM (1907) Varying positions of the carpal bones

in the different movements of the wrist. 1 Anat 41 : 109-122, 280

10hnston RP (1980) The acutely injured wrist and its residuals. Clin Orthop 149 : 33-44

Kapandji A (1980) Le poignet, In : Physiologie articulaire: 5' ed Vol I : 138-183, Maloine, Paris

Kapandji A (1987) Biomecanique du carpe et du poignet. Ann Chir Main 6, 2: 147-169

Kaplan EB (1984) Functional and surgical anatomy of the hand, 3rd ed Lippincott, Philadelphia

Kauer 1M (1986) The mechanism of the carpal joint. Clin Orthop 202: 16-26

Kauer 1M (1974) The interdependence of carpal articulation chains, Acta Anat 88 : 481-501

Kauer 1M (1980) Functional anatomy of the wrist. Clin Orthop 149 : 9-20

Kauer 1M, Landsmeer lMP (1980) Anatomie fonctionnelle du poignet, in Tubiana, La main Vol I, Masson, Paris, pp 176-191

Kuczinski K (1983) Articulations carpo-metacarpiennes, In : Le Poignet, Razemon (ed), Exp scient Franc, Paris

Kuczinski K (1975) The thumb and the saddle. The Hand 7 : 120

Kuhlman lN, Guerin-Surville H (1981) Le systeme arteriel pn; fond du poignet Bull Assoc Anat 64, 187: 501-50

Kuhlmann lN (1979) Le mecanisme de I'articulation du poi­gnet. Ann Chir 33 : 711-719

Kuhlmann lN, Tubiana R (1983) Mecanisme du poignet nor­mal, In Le poignet Monographies GEM, Exp Saint Fran", Paris 62-71

Kuhlmann N, Gallaire M, Pineau H (1978) Deplacements du scapholde et du semi-Iunaire au cours des mouvements du poignet. Ann Chir 38 : 543-553

Landsmeer lMF (1961) Studies in the anatomy of articula­tion. Acta Morph Neerl Scand 3 : 287

Landsmeer lMF (1968) Les coherences spatiales et l'equilibre spatial dans la region carpienne. Acta Anat (Barel) Suppl 54, vol 70

Landsmeer lMF (1976) Atlas of the hand. Churchill 11 Livings­tone, Edinburgh

Landsmeer lMF, Kauer lMG (1964) Analyse de la flexion car­pienne. CR Bull Assoc Anat 49' reunion Madrid: 966-975

Lanoy lF, Mazas Y, Mazas F, Rengeval lP (1982) Etude radiologique des centres de rotation du poignet, Ann Chir Main I : 227-232

Leeluse P (1973) Les pedicules arteriels du massif carpien. These medecine Lille

Lewis Dl, Hamsphere Rl, Bucknill TM (1970) Anatomy of the wrist joint. 1 Anat 106: 539-552

Linscheid RL (1986) Kinematic considerations of the wrist. Clin Orthop 202 : 27-39

Linscheid RL (1982) Static and dynamic forces on the multi­ple linked carpus as a explanation for wrist deformity, In Difficult Problems in Hand Surgery, CV Mosby, St Louis, pp 349-351

Linscheid RL, Dobyns lH (1984) The unified concept of car­pal injuries. Ann Chir Main 3 : 35-42

Logrossino D, De Marchi E (1938) Vascularizzazione e tro­fopatie della ossa del carpe. Chir Organi Mov 23 : 499-524

Mac Conaill (1941) The mechanical anatomy of the carpus and its bearings of some surgical problems. J Anat 75 : 166-175

Mac Murtry RY, Youm Y, Flatt AE, Gillespie TE (1978) Kine­matics of the wrist. Clinical application. 1 Bone joint Surg [Am) 60 : 955-961

Martinez C (1975) Le poignet : Anatomie vivante, Laboratoire Cassenne, Paris

Mayfield JK (1984) Pattern of injury to carpal ligament, a spectrum. Clin Orthop 187 : 36-42

Mayfield JK, Johnson RP, Kilcoyne RF (1976) The ligaments of the human wrist and their functionnal significance. Anat Rec 186: 417-28

Mayfield JK, Williams WJ, Erdman AC (1979) Biomechani­cal properties of human carpal ligaments. Orthop Trans 3 : 143

Mestdagh H, Bailleul JP, Champon JP, Laraki A (1979) The dorsal arterial network of the wrist with reference to the blood supply of the carpal bones. Acta Morphol NeerI Scand 17 : 73

Mestdagh H, Bailleul JP, Lakaki A, Moulront S, Vilette B (1983) Vascularisation arterielle du poignet. Monographie du GEM. Razemon Ed Exp scient Fran!;, Paris pp 35-41

Moun Y, Flatt AE (1980) Kinematics of the wrist. Clin Orthop 149 : 21-32

Navarro A (1935) Anatomia y fisiologia del carpo. An Inst Clin Quir Cir Exp Montevideo

Pagalidis T, Kuczynski K, Lamb DW (1981) Ligamentous sta­bility of the base of the tumb. The Hand 13 : 29-35

Palmer AK (1985) Functional wrist motion : biomechanical study. J Hand Surg lOA : 39

Pieron AP (1973) The mechanism of the first carpometacar­pal (CMC) joint. An anatomical and mechanical analysis. Acta Orthop Scand Sup pi 148: pp 1-104, Munksgaard Copenhagen

Ravelli A (1953) Les orifices vasculaires des os du carpe. Radiol Clin North Am 22: 461-465

Ruby LK, Cooney WP, An KN, Linscheid RI, Chao YS (1988) Relative motion of selected carpal bones: a kinematic analysis of the wrist. J Hand Surg [Am] 13 : 1-10

Santos-Gutierrez L (1964) Precisions morpho-fonctionnelles a propos du condyle carpien. CR Ass Anat, 49, 1569

Scarramuzza RFJ (1969) EI movimiento de rotacion en eI carpo y su relacion con la fisiopatologia de sus lesiones trauma­ticas. Bol Trabajo Soc Argentina Orthop Traumat 34 : 337

Serafian SK, Melamed JL, Goshgarian GM (1977) Study of wrist motion in flexion and extension. Clin Orthop 126 : 153-159

Taleisnik J (1978) Wrist Anatomy, function and injury. AAOS instructional course lectures. The CV Mosby Co, St Louis 27 : 61-82

Taleisnik J (1976) The ligaments of the wrist. J Hand Surg I : 110-118

Taleisnik J, Baugaertner M (1983) The arterial anatomy of the human carpus. J Hand Surg 8 : 367-375

Viegas SF (1987) Load transfer characteristics of the wrist. J Hand Surg [Am] 12: 971-984

Volz RG, Lieb M, Benjamen I (1980) Biomechanics of the wrist. Clin Orthop 129: 107-117

Wright RD (1935) A detailed study of movement of the wrist joint. J Anat 70: 137

Youm Y, Mac Murtry RY, Flatt AE, Gillespie TE (1978) Kine­matics of the wrist. An experimental study of radio-ulnar deviation and flexion-extension. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 60: 423-431

2 - Carpal dislocations

Adkinson JW, Chapman MW (1982) Treatment of acute lunate and perilunate dislocations. Clin Orthop 164: 199-207

References 189

Aitken AP, Nalebuff EA (1960) Volar trans navicular perilu­nar dislocation of the carpus. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 42 : 1051

Aufranc OE, Jones WN, Harris WH (1982) Transnavicular retrolunar dislocation of the wrist. JAMA 181 : 131

Bell MJ (1983) Carpus perilunar dislocation with Colles frac­ture. The Hand 15 : 262

Bilos ZJ, Hui PW (1981) Dorsal dislocation of the lunate with carpal collapse. J Bone Joint Surg, [Am] 63 9: 1484

Bradford A, Yeager M, Murray K, Dalinka (1985) Radiology of trauma to the wrist : dislocations, fracture dislocations and instability patterns. Skeletal Radiol 13 : 120-130

Burman M (1951) Perilunar dislocation of the carpus. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 33 : 141

Campbell RD, Lance EM, Yeaoh CB (1964) Lunate and peri­lunate dislocations. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 46: 55-72

Campbell RD, Thompson TC, Lance EM, Adler JB (1965) Indications for open reduction of lunate and perilunate dis­locations of the carpal bones. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 47 : 915

Cave EF (1941) Retrolunar dislocation of the capitate with fracture or subluxation of the navicular. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 23: 830

Cohn I (1921) Dislocations of the semilunar carpal bone Ann Surg 73 : 621

Conwell HE (1936) Closed reduction of recent dislocations of semilunar (lunate) bone with results and discussion regar­ding necrosis. Ann Surg 103 : 978-993

Cooney WP, Bussey R, Dobyns JH, Linscheid RL (1987) Dif­ficult fracture dislocations of the wrist Clin Orthop 214 : 136-147

Cranmer RR, Foss AR (1922) A report of three cases of dis­located semilunar bone Minn Med 5 : 484

Davis GG (1913) Treatment of dislocated semi-lunar carpal bones Surg Qynecol Obstet 37 : 225

Delbet P (1904) Luxation du poignet avec fracture du sca­phoide. Bull Soc Chir 30 : 949

Dobyns JH, Linscheid RL (1978) Complication of treatment of fractures and dislocations of the wrist In Epps CH Jr (ed) : Complications in Orthopaedic Surgery. Vol 2. Lip­pincott Philadelphia

Dunn W A (1972) Fractures and dislocations of the carpus Surg Clin North Am 52: 1513-1538

Eggers GWN (1933) Anterior dislocation of os lunatum. J Bone Joint Surg 15 : 394

EI Khouby GY, Usta HY, Blair WP (1982) Naviculocapitate fracture dislocation, AJR 39 : 385

Farr CE (1926) Dislocation of the carpal semilunar bone. Ann Surg 84: 112

Fenton RL (1956) The naviculo capitate fracture syndrome. J. Bone Joint Surg [Am]

Fernandez HAJ Jr, Koberle G, Ferreira GHS (1983) Volar transscaphoid perilunar dislocation. The Hand 15 : 276-280

Fisk GR (1955) Transnavicular dislocation of the carpus, Proc R Soc Lond 48: 165

Fountain SS, Chapman MW, Bovill EG (1973) Fracture dis­locations of the wrist. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 55 : 1319

Garcia-Elias, Henriquez A, Irisarri C, Pores J, L1uch A, Homeds, Gilbert A (30/5/85) Luxacion perilunar del carpo (estudio multicentrico). Jornadas internacionales de cirur­gia dela Mano Y Microcirugia SITGES 30/5/85

Gordon S, Hershey (1972) ScaphOid and lunate dislocation. J Bone Joint Surg 54: 1769

Green DP, O'Brien E (1978) Open reduction of carpal dislo­cations: indications and operative techniques. J Hand Surg : 250-265

190 Carpal injuries

Green DP, O'Brien E (1980) Classification and management of carpal dislocations. Clin Orthop 149 : 55-72

Hill NA (1970) Fractures and dislocations of the carpus. Orthop Clin North Am 1 : 275-284

Jasmine MS, Packer JW, Edwards GS (1988) Irreducible trans­scaphoid perilunate dislocation. J Hand Surg 3 A, 212-215

Johnson RP (1980) The acutely injured wrist and its residuals. Clin Orthop 149: 33

Jones GB (1955) An unusual fracture-dislocation of the car­pus. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 37: 146

Keenan CB, Wikie AL (1929) Dislocation of the semilunar bone of the wrist. Can Med Assoc J 20 : 639

Kellam HIJ, Mc Goey PF (1945) Review of fracture disloca­tions of the carpus. Can Med Assoc J 53 : 332

Kleinberg S (1920) Dislocation of the carpal scaphoid and semi­lunar bones. JAMA 74 : 312

Kuderna H (1986) Frakturen und luxationsfrakturen. Der han­wurzel orthopiide 15 : 95-108

Lowden JMR, Simpson AHRW, Burge P (1984) Recurrent dorsal transscaphoid perilunate dislocation. J Hand Surg 9 B: 307-310

Mac Ausland WR (1944) Perilunar dislocation of carpal bones and dislocation of lunate bone. Surg Gynecol Obstet 79 : 256-266

Mansat M, and others (1983) Transcaphoid perilunar dislo­cation. The Hand 15 : 276

Mayfield J (1980) Mechanism of carpal injuries. Clin Orthop 149 : 45-54

Mayfield J, Johnson R, Kilcoyne R (1980) Carpal dislocations: pathomechanics and progressive perilunar instability. J Hand Surg 5 : 226-241

Minami A, Ogino T, Ohshio, Minami M (1986) Correlation between clinical results and carpal instabilities in patients after reductions of lunate and perilunar dislocations. J Hand Surg 11 B: 213-220

Morawa LG, Ross PM, Schock CC (1976) Fractures and dis­locations involving the navicular lunate axis. Clin orthop 118 : 48

Mouchet A, Vennin H (1913) Luxation medio-carpienne en avant du poignet droit. Bull Mem Soc Chir 32: 1376

Navarro A (1921) Luxaciones del carpo. An Fac Med (Mon­tevideo) 6: 113

Navarro A (1935) Las luxaciones del carpo pre 0 retro luna­res. In anatomia y Fisiologia del carpo. Inst clin quir cir exper An Montevideo : 233

Nunn 0 (1986) Transtriquetral midcarpal dislocation JHS 11 B : 432-433

O'Brien ET (1984) Acute fractures and dislocations of the car­pus. North Am Orthop clin 15 : 237-258

Panting A, Lamb OW, Noble J Haw CS. Dislocations of the lunate with and without fracture of the scaphoid. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 66 : 391

Pelligrino E A Jr, Peterson ED (1973) Transscaphoid perilu­nate dislocation of the wrist. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 55 : 1319

Pournaras J, Kappas A (1979) Volar perilunar dislocation: a case report. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 61 : 625

Razemon JP, Mestgagh (1973) Luxation trans-scapho retro­lunaire These Lille

Russel TB (nov 1949) Intercarpal dislocations and fracture dis­locations. A review of fifty-nine cases. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 31 : 524-531

Saffar PH (1973) Luxations du poignet. Vie medicale 3 : 1247-1257

Saffar PH (1984) Luxation du carpe et instabilite residuelle. Ann Chir Main 3 : 349-352

Saffar PH (1983) Les luxations peri-lunaires du carpe in Ie poignet. Razemon Ed. Mohographie du GEM, Exp Sci en­tifique Fran~aise

Saunier J, Chamay A (1981) A volar perilunar dislocation of the wrist Clin Orthop 157: 139

Schakel M, Dell PC (1986) Transscaphoid palmar lunate dis­location with concurrent scapholunate ligament disruption J Hand Surg 11 : 653-655

Shawe JC, Wilson FCW (1970) Radial perilunar dislocation. Report of a case. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 52 : 556-559

Siegert JJ, Frassica F J, Amadio PC (1988) Treatment of chro­nic perilunate dislocations J Hand Surg 13 A : 206-211

Spar I (1978) Bilateral perilunate dislocations : case report with review of literature and anatomic study J Traum a 18 : 64

Stern P J (1984) Trans-scaphoid lunate dislocation: a report of two cases. J Hand Surg A : 370

Stern WC (1920) Dislocations of the carpal semilunar bone. JAMA 75 : 1389

Stern P J (1981) Multiple flexor tendon ruptures following and old anterior dislocation of the lunate. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 63 489-491

Stevenson DL (1940) Dislocations of the carpal lunate Br Med: 126

Tanz SS (1968) Rotation effect in lunar and perilunar dislo­cations Clin Orthop 57: 147-152

Thompson TC, Campbell RD, Arnold WD (1964) Primary and secondary dislocation of the scaphoid bone. J Bone Joint Surg 46 : 73-82

Toft P, Bertheussen, Otkjaers (1985) Translunate, transmeta­carpal, scaphoradial fracture with th p perilunate disloca­tion. J Hand Surg 10 B : 382-384

Vance RM, Gelberman RH, Evans EF (1980) Scaphocapitate fractures. Patterns of dislocation mechanisms of injury and preliminary results of treatment. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 62: 271

Viegas SF, Bean JW, Schram RA (1987) Transscaphoid frac­ture dislocations treated with open reduction and Herbert screw internal fixation J Hand Surg. 2A : 992-999

Viegas SF, Hoffmann FJ (1988) Palmar lunate dislocation with a dorsal scaphoid fracture variant. J Hand Surg 13: 440-443

Wagner CJ (1959) Fractures dislocations of the wrist Clin Orthop 15: 181-196

Wagner CJ (1956) Perilunar dislocations. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 38: 1198-1207

Watson-Jones R (1929) Carpal semilunar dislocations and other wrist dislocations with associated nerve lesions Proc R. Soc Med 22: 1071-1086

Weiss C, Laskin RS, Spinner M (1970) Irreducible transsca­phoid perilunate dislocation: a case report. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 52 : 565-568

We seley MS, Warenfeld PA (1972) Transscaphoid transcapi­tate transtriquetral, perilunate fracture-dislocation of the wrist; a case report. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 54: 1073-1079

White RE, Orner GE (1984) Transient vascular compromise of lunate after fracture dislocation or dislocation of the carpus. J Hand Surg 9A: 181

Witwoet J. Allieu Y (1973) Lesions traumatiques fralches du semi-Iunaire. Rev Chir Orthop 59 : 98

Woodward AH, Neviaser RJ, Nisenfeld F (1975) Radial and volar perilunate transscaphoid fracture dislocations : a case report. South Med. J 68 : 926

Worland RL, Dick HM (1975) Trans-navicular perilunate dis­locations 1 Trauma 15 : 407-412

3 - Carpal instability

Allieu Y (1984) Instabilite du carpe. Principes therapeutiques generaux. Ann Chir Main 3 : 364-367

Allieu Y, Ascencio G, Bonnel F, Brahin B, Fisk GR, Lins­cheid R, Meyreuis lP, Saffar Ph, Schernberg F (1984) L'instabilite du carpe. Table ronde. Ann Chir Main 3 pp 281-369

Armstrong GWD (1968) Rotational subluxation of the sca­phoid. Can 1 Surg II: 306-314

Beckenbaugh RD (1984) Accurate evaluation and management of the painful wrist following injury: an approach to car­pal instability. Orthop Clin North Am 15 : 289-306

Bell Ml, Mac Murtry RY (1985) VISI of the wrist following spontaneous rupture of supporting ligaments. 1 Hand Surg 10 B : 395-398

Bellinghausen HW, Gilula L, Young LV, Weeks PM (1983) Post traumatic palmar carpal subluxation. Report of two cases. 1 Bone 10int Surg [Am] 65 : 998

Brahin B, Allieu Y (1984) Les desaxations carpiennes d'adap­tation. Ann Chir Main 3 : 357-363

Brown lW Volar intercalary carpal instability following a see­mingly innocent wrist fracture. 1 Hand Surg 12 B : 54-56

Buck Gramcko D (1985) Die Scapho-Iunare dissoziation. Hand­chir Mikrochir Plast Chir 17: 194-195

Buck Gramcko D (1985) Karpale Instabilitaten. Handchir Mik­rochir Plast Chir 17: 188-193

Burgess RC (1987) The effect of rotatory subluxation of the scaphoid on radio scaphoid contact. 1 Hand Surg 2 A : 771-776

Cantor RM, Braunstein EM (1988) Diagnosis of dorsal and palmar rotation of the lunate on a frontal radiograph. 1 Hand Surg 3 A 2: 187-192

Crawford, Taleisnik 1 (1983) Rotary subluxation of the sca­phoid after excision of dorsal carpal ganglion and wrist manipulation. A case report. 1 Hand Surg 8 : 921

Czitrom AA, Dobyns lH, Linscheid RL (1987) Ulnar variance in carpal instability. 1 Hand Surg 12 A : 205-208

Dobyns lH, Linscheid RL, Chao EYS (1975) Traumatic ins­tability of the wrist Am Acad Orthop Surgeons Instruct Course Lecture 24: 182-199

Eckenrode lF, Louis DS, Greene TL (1986) STT fusion in the treatment of chronic scapholunate instability. 1 Hand Surg II A 4 : 497

England lPS (1970) Subluxation of the carpal scaphoid. Proc R Soc Med 63 : 581-582

Fisk GR (1970) Carpal instability and the fractured scaphoid. Ann Coli Surg Engl 46 ; 63-76

Fitton 1M (1962) Rotational dislocation of the scaphoid. In Stack GH and Bolton H (Eds) : Proceedings of the Second Hand Club. British Society for Surgery of the Hand West way Press Brentwood, Essex 202

Frankel VH (1977) The Terry-Thomas sign. Clin Orthop 129 : 321

Gerard FM (1980) Post traumatic carpal instability in a young child. 1 Bone 10int Surg [Am] 62: 131-133

Gilula LA, Weeks PM (1978) Post traumatic ligamentous ins­tability of the wrist. Radiology 129: 641-646

Glikel SZ, Millender L (1984) Results of ligamentous recons-

References 191

truction for chronic intercarpal instability. 1 Hand Surg I : 514

Goldner lL (1982) Treatment of carpal instability without joint fusion. 1 Hand Surg 7 : 325

Hanley EN, Boland DM, Watson HK (1983) Intercarpal arth­rodesis for rotary subluxation of the scaphoid. Orth Con­sultation 41 : 1-10

Hastings DE, Silver RL (1984) Intercarpal arthrodesis in the management of chronic carpal instability after trauma. 1 Hand Surg 9 A : 834-839

Hergenroeder PT, Penix AR (198 I) Scapholunate dissociation with degenerative arthritis. 1 Hand Surg 6 : 620

Howard FM, Fahey T, Wojcik E (1974) Rotation subluxation of the navicular. Clin Orthop 104: 134

Hudson TM, Caragol Wl, Kaye 11 (1976) Isolated rotary sub­luxation of the carpal navicular. Am 1 R 126 : 601-607

lackson, Protas (1981) Snapping scapholunate subluxation. 1 Hand Surg 6 : 590

10hnson RP, Carrera GF (1986) Chronic capitolunate insta­bility. 1 Bone 10int Surg [Am] 68: 1164-1177

10nes WA (1988) Beware the sprained wrist. J Bone 10int Surg [Br] 70 : 293-297

Kleinman WB, Steichen lB, Strickland lW (1982) Manage­ment of chronic rotary subluxation of the scaphoid by STT arthrodesis. J Hand Surg 7 : 125

Lichtman DM, Noble WH, Alexander CE (1984) Dynamic triquetro-Iunate instability: a case report. 1 Hand Surg 9 A: 185

Lichtman DM, Schneider lR, Swafford AR, Mack GR (1981) Ulnar midcarpal Instability of the wrist. Clinical and Labo­ratory analysis. 1 Hand Surg 6: 515-523

Linscheid RL Scapholunate ligamentous instabilities (dissocia­tions, subdislocation-dislocations). Ann Chir Main 3: 323-330

Linscheid RS, Dobyns JH, Beabout lW (1972) Traumatic ins­tability of the wrist: diagnosis, classification and patho­mechanics. 1 Bone 10int Surg 54: 1612-1632

Loeb TM, Urbaniak JR, Goldner lL (1977) Traumatic car­pal instability: putting the pieces together. Orthop Trans I : 163

Mc Murtry RY, Youm Y, Flatt AE, et al (1978) Kinematics of the wrist (II). 1 Bone Joint Surg 60 : 955-961

Meyrueis lP, Cameli M, lan P (1978) Stabilite du carpe. Dia­gnostic et formes cliniques. Ann Chir 32 : 555-560

Moneim MS (1981) The tangential postero anterior radiograph to demonstrate scapho lunate dissociation. J Hand Surg 63 A: 1324-1326

Mouchet A, Belot 1 (1934) Poignet it ressaut (subluxation medio-carpienne en avant). Bull et Mem Soc Nat de Chir 31 : 1243-1244

Newman lH, Wat I (1980) Avascular necrosis of the capitate and dorsi-flexion instability. The Hand 12: 176

Nigst H (1973) Luxations et subluxations du scapho·ide. Ann Chir 27 : 519

Nonnenmacher 1, Naett R, Benabid M (1978) Instabilite du carpe apres cal vicieux du poignet chez I'adulte. Ann Chir Main 32 : 561-564

Palmer AK, Dobyns lH, Linscheid RL (1978) Management of post -traumatic instability of the wrist secondary to liga­ment rupture. 1 Hand Surg 3 : 507-532

Peterson HA, Lipscomb PR (1967) Intercarpal arthrodesis. Arch Surg 95 : 127

Rayhack 1M, Linscheid RL, Dobyns lH, Smith lH (1987) Post traumatic ulnar translation of the carpus. 1 Hand Surg 2 A: 180-189

192 Carpal injuries

Reagan DS, Linscheid RL, Dobyns JH (1984) Lunotriquetral sprains. J Hand Surg 9 A : 502-514

Rettig H (1961) Zur gewohnheitsmabigen subluxation des kahn­beines der hand. Arch Orthop Unfall Chir 53 : 498-501

Ruby LK, Linscheid RL, Cooney WP, Chao EYS The effect of scapholunate ligament section on scapholunate motion. J Hand Surg 12 A : 767-771

Schernberg F (1984) L'instabilite medio-carpienne. Ann Chir Main 3 : 334-348

Sebald Jr, Dobyns JH, Linscheid RL (1974) The natural his­tory of collapse deformities of the wrist. Clin Orthop 104 : 140-148

Sennwald G, Segmuller G (1986) Base anatomique d'un nou­veau concept de stabilite du carpe. Int Orthop 10 : 25-30

Starf W A (1970) Recurrent perilunar dislocation Clin Orthop 73: 152

Sutro CJ (1946) Bilateral recurrent intercarpal subluxation. Am J Surg 72: 110-113

Taleisnik J (1978) Wrist anatomy, function and injury. Ame­rican Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Instructional Course Lecture, St Louis CV Mosby CO 27 : 61-87

Taleisnik J (1980) Post traumatic carpal instability. Clin Orthop 149: 126-136

Taleisnik J (1976) The ligaments of the wrist. J Hand Surg 1 : 110

Taleisnik J Triquetro-hamate and triquetro-Iunate instabilities (medial carpal instabilities). Ann Chir Main 3 : 331-343

Taleisnik J, Watson HK (1984) Midcarpal instability caused by malunited fractures of distal radius. J Hand Surg 9 A : 350

Thompson TC, Campbell RD and Arnold WD (1964) Primary and secondary dislocation of the scaphoid bone. J Bone Joint Surg 46 : 73-82

Trumble T, Bour CJ, Smith RJ, Edwards GS (1988) Inter­carpal arthrodesis for static and dynamic volar intercala­ted segment instability. J Hand Surg 3 A : 384-390

Uematsu A (1979) Intercarpal fusion for treatment of carpal instability: a preliminary Report. Orthop 144: 159

Vance R (1979) Chronic bilateral scaphonulate dissociation without symptoms. J Hand Surg 4: 178-180

Vaughan-Jackson OJ (1949) A case of recurrent subluxation of the carpal scaphoid. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 31 : 532-533

Viegas SF, Ballantyne G (1987) Attritional lesions of the wrist joint J Hand Surg 2 A: 1025-1028

Viegas SF, Tencer AF, Cantrell J, Chang M, Slegg P, Hicks C, O'Meara C, Williamson JB (1987) Load transfer cha­racteristics of the wrist. Part II : Perilunate instability. J Hand Surg 12 A : 978-985

Watson HK (1980) Limited wrist arthrodeses. Clin Orthop 149: 126-136

Watson HK, Ballet FL (1984) The SLAC wrist (scapho-Iunate advanced, collapse) pattern of degenerative arthritis, J Hand Surg 9 A: 358

Watson HK, Hemton RF (1980) Limited wrist arthrodeses. The triscaphoid joint. J Hand Surg 5 : 320-327

Watson HK, Ryu JY, Akelman E (1986) Limited triscaphoid intercarpal arthrodesis for rotary subluxation of the sca­phoid. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 68 : 345-349

Weeks P, Young, Gilula L (1979) A cause of painful clicking wrist. J Hand Surg 4 : 522

Youm Y, McMurtry RY, Flatt AE (1978) Kinematics of the wrist (I) An experimental study of radial-ulnar deviation and flexion-extension. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 60: 423-431

4-5 - Fracture and pseudarthrosis of the scaphoid Agerholm JC, Lee MLH (1966) The acrylic scaphoid pros­

thesis in the treatment of the ununited carpal scaphoid fracture. Acta Orthop Scand 37 : 67

Agner (1963) Treatment of ununited fractures of the carpal scaphoid by Bentzon's operation. Acta Orthop Scand 23 : 56-65

Agner, Olaf (1963) Treatment of non-united navicular frac­tures by total excision of the bone and the insertion of an acrylic prosthesis. Acta Orthop Scand 33 : 235-245

Alnot JY, Bellan N, Oberlin C, De Cheveigne C (1988) Les fractures et pseudarthroses polaires proximales du sca­phoi'de carpien. Osteosynthese par vissage de proximal a distal. Ann Chir Main 7: 101-108

Andrews J, Miller G, Hadda R (1985) Treatment of scaphoid nonunion by volar inlay distal radius bone graft. J Hand Surg lOB: 214-216

Arnaldes G, 1rrisari C, Alcoer L, Perez F (1978) Traitement de la pseudarthrose du scaphoi'de carpi en par greffon osseux pedicule radial. Therapiewoche 28, 22 : 4455

Aversa JM (1985) The treatment of scaphoid pseudoarthrosis with electrostimulation. Orthopade 14: 44

Barnard L, Stubbin SG (1948) Styloidectomy in the treatment of nonunion of the carpal navicular. J Bone Joint Surg 30: 98-102

Bauer E (1979) Treatment of navicular pseudoarthroses Thieme, Stuttgart: 169-171

Beckenbaugh RD (1985) Noninvasive pulsed electromagnetic stimulation in the treatment of scaphoid nonunion. 52 nd Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Orthopae­dic Surgeons, Las Vegas

Bentzon PGK, Madsen AR (1945) On fracture of the carpal scaphoid: method of operative treatment of inveterate frac­tures. Acta Orthop Scand 16: 30

Bjornsson HA, Gestson J, Ekelun DL, Haffajee D (1984) Silastic scaphoid implants in osteoarthritis of the radio­

scaphoid joint. J Hand Surg 9 B: 177-180 Boeckstyns ME, Kjaer L, Holstnielsen F (1985) Soft tis'iue

interposition arthroplasty for scaphoid nonunion. J Hand Surg 10: 109-114

Bohler J, Ender HG (1986) Die Pseudarthrose des scaphoids Orthopade 15 : 109-120

Bohler J, Trojan E, Jahna H Behandlungsergebnisse von 734 frischen Einfachen Briichen des Kahnbeinkorpers der hand. Wiederh erchir Traum, 2 : 86, S Karger, Basel New York

Bonnevialle P, Mansat M, Railhac JJ, Rongieres M, Gay R (1987) Les arthroses radio-carpiennes et medio-carpiennes dans les sequelles des lesions scapholdiennes. Ann Chir Main 6: 89-97

Bora FW, Osterman AL, Woodburry DF, Brighton CT (1984) Treatment of nonunion of the scaphoid by direct curr.:nt Orthop Clin North Am 15: 107-112

Bora FW, Osterman AL, Brighton CT (1981) The electrical treatment of scaphoid nonunion. Clin Orthop 161 : 33-38

Botte MJ, Mortensen WW, Gelberman RH, Rhoades (E, Gellman H (1988) Internal vascularity of the scaphoid in cadavers after insertion of the Herbert screw. J Hand Surg 13 A : 216-219

Bridgman CF (1949) Radiography of the carpal navicular bone Med Radiogr Photogr 25 : 104

Buck-Gramcko D (1972) Le traitement des pseudarthroses du scapho'ide en particulier par I'operation de Matti Russe Rev Chir Orthop 58 : 706-711

Bunker TD, Mc Namee PB, Scott TD The Herbert screw frac­tures : a multicenter study. J Bone Joint Surg 69 : 631-634

Burgess RC (1987) The effect of a simulated malunion on wrist motion. 1 Hand Surg 12 A : 774-776

Carson B, Light TR, Ogden lA (1987) Fracture and ische­mia necrosis of the immature scaphoid. 1 Hand Surg 12 A: 122-127

Celli L, Monteleone M, Ballia (1970) Le fratture dello sca­foide carpale in relazione all meccanica articolare del polso. Boll soc Med Chir Modena : 60-68

Christensen SE, Cetti R (1982) Diagnostic value of displace­ment of the fat stripe in fractured scaphoid. The Hand: 14: 75

Cleveland M (1947) Fracture of the carpal scaphoid. Gynecol Surg Obstet 84 : 769

Cobey MC, White RK (1946) An operation for nonunion of fractures of the carpal navicular. 1 Bone 10int Surg 28 : 757

Condamine lH, Lebourg M, Raimbeau G (1986) Pseudarth­roses du scaphoJde carpi en et intervention de Matti Russe. Ann Orthop Ouest 318 : 21-23

Cooney WP (1980) Fractures of the scaphoid: a rational approach to management. Clin Orthop 149 : 90-97

Cooney WP, Dobyns lH, Linscheid RL (1980) Nonunions of the scaphoid: analysis of the results from bone grafting. 1 Hand Surg 5 : 343-354

Cooney WP, Linscheid RL, Dobyns lH (1984) Scaphoid frac­tures : problems associated with nonunion and avascular necrosis. Orthop Clin North Am 15 : 381

Cosio MQ, Camp RA (1986) Percutaneous pinning of sympto­matic scaphoid nonunions. 1 Hand Surg II A : 350-355

Courandier 1M (1986) Histoire naturelle de la pseudarthrose du scaphoJde carpien. These Medecine, Faculte de Lyon: 120

Crabbe WA (1964) Excision of the proximal row of the car­pus. 1 Bone 10int Surg 44: 100

Cross AB Rupture of the FPL tendon resulting from the nonu­nion of a scaphoid fracture. 1 Hand Surg 13 B : 80-82

Danyo 11 (1975) Open navicular bone grafting and styloidec­tomy. Orthop Rev I : 21

Davidson Al, Hotowitz MT (1938) An evaluation of excision in the treatment of ununited fractures of the carpal sca­phoid bone. Ann Surg 108 : 291

Dean S, Terry P, Chalhoun MA, Stanlay, Garn M, Arbor A, Carroll RE, Burdi Ph (1976) Congenital bipartite sca­phoid - fact or fiction? 1 Bone 10int Surg [Am] 58 : 1108-11 I2

Decoulx P, Hamon G, Decoulx 1, Duquennoy A, Dupont M (1966) Traitement des fractures recentes du scaphO"ide car­pien par vissage. Rev Chir Orthop 52 : 51-58

Decoulx P, Razemon JP, Lemerle P (1959) Les fractures et pseudarthroses du scapho·ide carpien. A propos de 56 cas. Lille-Chir 13 : 113

Dooley Bl (1968) Inlay Bone grafting for nonunion of the scaphoid bone by the anterior approach. J Bone 10int Surg [Br] 50: 102-109

Duncan DS, Thurston Al (1985) Clinical fracture of the sca­phoid: an illusionary diagnosis. 1 Hand Surg 10 B : 375-376

Dwyer FC (1949) Excision of the carpal scaphoid for ununi­ted fracture. 1 Bone 10int Surg [Br] 31 : 572

Eddeland A, Eiken 0, Hellgren E, Ohlson N (1975) Fractu­res of the scaphoid Scand 1 Plast Reconstr Surg 9: 234-239

Elias LS, Carlson CS (1984) Scaphoid replacement arthroplasty vs proximal row carpectomy. A comparison study. Orthop Transactions 8 : 445

Falkenberg P (1985) An experimental study of instability

References 193

during supination and pronation of the fractured scaphoid. 1 Hand Surg 10 B : 211-213

Faulkner DM (1928) Bipartite carpal scaphoid. 1 Bone 10int Surg 10: 284

Fernandez DL (1984) A technic for anterior wedge-shaped grafts for scaphoid nonunion with carpal instability. 1 Hand Surg 9 A : 733-737

Fisk GR (1970) Carpal Instability and the fractured Scaphoid Ann R Coli Surg Engl 46 : 63-76

Fisk GR (1975) Unusual fractures of the carpal scaphoid p. 129 In Stack HG, Bolton H (eds) Proceedings of the Second Hand Club, 1956-67. British society for surgery of the hand, London

Frykman GK, Taleisnik 1, Peters G, Kaufman R, Helal B, Wood VE (1986) Treatment of non united scaphoid frac­tures by pulsed electromagnetic field and cast. 1 Hand Surg II A: 344-349

Ganel A, Engel 1, Oster Z, Farine I (1979) Bone scanning in the assessment of fractures of the scaphoid. 1 Hand Surg 4: 541

Gasser H (1965) Delayed union and pseudarthroses of the car­pal navicular: treatment by compression-screw osteosyn­thesis. A preliminary report on twenty fractures. 1 Bone 10int Surg [Am] 47 : 249-266

Gelberman RH, Menon 1 (1980) The vascularity of the sca­phoid bone, 1 Hand Surg 5 : 508-513

Gilford WW, Bolton RH, Lambrinudi C (1943) The mecha­nism of the wrist joint, with special reference to fractures of the scaphoid. Guy's Hospital Rep 92 : 52

Gollasch W (1939) Congenital bipartite carpal scaphoid bone Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 40 : 269

Gordon LH, King D (1961) Partial wrist arthrodesis for old ununited fractures of the carpal navicular. Am 1 Surg 102 : 460

Gosset 1 (1976) Le traitement de certaines pseudarthroses du scapho·ide carpi en par prothese siliconee coulee in situ. Chi­rurgie 102: 785-789

Green D (1985) The effect of avascular necrosis on Russe bone grafting for scaphoid nonunion. 1 Hand Surg 10 A: 597-605

Greene M, Hadied AM, Lamont RL (1984) Scaphoid fractu­res in children. 1 Hand Surg 9 A : 536-541

Hauer G, Wilhelm K, Hormann K (1974) Uber die Behan­lung von pseudarthrosen des os naviculare der hand mitife der kleinen spongiosaschraube der AO. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 78 : 70-81

Helfet Al (1952) A new operation for ununited fracture of the scaphoid. J Bone 10int Surg [Br] 34: 329

Herbert TJ (1974) Scaphoid fractures and carpal instability Proc R Soc Med 67 : 1080

Herbert TJ, Fischer WE (1984) Management of the fractured scaphoid using a new bone screw. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 66: 114-123

Herndonk lH, Acevedo M, Hecht 0 (1977) A long term eva­luation of 607 cases of lunate and scaphoid arthroplasty. Presented at the 32nd Annual Meeting. Am Soc for Surg of the Hand Las Vegas NV

Herness D, Posner MA (1977) Some aspects of bone grafting for nonunion of the carpal navicular. Analysis of 41 cases. Acta Orthop Scand 48 : 373-378

Hoang P, Rombouts 11 (1984) L'operation de Matti-Russe dans les traitements des pseudarthroses du scaphoi·de car­pien. Acta Orthop Belg 50 : 677-685

Inglis AE, 10nes EC (1977) Proximal-row Carpectomy for Diseases of the proximal Row. 1 Bone 10int Surg [Am] 59 : 460

194 Carpal injuries

Jeanne LA, Mouchet A (1919) Les lesions traumatiques fer­mees du poignet 28e congres fran<;:ais de chirurgie.

Jones KG (1985) Replacement of the proximal portion of the scaphoid with spherkal implant for post-traumatic carpo­radial arthritis. J Hand Surg J 10 B : 460-463

Jorgensen EC (1969) Proximal-row Carpectomy, an end result study of 22 cases. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 51 : 1104-1111

Jorgensen TM, Andresen JH, Thommesen P, Hansen HH (1979) Scanning and radiology of the carpal scaphoid bone. Acta Orthop Scand 50 : 663

Judet R, Roy-Camille R, Guillamon JL (1972) Traitement de la pseudarthrose carpienne par greffons pedicules. Rev Chir Orthop 58 : 699-705

Kessler I, Heller J, Silberman Z, Pupko L (1963) Some aspects on nonunions of fractures of the carpal scaphoid. J Trauma 3 : 442-452

Kim WC, Schaffer JW, Idzikowski Failure of treatment of ununited fractures of the carpal scaphoid. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 65 : 985-999

King JB, Turnbull TJ An early method of confirming sca­phoid fractures. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 63 : 287

Kleinert JM, Stern P J, Lister GD, Kleinhans RJ (1985) Com­plications of scaphoid silicone arthoplasty. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 67 : 422-427

Kuhlmann IN, Mimoun A, Boabighi A, Baux S Vascularized bone graft pedicled on the volar carpal artery for nonu­nion of the scaphoid. J Hand Surg 12 B : 203-210

Kvarnes L, Reikeras 0 (1983) Compression screw for nonu­nion of carpal navicular. The Hand 15 : 252

Langhoff B, Andersen JC Consequences of late immobiliza­tion of scaphoid fractures. J Hand Surg 13 B : 77-79

Leslie IJ, Dickson RA (1981) The fractured carpal scaphoid: natural history and factors influencing outcome. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 63 : 225-230

Leyshon A, Ireland J, Trickey EL (1984) The treatment of delayed union and nonunion of the carpal scaphoid by screw fixation. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 66: 124-127

Lichtman DM, Alexander CE (1982) Decision making in sca­phoid nonunion Orthop Rev II : 55-67

Linscheid RL, Dobyns JH, Cooney WP (1982) Volar wedge grafting of the carpal scaphoid in nonunion associated with dorsal instability patterns. Orthop Trans 6 : 464

London PS (1961) The broken scaphoid bone. The case against pessimism. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 43 : 237

Mack GR, Bosse MJ, Gelberman RH, Yu E (1984) The Natu­ral History of scaphoid nonunion. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 66 : 504-517

Mahring M, Campbell Semple, Gray ICM (1985) Attritional flexor tendon rupture due to scaphoid nonunion. J Hand Surg 10 B : 62-64

Mansat M (1982) Les fractures du scaphoJde carpi en Ann Chir Main I . 361-374

Margo MK, Seely JA (1963) A Statistical review of 100 cases of fracture of the carpal navicular bone. Clin Orthop 31 : 102

Matti H (1936) Technik und resultate meiner pseudarthrose­noperation. Zentrabl Chir 63: 1442-1453

Maudsley RH, Chen SC (1972) Screw fixation in the mana­gement of the fractured carpal scaphoid. J Bone Joint Surg [Br} 54 : 432-441

Mazet R lr, Hohl M (1960) Radial styloidectomy and styloi­dectomy plus bone graft in the treatment of old un united carpal scaphoid fractures. Ann Surg 152: 296

McLaughlin HL (1954) Fracture of the carpal navicular sca­phoid bone. J Bone 10int Surg 36 : 765-774

McLaughlin H, Parkes 1 (1969) Fracture of the carpal navi-

cular bone. Graduation in therapy based upon pathology. 1 Trauma 9: 311-319

Melone CP Jr (1981) Scaphoid fractures: concepts of mana­gement. Clin Plast Surg 8 : 83

Michon J (1972) (sous la direction de) Symposium sur les frac­tures et pseudarthroses du scapho'ide carpien. Rev Chir Orthop 58 : 649-724

Milliez PY, Courandier JM, Thomine 1M, Bigh N (1987) His­toire naturelle des pseudarthroses du scaphoJde carpien. A propos de 52 cas. Ann Chir Main 6: 195-202

Moller BN (1983) Fracture of the carpal scaphoid and adja­cent bones. The Hand 15 : 258

Monsivais JJ, Nitz P A, Scully THJ (1986) The scaphoid nonu­nion and carpal instability : casual or causal. 1 Hand Surg II B: 201

Mouchet A (1934) Fractures isolees du scapho'ide carpi en . La presse medicale 6: 122

Mulder JD (1968) The results of 100 cases of pseudarthrosis in the scaphoid bone treated by the Matti Russe opera­tion. J Bone 10int Surg [Br} 50: 110-115

Murray G (1934) Bone grafts for nonunion of the carpal sca­phoid. Br J Surg 22 : 63-68

Murray G (1946) End results of bone grafting for nonunion of the carpal scaphoid. 1 Bone Joint Surg 28 : 749

Mussbichler H (1961) Injuries of the carpal scaphoid in chil­dren. Acta radiol 56 361-8 100 cases

Nakamura R, Hori M, Horii E, Miura (1987) Reduction of the scaphoid fracture with DISI alignment. J Hand Surg 12 A: 1000-1005

Palmer I, Widen A (1955) Treatment of fractures and pseu­darthrosis of the scaphoid with central grafting (autoge­nous bone-peg). Acta Chir scand 110: 206

Panos N, Kondoyannis (1982) A clinical sign in suspected frac­tures of the carpal scaphoid. J Bone loint Surg 64: 784-785

Pfeiffer KM (1972) Zur Frage der primaren Schraubenosteosyn­tese von Navikularefrakturen. Helv Chir Acta 39: 471

Pick RY, Segal D (1983) Carpal scaphoid fractures and nonu­nion in an eight year old child. Report of a case. 1 Bone Joint Surg [Am] 65 : 1188-1190

Pring DT, Hartley EB, Williams DG Scaphoid osteosynthe­sis : early experience with the Herbert bone screw. 1 Hand Surg 2 B : 46-49

Prosser Al, Brenkel IJ, Irvine GB Articular fractures of the distal scaphoid. 1 Hand Surg 13 B : 87-91

Ramadier JO, Briand JC, Benoit 1 (1972) Le traitement des pseudarthroses du scaphoide carpien par l'enchevillement. Rev Chir Orthop 5 : 687-698

Razemon lP (1984) Fractures des os du carpe. Chirurgie des os et des articulations. Traite de chirurgie de la main Tubiana R. Masson, Paris pp 667

Razemon lP (1983) Traitement chirurgical des pseudarthro­ses du scaphoi'de carpi en par l'operation de Matti Russe. Le poignet Razemon lP : 101-108 Monographie du GEM. Expansion scientifique Fran<;:aise, Paris

Razemon lP, Philippe P (1972) L'arthrodese du poignet dans les pseudarthroses du scaphoide carpien. Rev Chir Orthop 58: 712-714

Roy H, Maudsley A, Scot, Chen SC (1972) Screw fixation in the management of the fractured carpal scaphoid. J Bone Joint Surg [Br} 54 : 432-442

Ruby LK, Stinson, Belsky 1 (1985) The natural history of sca­phoid nonunion. J Bone loint Surg 67 : 428-432

Russe 0 (1960) Fracture of the carpal navicular, diagnostic, non operative treatment and operative treatment. 1 Bone Joint Surg [Am} 42 : 759-768

Russe 0 (1980) Kahnbeinpseudarthrose. Behandlung une ergeb­nis. Hefter Unfallheilkd 148: 129-134

Sanders WE (1988) Evaluation of the humpback scaphoid by computed tomography in the longitudinal plane of the sca­phoid. J Hand Surg 13 A: 182-186

Sashin D (1946) Treatment of fractures of the carpal scaphoid. A report of sixty-four cases. Arch Surg 52 : 445

Scaramuzza RF J (1969) El movimiento de rotacio:J en el carpo y su relacion con la fisopatologia de sus lesiones trauma­ticas. (The Wrist) Bol trabajos Soc Argent Orthop trau­matologia 34 : 337

Schernberg, Elzein F, Gerard Y (1984) Etude anatomo­radiologique des fractures du scapholde carpien. Rev Chir Orthop suppl II 70 : pp 55-63

Schuller P, Rossak K (1982) Resultats de l'osteosynthese com­pression par vis dans les fractures anciennes ou les pseu­darthroses du scapholde. Z Orthop 120: 879-881

Sedel L (1977) Osteosynthese du scapholde par une double voie d'abord anterieure et posterieure. Ann Chir Main 31 : 1009-1111

Shaw JA (1987) A biomechanical comparison of scaphoid screws. J Hand Surg 12 A : 347-353

Shenouda NA, England JPS (1987) Ultrasound in the diagnos­tic of scaphoid fractures. J Hand Surg 12 B : 43-45

Shestak, Ruby (1983) An unusual fracture of the scaphoid. J Hand Surg 9 : 925

Sjolin SV, Andersen JC Clinical fracture of the carpal sca­phoid : supportive bandage or plaster cast immobilization. J Hand Surg 13 B : 75-76

Smith, Friedman B (1956) Treatment of non united fracture of the carpal navicular by styloldectomy. J Bone Joint Surg 38 : 368-375

Soto-Hall R, Haldeman KO (1934) Treatment of fractures of the carpal scaphoid. J Bone Joint Surg 16 : 822

Soto-Hall R, Haldeman KO (1941) The conservative and ope­rative treatment of fractures of the carpal scaphoid (navi­cular) J Bone Joint Surg 23 : 841

Southcott R, Rosman MA (1977) Nonunion of carpal scaphoid fractures in children. J Bone Joint Surg [Br) 59 : 20-24

Stack JK (1948) End results of excision of the carpal bones. Arch Surg 57 : 245

Stecher WR (1937) Roentgenography of the carpal navicular bone. A J R 37 : 704

Stewart MJ (1954) Fractures of the carpal navicular (scaphoid) A report of 436 cases. J Bone Joint Surg [Am) 36 : 998

Stordahl A, Schjoth A, Woxholt G, Fjermeros H (1984) Bone scanning of fractures of the scaphoid. J Hand Surg 9 B : 189-190

Sutro CJ (1946) Treatment of nonunion of the carpal navi­cular bone. Surgery 20 : 536

Swanson A (1970) Silicone rubber implants for replacement of the carpal scaphoid and lunate bone. Orth Clin North Am : 299-309

Swanson A (1973) Flexible implant resection arthroplasty in the hand and extremities. St Louis, CV Mosby Co

Taleisnik J, Kelly P J (1966) The extraosseous and intraosseous blood supply of the scaphoid bone. J Bone Joint Surg [Am) 48: 1125-1137

Terry DW, Ramin JE (1975) The navicular fat stripe. A use­ful roentgen feature for evaluating wrist trauma. Am J Roentgenol 124: 25

Thomsen S, Falstei-Jensen S, Aarhus (1988) Carpal alignment after different surgical approaches to the scaphoid : a com­parative study. J Hand Surg 13 A : 604-611

Torngren S, Sandgvist S (1974) Pseudoarthrosis in the sca-

References 195

phoid bone treated by grafting with autogenous bone peg, a follow up study. Acta Orthop Scand 45 : 82-8

Trojan E (1974) Grafting of ununited fractures of the sca­phoid. Proc R Soc Med 67 : 1078

Trojan E, De Mourgues G (1959) Fractures et pseudarthroses du scapholde carpien. Etude therapeutique. Rev Chir Orthop 47 : 614-617

Unger HS, Stryker WC (1969) Nonunion of the carpal navi­cular. Analysis of 42 cases treated by the Russe procedure. South Med J 62 : 620

Vahvanen V, Westerlung M (1980) Fracture of the carpal sca­phoid in children. A clinical and roentgenological study of 108 cases. Acta Orthop Scand 51 : 909-913

Vecseiv, Scharf (1980) Resultats du traitement conservateur de 193 fractures du scapholde carpien. Indications operatoi­res. Acta Orthop Trauma Surg 97 : 151-156

Vender MI, Watson HK, Wiener BD (1987) Degenerative change in symptomatic scaphoid nonunion. J Hand Surg 12 A: 514-519

Verdan C ( 1954) Le role du ligament anterieur radio-carpien dans les fractures du scapholde : deductions therapeutiques. Z Unfallmed Berufskr 54 : 299 .

Verdan C, Narakas A (1968) Fractures and pseudoarthrosis of the scaphoid. Surg Clin North Am 48: 1983-1995

Vespasiani A, Calori G (1983) Treatment of the pseudarthro­sis of the carpal scaphoid with a compression plate. Chir Ital 35 (I): 134

Wagner CJ (1952) Fractures of the carpal navicular. J Bone Joint Surg [Am) 34 : 774

Warner WC, Freeland AE, Mc Andrew JC (1980) The sca­phoid staple for stabilization of selected fractures and nonunions. Presented at the 35th annual meeting, Ameri­can Society for Surgery of the Hand, Atlanta

Warren-Smith CO, Barton NJ (1988) Nonunion of the sca­phoid : Russe graft vs Herbert screw. J Hand Surgery 13 B : 83-86

Waugh RL, Reuling, Louis (1945) Ununited fractures of the carpal scaphoid : preliminary report on the use of vital­lium replicas as replacements after excisions. Am J Surg 67: 184-200

Weber ER (1980) Biomechanical implications of scaphoid waist fractures. Clin Orthop 149: 83-89

Weber ER, Chao EY (1978) An experimental approach to the mechanism of scaphoid waist fracture. J Hand Surg 3 : 142

William C, Kim J, Shaffer W, Idzikowski C (1983) Failure of treatment of ununited fractures of the carpal scaphoid. The role of compliance. J Bone Joint Surg [Am) 65 : 985-992

Wilson, Mac Donald J (1987) Delayed union of a carpal sca­phoid in a child. J Hand Surg 12 A : 520-522

Wilton T J (1987) Soft tissue interposition as a possible cause of scaphoid nonunion. J Hand Surg 12 B : 50-51

Zemel NP, Stark AA, Ashworth R, Ricard Tha, Anderson (1984) Treatment of selected patients with an unumited fracture of the proximal part of the scaphoid by excision of the fragment and insert of a curved silicone rubber. J Bone Joint Surg [Am) 66 : 510-517

6 - Rare lesions

Adler JB, Shaftan AW (1962) Fracture of the capitate. J Bone Joint Surg 44: 1537-1547

Ali A (1986) Fracture of the body of the hamate bone as so-

196 Carpal injuries

ciated with compartment syndrome. J Hand Surg II B : 207-210

Amamilo SC, Uppal R, Samuel AW (1985) Isolated disloca­tion of the carpal scaphoid. J Hand Surg lOB: 385-388

Anderson W J (1987) Simultaneous fracture of the scaphoid and capitate in a child. J Hand Surg 12 A : 271-273

Andrews FT (1932) A dislocation of the carpal bone: the sca­phoid and semi lunar: report of a case. Mich St Med Soc J 31 : 269

Arnaud JP, Girou P, Mabitch, Pecout C (1987) Luxation de I'os crochu : A propos d'une observation avec revue de la litterature Ann Chir Main 6 : 222-224

Artz TD, Posh JL (1973) The carpometacarpal boss. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 55 : 747-752

Ashworth CR, Blatt GB, Chuinard RG, Stark HH Silicone rubber interposition arthroplasty of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb. J Hand Surg 2 : 345-357

Bassoe E, Bassoe H (1955) The styloid bone and carpe bossu disease. Am J Roentgen 74 : 886-888

Berge E, Murphy DF (1986) Ulnopalmar dislocation of the fifth carpometacarpal joint. J Hand Surg II A 521

Bergkield TG, DuPuy TE, Aulicino PL (1985) Fracture dis­locations of all five carpometacarpal joints. J Hand Surg 10 A: 76

Biddulph SL (1985) The extensor sling procedure for an uns­table carpometacarpal joint. J Hand Surg 10 A, 5 : 641-645

Bieber EJ, Wieland AJ (1984) Traumatic dorsal dislocation of the triquetrum. A case report. J Hand Surg A, 840-842

Bilos J, Arrsen M, Pankovich, Sharukin Y (1977) Fracture dislocation of the radiocarpal joint. A clinical study of five cases. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 59: 198-204

Bilos ZJ, Hui PWT (1981) Dorsal dislocation of the lunate with carpal collapse. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 63 : 1484-6

Bischop AT, Beckenbaugh RD (1988) Fracture of the hamate hook. J Hand Surg 13 A: 135-139

Black DM, Watson HK, Vender MI (1987) Arthroplasty of the ulnar carpometacarpal joints. J Hand Surg 12 A : 1071-1074

Bora FN, Didizian NH (1974) The Treatment of injuries of carpometacarpal joint of the little finger. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 56: 1459-1463

Borgeskov S, Christiansen B, Kjaer A, Balslev I (1966) Frac­tures of the carpal bones Acta orthop Scand 37 : 276-287

Bowen TL (1973) Injuries of the hamate bone. The Hand 5 : 235-238

Breiting V (1983) Dislocation of bases of metacarpals. The Hand B 15 : 287

Brown RHL, Muddu BN (1981) Dislocation scaphoid and lunate The Hand B 13 : 303

Bryan RS, Dobyns JH (1980) Fractures of the carpal bones other than lunate and navicular. Clin Orthop 149 : 107-111

Buzby BF (1934) Isolated radial dislocation of the carpal sca­phoid. Ann Surg 100: 553-555

Cain JE jr, Shepler TR, Wilson MR (1987) Hamato meta­carpal fracture dislocation : classification and treatment. J Hand Surg 12 A : 762-767

Cameron HU, Hastings DE, Fournasier VL (1975) Fracture of the hook of the hamate A case report. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 57 : 276-277

Carter RM (1941) Carpal boss. J Bone Joint Surg 23 : 935-940 Carter RR, Eaton RG, Littler JW (1977) Ununited fracture

of the hook of the hamate. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 59 : 583-588

Catonne, Roy-Camille (1977) Luxation carpometacarpienne anterieure des derniers metacarpiens. Rev Chir Orthop 63 701-704

Cave EF Fractures and dislocations of the carpal bones in Wil­son PD (ed). Management of fractures and dislocations. JB Lipincott Co Philadelphia: 1938-1939

Cetti R (1982) Fracture of the lunate bone. The Hand B 14 : 80

Chen UT Dislocation of the CM joint of the thumb. J Hand Surg 12 B : 247-252

Chen VT Dislocation of CM Joint of the little finger. J Hand Surg 12 B : 261-264

Coll GA (1987) Palmar dislocation of the scaphoid and lunate. J Hand Surg 12 A : 476-480

Connell MC, Dyson RP (1955) Dislocation of the carpal sca­phoid. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 37 : 252

Cordrey LJ, Ferrer-Torrells M (1960) Management of fractu­res of the greater multangular. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 42: 111

Costagliola p, Micheau Ph, Mansat Ch, Lagrot F (1966) Les luxations carpo-metacarpiennes. Ann Chir 20 : 1466-1481

Crosby EB, Linscheid RL (1974) Rupture of the flexor pro­fundus tendon of the ring finger secondary to ancient frac­ture of the hook of the hamote. Review of the literature and report of two cases. J Bone Joint Surg 56 : 1076-1079

Cuomo CB, Watson HV (1979) The carpal boss: surgical treatment and etiological consideration. Plast Reconstr Surg 63 : 88-93

De Beer JV, Hudson DA Fractures of the triquetrum. J Hand Surg 12 B : 52-56

Dennyson WG, Stother IG (1976) Carpometacarpal disloca­tion of the little finger. The Hand B 8: 161

Dunkerton M, Singer M (1985) Dislocation of the index mata­carpal and trapezoid bones. J Hand Surg 10 B : 377-378

Egawa M, Asai T (1983) Fractures of the hook of the hamate. J Hand Surg 8 : 393-398

Enna CD (1979) Fracture pathological capitate bone. The Hand B 11 : 329

Fenton RL (1956) The navicular capitate fracture syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 38 : 681-684

Fenton RL, Rosen H (1950) Fracture of the capitate bone: report of two cases. Bull Hosp Joint Dis Orthop Inst 11 .: 134

Finnett JL, Lyndenj P (1979) Posterior fracture dislocation of the 4th metacarpal hamate articulation. J Trauma 19 : 290-291

Foucher G (1982) Les traumatismes de I'articulation trapezo­metacarpienne. Ann Chir Main 1 : 168-179'

Foucher G, Schuind F, Merle M, Brunelli F (1985) Fractures of the hook of the hamate. J Hand Surg 10 B : 205-210

Freedland AE, Finley JJ (1986) Displaced oblique fracture of the hamate treated with a cortical minilag screw. J Hand Surg 11 A I : 656-658

Freeman BH, Hay EL (1985) Nonunion of capitate: case report. J Hand Surg 10 A: 187

Freland AE, Finley JS (1984) Displaced vertical fracture of the trapezium treated with a small cancellous lag screw. J Hand Surg 9 A : 843-4

Freund LG, Ovesen J, Hjoring D (1977) Isolated dorsal dis­location of the radiocarpal joint. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 59 : 277-278

Frykman E (1980) Dislocation of the triquetrum. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 14: 205

Gainor BJ Simultaneous dislocation of hamate and pisiforme. J Hand Surg 10 A : 88

Garcia Elias M, Abanco J, Salvador E, Sanchez (1985) Crush Injury of the carpus. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 67 : 286-290

Garcia-Elias M (1987) Dorsal fracture of the triquetrum. Avul­sion or compression fractures. J Hand Surg 12 A : 266-268

Gibson PH (1983) Scaphoid-trapezium-trapezoid dislocation. Hand 15-267

Goldberg B, Heller AP (1987) Dorsal dislocation of the tri­quetrum with rotary subluxation of the scaphoid. J Hand Surg 12A: 119-122

Goldberg I, Amit S, Bahar A (1981) Complete dislocation of the trapezium. J Hand Surg 6: 193-195

Goodman ML, Shankman GB (1984) Palmar dislocation of trapezoid. J Hand Surg 9 A: 127

Gordon SL (1972) Scaphoid and lunate dislocation report of a case in a patient with peripheral neuropathy. J. Bone Joint Surg [Am) 54: 1769-1773

Gore D. (1971) Carpometacarpal dislocation producing com­pression of the deep branch of the ulnar nerve. J Bone Joint Surg [Am) 53 : 1387-1390

Green WL, Kilgore ES (1981) Treatment of fifth digit carpo­metacarpal arthritis with silas tic prosthesis. J Hand Surg 6: 510-514

Greene TL, Strickland JW (1982) Carpometacarpal disloca­tions In Strickland JW, Steichen IB : difficult Problems in Hand Surgery Mosby CO St Louis CV: 189-195

Griffin AC, Gilula LA, Leroy Young V, Strecker WS, Weeks PM (1988) Fracture of the dorso ulnar tubercle of the tra­pezium. J Hand Surg 13 A : 622-626

Gunn RS, Keynes M (1985) Dislocation of the hamate bone. J Hand Surg 10 B: 107-108

Gunther SF, Bruno PD (1985) Divergent dislocation of car­pometacarpal. J Hand Surg 10 A: 197

Hartwig RH, Louis DS (1979) Multiple carpometacarpal dis­locations. J Bone Joint Surg [Am) 61 : 906-908

Hazlett JW (1968) Carpometacarpal dislocations other than the thumb. Can J Surg 11 : 398-322

Helal B (1978) Racquet player's pisiform. The Hand B 10 : 87 Higgs SL (1930) Two cases of dislocation of the carpal sca­

phoid Proc R Soc Med 23: 1337-1339 Hodgkinson JP, Parkinson RW, Davies DRA (1985) Simul­

taneous fracture of the carpal scaphoid and trapezium. J Hand Surg 10 B : 393-394

Holdsworth BJ, Shackleford I (1987) Fracture dislocation of the trapezio-scaphoid. The missing link. J Hand Surg 12 B : 40-42

Hsu JD, Curtis RM (1970) Carpometacarpal dislocation on the ulnar side of the hand. J Bone Joint Surgery [Am) 52 : 929-930

Iwegbu CG, Helal B (1980) Fractures at the wrist: unusual combination. The Hand B 12: 173

Jones WA, Ghorbal MS (1985) Fractures of the trapezium. J Hand Surg B : 227-230

Joseph RB, Linscheid RL, Dobyns TH (1981) Chronic sprains of carpometacarpal joints. 1 Hand Surg 6: 172-180

Kleinman WB, Grantham (1978) Multiple volar carpometacar­pal joint dislocation. J Hand Surg 3 : 377-382

Kopp lR (1985) isolated palmar dislocation of trapezoid. 1 Hand Surg 10 A : 91

Kuhlmann lL, Fournols, Mimoun M, Baux S (1986) Fracture du trapezoi'de: A propos d'une observation. Ann Chir Main 2: 133-134

Kupfer (1986) Palmar dislocation of scaphoid and lunate as a unit. J Hand Surg 11 A: 130

Kuth JR (1939) Isolated dislocation of the carpal navicular. 1 Bone surg 21 : 479-483

Kuur E, Boe AM (1986) Scaphoid trapezium trapezoid sub­luxation. 1 Hand Surg 1 B : 434-435

Lamb DW, Noble 1 (1979) Fracture translunate scapho radial The Hand 11 : 47

References 197

Lang G, Kehr P, Sejourne P, Pointu 1 (1977) Une lesion rare: la fracture du trapeze. Ann Chir 31 : 350-356

Levy M, Fischel RE, Stern GM, Goldberg (1979) Chip frac­tures of the os triquetrum. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 61 : 355-358

Loth TS, Mac Milan MD (1988) Coronal dorsal hamate frac­tures. 1 Hand Surg 13 A : 616-618

Lowrey DG, Moss SH, Wolff TW (1984) Volar dislocation of the capitate. J Bone 10int Surg [Am) 66 : 611-613

Lowry WE lr, Cord SA (1981) Traumatic avascular necrosis of the capitate bone. 1 Hand Surg 6 : 245-248

Mac Clain El, Boyes IH (1966) Missed fractures of the greater multangular. 1 Bone 10int Surg [Am) 48: 1525

Maki NT, Chuinard RC, D'Ambrosia R (1982) Isolated com­plete dislocation of the scaphoid. 1 Bone Joint Surg [Am) 64: 615-617

Manon (1924) Les fractures du trapeze. Rev Chir Orthop XI : 127-140

Manske PR (1978) Carpal tunnel sYI'.drome and fracture of hook of hamate. The Hand 10 B : 181

Marck KW, Klasen Hl (1986) Fracture dislocation of hama­tometacarpal joint. 1 Hand Surg II A: 128-30

Mathison G, Mac Donald R (1975) Irreducible transcapitate fracture and dislocation of the hamate. 1 Bone 10int Surg [Am) 57: 1166-1167

Meyers MH, Wells R, Harvey IP (1971) Naviculo-capitate frac­ture syndrome. Review of the literature and a case report. 1 Bone 10int Surg [Am) 53 : 1383-1387

Meyn MA, Roth AM (1980) Isolated dislocation of the tra­pezoid bone. 1 Hand Surg 5 : 602-604

Minami M, Yamazaki 1, Chisaka N. Kato S, Ogino T, Minami A (1987) Nonunion of the capitate. J Hand Surg 12 A: 1089-1091

Minami M, Yamazaki 1, Ishiis (1984) Isolated dislocation of pisiform. 1 Hand Surg 9 A: 125

Mizuseki T, Ikuta Y, Muramaki T, Watari S Lateral approach to the hook of the hamate. 1 Hand Surg 11 B : 109-111

Monahan PRW, Galsko CBS (1972) The scapho capitate frac­ture syndrome. 1 Bone 10int Surg (Br) 54: 122-125

Monsche TC (1963) Contribution a l'etude des fractures du trapeze. These de medecine Strasbourg

Moore DP, McMahon BA Anterior radiocarpal dislocation : an isolated injury. 1 Hand Surg 13 B : 215-217

Mueller JJ (1986) Carpometacarpal dislocations. J Hand Surg II A: 184-188

Mullan GB, Lloyd GJ (1980) Complete carpal disruption of the hand. The Hand 12 B : 39

Murakami Y (1977) Dislocation of the carpal scaphoid. The Hand B 9: 79

Neidhart JH, Morin A, Guelpa G, Febvey M, Cuilleret J (1967) Les fractures du trapeze: 7 cas personnels. Soc Nat Med et Sci Lyon

Nicholson CB (1940) Fracture dislocation of the os magnum. 1 R Nav Med Serv 26 : 289

Norbeck DE, Larsonb, Blair Sl, Demos TC (1987) Trauma­tic longitudinal disruption of the carpus. 1 Hand Surg 12 A : 509-514

North ET, Eaton R (1980) Volar dislocation of the fifth meta­carpal. Report of two cases. J Bone Joint Surg [Am) 62 : 657-660

Okuhara T and others (1982) This reference is incomplete: Hamate causing rupture of flexor tendon. The Hand 14 : 71

Oni OOA, Mackenny RP (1986) Multiple dislocations of car­pometacarpal joints. 1 Hand Surg I : 47-48

Oschio I, Ogino T, Miyake A (1986) Dislocation of the hamate

198 Carpal injuries

associated with fracture of the trapezial ridge. J Hand Surg II A : 658-660

Paley B, Mac Murtry RY, Cruikshank B (l987) Pathologic conditions of the pisiform and pisotriquetral joint. J Hand Surg 12 A: 110-119

Palmer AK (1981) Trapezial ridge fractures. J Hand Surg 6 : 561-564

Parkes JC, Stovell PB (l973) Dislocation of the carpal sca­phoid. J Trauma 13 : 384

Pequignot JP, Giodano Ph, Boatier C, Allieu Y (1988) Luxa­tion traumatique de la trapezo metacarpienne. Ann Chir Main 7: 14-24

Peterson P, Saks S (1986) Fracture dislocation of the base of the fifth metarcarpal associated with injury of the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve. J Hand Surg II A : 525-528

Petrie PWR, Lamb OW (1974) Fracture subluxation of the fifth metacarpal. The Hand B 6 : 82

Polivy KD (1985) Fractures of hook of hamate. 1 Hand Surg 10 A: 101

Primiano GA, Reef TC (1974) Disruption of the proximal car­pal arch of the hand. 1 Bone 10int Surg [Am) 56 : 328-333

Purcell Smith, Wright TW, Wallace PF, Dell PC (l988) Exci­sion of the hook of the hamate: a retrospective survey and review of the literature 1 Hand Surg 13 AI: 612-615

Rand 1, Linscheid RL, Dobyns IH (1982) Capitate fractures. A long term follow-up. Clin Orthop 165 : 209-216

Richard A, Fevre M (1925) Les fractures du trapeze. Bull Mem Assoc Nat Chir 51 : 11 04-1106

Roth IH, DeLorenzi C (1988) Displaced intraarticular frac­ture of the body of the hamate treated with a Herbert screw. 1 Hand Surg 13 A : 619-621

Rowland SA (1986) Acute traumatic subluxation of the ext ens or carpi ulnaris tendon at the wrist. 1 Hand Surg II A : 809-811

Schuhl IF, Frere G (1983) Fractures verticales de I'os crochu. Ann Chir Main: 273-276

Sedel L (1975) Les luxations carpo-metacarpiennes. Ann Chir Main 29 : 481-489

Seimon LP (l972) Compound dislocation of the trapezium. 1 Bone 10int Surg [Am) 54: 1297-1300

Shepard E, Solomon 01 (1960) Carpometacarpal dislocation. 1 Bone 10int Surg 42 : 772-777

Sherlock DA (1987) Traumatic dorsoradial dislocation of the trapezium. 1 Hand Surg 12 A : 262-265

Siegel M, Hertzerb H (1969) Complete dislocation of the grea­ter multangular (trapezium) a case report 1 Bone Surg 51 : 769-773

Soucascas PN, Harto Fila Dides, Garikalides GC (1981) Dis­location of the triangular bone [Am). 1 Bone loint Surg [Am) 63 : 1012

Stark HH, lobe F, Inglewood, Boyes IH, Ashworth CHR (1977) Fracture of the hook of the hamate in athletes. 1 Bone 10int Surg [Am) 59 : 575-583

Stein AH (1971) Dorsal dislocation of the lesser multangular bone. 1 Bone loint Surg [Am) 53 : 377-380

Stein F, Siegel M (1969) Naviculocapitate fracture syndrome. A case report: new thoughts on the mechanism of injury 1 Bone 10int Surg [Am] 51 : 391-395

Stevanovic MV, Stark HH (1984) Dorsal dislocation of the fourth and fifth carpometacarpal joints and simultaneous dislocation of the MP joint of the small ringer. 1 Hand Surg 9 : 714

Steven F, Harwin, lames M, Sedlin ED (1975) Volar disloca­tion of the bases of the second and third metacarpals. A case report. 1 Bone Surg [Am) 57 : 849-852

Storm 10 Traumatic dislocation of the fourth and fifth carpo­metacarpal joints. A case report. 1 Hand Surg 12 B : 247-252

Takami H and others (l983) Hamate fracture associated with tendon rupture Hand B 15 : 73

Taleisnik J, Malerich M, Prietto M (l982).Palmar carpal ins­tability secondary to dislocation of scaphoid and lunate. 1 Hand Surg 7 : 606-612

Teissier J, Escare Ph, Asencio G, Gomis R, Allieu Y Rup­ture des tendons flechisseurs de I'articulation sur fracture de I'apophyse unciforme de I'os crochu. Ann Chir Main 2 : 319-327

Thomas AP, Birch R (l983) An unusual hamate fracture. The Hand 15 : 281-286

Thomas HO (1977) Isolated dislocation of the carpal scaphoid. Acta Orthop Scand 48 : 369

Toft P, Bertheussen K, Otkjaer S Translunate, transmetacar­pal, scaphoradial fracture with perilunate dislocation. 1 Hand Surg 10 B : 382-384

Van Schil P, Desmet C (1986) Simultaneous fracture of car­pal scaphoid and trapezium. 1 Hand Surg II B: 112

Vance RM, Gelberman RH, Evans EF (1980) Scaphocapitate fractures. 1 Bone 10int Surg [Am] 62 : 271-276

Varodompun N, Limpivest P, Prinyaroj P (1985) Isolated dor­sal radiocarpal dislocation. J Hand Surg 10 A : 708

Verdan C (1982) Les fractures ignorees du semi-Iunaire. Ann Chir Main 1 : 248-249

Walcker GBW (1943) Dislocation of the carpal scaphoid redu­ced by open operation. Br 1 Surg 30 : 380-381

Watt N, Hooper G (1987) Dislocation of the trapezio­metacarpal joint. 1 Hand Surg 12 B : 243-246

Waugh RL, Yancey AG (1948) Carpometacarpal dislocations with particular reference to simultaneous dislocation of the bases of the fourth and fifth metacarpals. J Bone 10int Surg [Am) 30: 397

Wee lTK, Chandra 0, Satkuk (1988) Simultaneous disloca­tions of the interphalangeal and carpometacarpal joints of the thumb. A case report. 1 Hand Surg 13 B : 224-226

Weiss CH, Laskin RS, Spinner M (1970) Irreducible radio­carpal dislocation. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg [Am) 52 : 562-565

Wiot IF (1966) Less common fractures and dislocations of the wrist. Radial Clin North Am 4: 261-276

Wood MB (1983) Fracture of the hamate hook. Orthop Con­sult 4 : 7-12

7 - General articles

Bassett CAL, Schink MM (1982) Treatment of therapeutically resistant nonunion with bonne grafts and pulsing electro­magnetic fields. 1 Bone 10int Surg [Am] 64: 1214-1221

Bassett CAL, Valdes MG, Hernandez E (1982) Modification of fracture repair with selected pulsing electromagnetic fields. 1 Bone joint Surg [Am) 64 : 888-896

Bertheussen K (1981) Partial carpal arthrodesis. Acta Orthop Scand 52 : 6298

Brown DE, Lichtman OM (1984) The evaluation of chronic wrist pain. Orthop Clin North Am 15 : 183-192

Buck-Gramcko 0 (1977) Denervation of the wrist joint. 1 Hand Surg 2: 54

Campbell Cl, Keokarn T (1964) Total and subtotal arthrode­sis of the wrist. 1 Bone 10int Surg [Am) 46: 1520-1533

Carter PR, Benton LJ, Dysert PA (1986) Silicone carpal

implants. A study of incidence of late osseous complica­tions. J Hand Surg [Am) II A : 639-644

Cockshott (1969) Pisiform hamate fusion. J Bone Joint Surg [Am) 51 : 778-780

Cooney WP (1984) Intercarpal fusion. 39' congres d'ASSH. Atlanta

Crabbe WA (1964) Excision of the proximal row of the car­pus. J Bone Joint Surg [Am) 46: 708-711

Czitrom AA, Lister GO (1988) Measurement of grip strength in the diagnostic of wrist pain. J Hand Surg 13 A : 16-18

Dellon Al (1985) Partial dorsal wrist denervation. J Hand Surg 10 A: 527

Dobyns JH, Linscheid RL (1980) Carpal bone injuries. Clin Orthop 149: 90-97

Dobyns JH, Sime A, Linscheid RL (1978) Sports stress syndro­mes of the hand and wrist. Am J Sports Med 6 : 236-254

Fisk GR (1980) An overview of injuries of the wrist. Clin Orthop 149: 137-144

Fisk GR (1983) Editorial: The wrist. The Hand 15 : 239 Gardner RC (1976) The hyperelastic joint disease syndrome.

JAMA 23: 115 Geldmacher J and others (1972) Denervation results of wrist

treatment. The Hand 4 : 57 Geldmacher et al (1972) Results of wrist denervation by Wil­

heim's technique. The Hand 4 : 57-59 Gellman H, Kauffman D, Lenihan M, Botte MJ, Sarmiento

A (1988) In vitro analysis of wrist motion: the effect of limited intercarpal arthrodesis and the contribution of the radiocarpal and mid carpal joint. J Hand Surg I3 A : 378-383

Gordon M, Bullough PG (1982) Synovial and osseous inflam­mation in failed silicone prostheses. A report of six cases. J Bone Joint Surg [Am) 64 : 574-581

Graner 0 (1966) Arthrodesis of the carpal bones. J Bone Joint Surg [Am) 48 : 503-517

Hankin FM, White SJ, Braunstein EM, Louis DS (1986) Dynamic radiographic evaluation of obscure wrist pain in teenage patients. J Hand Surg II A : 805-8

Howard FM (1961) Ulnar nerve palsy in wrist fractures. J Bone Joint Surg [Am) 43: 1197-1201

Inglis AE, Jones EC (1977) Proximal row resection. J Bone Joint Surg [Am) 59 : 460-463

Jeanne, Mouchet (1919) Les lesions traumatiques fermees du poignet 28' congres de chirurgie

Johnson RP (1980) The Acutely injured wrist and its residuals. Clin Orthop 149: 33-44

Jorgensen EC (1969) Proximal row resection. J Bone Joint Surg [Am) 51: 1106-1111

Kirk JA, Ansell, Bywaters EGL (1967) The hypermobility syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 26: 419

Lichtman DM (1988) The wrist and its disorders. WB Saun­ders - Philadelphia

Littler JW (1974) Hand, wrist and forearm incisions. Sympo­sium on reconstructive surgery 9 : 89-97 Mosby St Louis

Meyerdierks EM, Mosher JF, Werner FW (1987) Limited wrist arthrodesis. J Hand Surg 12 A : 526-529

Peimer CA, Medige J, Eckert BP, Wright JR, Howard CS (1986) Reactive synovitis after silicone arthroplasty. J Hand Surg II A: 624-639

Peterson HA, Lipscomb PR (1967) Intercarpal arthrodesis. Arch Surg 95 : 127

Posner MA (1983) Arthrodesis of the carpal bone. J Hand Joint Surg [Am) 48: 503-517

Razemon JP, Fisk GR (1983) Le poignet. Monographie du GEM: Expansion scientifique fran~aise, Paris

References 199

Ricklin P L'arthrodese radio-carpienne partielle. Ann Chir Main 30: 909-911

Rongieres M, Mansat M, Devallet P, Bonnevialle P, Railhac D (1987) Etude experimentale des arthrodeses intra-carpiennes. Ann Chir Main 6 : 269-275

Ryu J, Askew LJ, Chao EYS, An KN, Cooney WP, Lins­cheid RL, Amadio PC (1986) Biomechanical measurements of human wrist joint strength 32nd Annual ORS, New Orleans, Louisiana, Feb 17-20

Schernberg F, Lamarque B, Genevray JC, Gerard Y (1981) La resection arthroplastique de la premiere rangee des os du carpe. Ann Chir Main 35 : 269-274

Schwartz S (1967) Localized fusion at the wrist joint. J Bone Joint Surg [Am) 49: 1591-1596

Seenwald G (1987) L'entite radius-carpe. Springer-Verlag -Heidelberg

Shapiro JS (1987) Power staple fixation in hand and wrist sur­gery. J Hand Surg 12 A : 218-227

Sharrard WJW, Sutcliffe ML, Robson, Mac Eachern AG (1982) The treatment of fibrous nonunion of fractures by pulsing electromagnetic stimulation. J Bone Joint Surg [Br) 64: 189-194

Smith RJ, Atkinson RE, Jupiter JB (1985) Silicone synovitis of wrist. J Hand Surg 10 A : 47

Sutro CJ (1947) Hypomobility of bone due to « overlengthe­hed .) capsular and ligamentous tissues. Hand Surg 21 : 67

Swanson AB, DeGroot, Swanson G Implant arthroplasty in the hand and wrist. Ann Chir Main 4, I : 43-57

Swanson AB, Goran Hagert C, Swanson GG (1987) Evalua­tion of inpairment in the upper estremity. J Hand Surg 12 A : 896-926

Taleisnik J (1984) Subtotal arthrodesis of the wrist joint. Clin Orthop 187 : 81-8

Taleisnik J (1985) The Wrist. Saunders Philadelphia Tubiana R, Kuhlman IN (1983) Les voies d'abord du poignet.

Monographie du GEM: 227-230. Expansion Scientifique, Paris

Uematsu A (1979) Intercarpal fusion for treatment of carpal instability. Clin Orthop 144: 159-165

Verdan D (1983) Diagnostic d'une douleur du poignet In Ie Poignet : Monographie du GEM. Expansion scientifique, Paris

Viegas SF, Tencer AF, Cantrell 1, Chang M, Clegg P, Hicks C, O'Meara C, Williamson JB (1987) Load transfer cha­racteristics of the wrist. Part I : the normal joint. J Hand Surg 12 A : 971-977

Viegas SF, Ballanfyne G (1987) Attritional lesions of the wrist joint. J Hand Surg 12 A: 1025-1028

Watson HK, Brenner LH (1985) Degenerative disorders of the wrist. J Hand Surg 10 A: 1002

Watson HK, Hempton RF (1980) Limited wrist arthrodesis. I : The triscaphoid joint. J Hand Surg 5 : 320

Watson HK, Hempton RE (1981) Limited wrist arthrodesis: Intercarpal and radial carpal fusions. J Hand Surg 6 : 223

Watson HK, Ryu JY (1986) Evolution of arthritis of the wrist. Clin Orthop 202 : 57-67

Wehbe MA (1986) Surgical approach to the ulnar wrist. J Hand Surg II A : 509-512

Worsing RA, Engher WD, Lange Madison THA (1982) Reac­tive synovitis from particulate silastic. J Bone Joint Surg [Am) 64: 581-586

Zilch H, Talke M (1987) La colle au fibrinogene dans les frac­tures osteochondrales a petits fragments du membre supe­rieur. Ann Chir Main 6: 173-176