REFERENCES The following list of books and articles is intended to represent a select reading list for those wishing to

read further and in greater depth on the various topics and groups of invertebrates dealt with in the present volume. It also includes material directly referred to in the body of the text. By and large the books and articles are listed according to the position in the text of the group or topic they refer to. Since some are relevant to more than one group, a little replication has been felt appropriate. It has been kept to a minimum.

COMPREHENSIVE WORKS Barnes, R. D. ( 1968). Invertebrate Zoology, 2nd ed., Saunders, Philadelphia. Barrington, E. J. W. (1963). An Introduction to General and Comparative Endocrinology, Clarendon

Press, Oxford. Barrington, E. J. W. (1967). Invertebrate Structure and Function, Nelson, London. Bayer, F. M., and Owre, H. B. (1968). The Free-living Lower Invertebrates, Macmillan, New York;

Collier-Macmillan, London. Beklemishev, W. N. (1969). Principles of Comparative Anatomy of Invertebrates, Oliver and Boyd,

Edinburgh. Borradaile, L. A., Potts, F. A., Eastham, L. E. S., Saunders, J. T., and Kerkut, G. A. (1961). The

Invertebrata, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. Bullock, T. H., and Horridge, G. A. (1965). Structure and Function in the Nervous Systems of

Invertebrates, vol. 1, Freeman, London. Carthy, J.D. (1958). An Introduction to the Behaviour of Invertebrates, Allen and Unwin, London. Dougherty, E. C. (Ed.) (1963). The Lower Metazoa, Comparative Biology and Phylogeny, Univ. of

California Press, Berkeley. Grasse, P.-P. (Ed.) (1948-). Traite de Zoologie, vols 1 et seq., Masson et Cie, Paris. Harmer, S. F. and Shipley, A. E. (Eds.) (1895-1909). The Cambridge Natural History, vols 1-10,

Macmillan, London. Hyman, L. H. (1940-67). The Invertebrates, vols 1-6, McGraw-Hill, New York. Kaestner, A. (1967, 1968, 1970). Invertebrate Zoology, vols 1-3, trans!. and adapted from the German by

H. W. and L. R. Levi, Interscience, New York. Kiikenthal, W. and Krumbach, T. (Eds.) (1923 et seq.). Handbuch der Zoologie, de Gruyter, Berlin and

Leipzig. Meglitsch, P. A. (1967). Invertebrate Zoology, Oxford Univ. Press, New York. Prosser, C. L. and Brown, Jr., F. A. (1961). Comparative Animal Physiology, Saunders, Philadelphia. Rothschild, Lord (1961). A Classification of Living Animals, Longmans, London. Russell-Hunter, W. D. (1968). A Biology of Lower Invertebrates, Macmillan Company, N~w York. Russell-Hunter, W. D. (1969). A Biology of Higher Invertebrates, Macmillan Company, New York.

GENERAL CONCEPTS Baker, J. R. (1948). The status of the Protozoa. Nature, Lond. 161,548-51. Barrington, E. J. W. (1967). Invertebrate Structure and Function, Nelson, London. Bergh, R. S. (1885). Die Exkretionsorgane der Wiirmer. Kosmos, Warsz. 17,97-122. Berrill, N.J. (1955). The Origin of the Vertebrates, Clarendon Press, Oxford. Clark, R. B. (1964). Dynamics in Metazoan Evolution, Clarendon Press, Oxford. de Beer, G. R. (1954). The evolution ofmetazoa. In: Evolution as a Process (Eds. Huxley, J., Hardy, A. C.,

Ford, E. B.), Allen and Unwin, London. Dobell, C. C. (1911). The principles of protistology. Arch. Protistenk. 23,269-310.

839

References

Hadzi, J. (1963). The Evolution of the Metazoa, Pergamon Press, Oxford. Haeckel, E. (1874). The gastraea-theory, the phylogenetic classification of the animal kingdom and the

homology of the germ-lamellae. Q. Jl Microsc. Sci. 14, 142-65, 223-4 7. Hanson, E. D. (1958). On the origin of the Eumetazoa. Syst. Zoo/. 7, 16-47. Hartman, W. D. ( 1963). A critique of the entercoele theory. In: The Lower Metazoa, Comparative Biology

and Phylogeny. (Ed. Dougherty, E. C.). Univ. of California Press, Berkeley. Hyman, L. H. ( 1940). The Invertebrates: Protozoa through Ctenophora, vol. 1, McGraw-Hill, New York. Hyman, L. H. (1951). The Invertebrates: Platyhelminthes and Rhynchocoela, vol. 2, McGraw-Hill, New

York. Jepps, M. W. (1956). The Protozoa Sarcodina, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh. MacBride, E. W. (1914). Text-book of Embryology, vol. 1, Macmillan, London. Keosian, J. (1964). The Origin of Life, Chapman and Hall, London. Miller, S. L. (1953). A production of amino acids under possible primitive earth conditions. Science, N.Y.

117,528-9. Oparin, A. I. (1938). The Origin of Life on Earth, Macmillan, New York. Picken, L. E. R. ( 1960). The Organization of Cells and other Organisms, Clarendon Press, Oxford. Remane, A. ( 1963). The enterocoelic origin of the coelom. In: The Lower Metazoa, Comparative Biology

and Phylogeny (Ed. E. C. Dougherty), Univ. of California Press, Berkeley. Sedgwick, A. (1884). On the nature o(metameric segmentation and some other morphological questions.

Q. Jl Microsc. Sci. 24, 43-82. Urey, H. C. (1952), The Planets, their Origin and Development, Yale Univ. Press, New Haven. Waddington, C. H. (1956). Principles of Embryology, Allen and Unwin, London. Wilson, E. B. (1892). Cell lineage of Nereis. J. Morph. 6, 361-480.

PROTOZOA Chen, T. T. (Ed.) (1967-70). Research in Protozoology, vols 1-4, Pergamon Press, London. Corliss, J. 0. (1961). The Ciliated Protozoa: Characterization, Classification, and Guide to the Literature,

Pergamon Press, London. Dogiel, V. A. (1965), General Protozoology, translation of 2nd Russian edition, Oxford Univ. Press,

London. Garnham, P. C. C. ( 1966). Malaria Parasites and other Haemosporidia, Blackwell Scientific Publications,

Oxford. Grasse, P.-P. (Ed.) (1952). Phylogenie. Protozoaires: Generalites. Flagelles. Traite de Zoologie vol. 1 (1),

1-1071. Grasse, P.-P. (Ed.) (1953). Protozoaires: Rhizopodes, Actinopodes, Sporozoaires, Cnidosporidies. Traite

de Zoologie vol. 1 (2), 1-1160. Grell, K. G. (1968). Protozoologie, 2nd ed., Springer Verlag, Berlin. Hyman, L. H. (1940). The Invertebrates: Protozoa through Ctenophora, vol. 1, McGraw-Hill, New

York. Jurand, A. and Selman, G. G. (1969). The Anatomy a/Paramecium aurelia, Macmillan, London. Kudo, R. R. ( 1966), Protozoology. 6th Ed., Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois. Mackinnon, D. L. and Hawes, R. S. J. (1961). An Introduction to the Study of Protozoa, Clarendon Press,

Oxford. Vickerman, K. and Cox, F. E. G. (1967), The Protozoa, John Murray, London.

PORIFERA Bergquist, P. R. and Tizard, C. A. (1970). Sponges and the sponge industry. In: Encyclopedia of Marine

Resources (Ed. F. E. Firth). Fry, W. (Ed.) (1970). The biology of the Porifera. Symp. zoo/. Soc. Lond. 25.

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References

Hyman, L. H. (1940). The Invertebrates: Protozoa through Ctenophora, vol. 1, McGraw-Hill, New York. Jones, W. C. (1962). Is there a nervous system in sponges? Bioi. Rev. 37, 1-50.

CNIDARIA, CTENOPHORA, MESOZOA Grasse, P.-P. and Caullery, M. (1961). Embranchement des Mesozoaires. Traite de Zoologie vol. 4 (1),

693-729. Hyman, L. H. (1940). The Invertebrates: Protozoa through Ctenophora, vol. 1, McGraw-Hill, New York. Kramp, P. L. (1961). Synopsis of the medusae of the world. J. mar. bioi. Ass. U.K. 40, 1-469. Lenhoff, H. M. and Loomis, W. F. (Eds.) (1961). The Biology of Hydra. Univ. of Miami Press, Florida. McConnaughey, B. H. (1963). The Mesozoa. In: The Lower Metazoa, Comparative Biology and

Phylogeny (Ed. E. C. Dougherty), Univ. of California Press, Berkeley. Moore, R. C. (Ed.) (1956). Part F, Coelenterata. In: Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Geological

Society of America and Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. Rees, W. J. (Ed.) (1966). The Cnidaria and their evolution. Symp. zoo!. Soc. Lond. 16. Russell, F. S. (1953). The Medusae of the British Isles, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. Stephenson, T. A. (1928, 1935). The British Sea Anemones, vols 1 and 2, Ray Society, London. Stunkard, H. W. (1954). The life history and systematic relations of the Mesozoa. Q. Rev. Bioi. 29,230-

44. Weill, R. (1934). Contribution a l'etude des Cnidaires et de leur nematocytes. Trav. Stn zoo!. Wimereux

10, 11. Wells, J. W. (1957). Coral Reefs. In: Treatise on Marine Ecology and Paleoecology (Ed J. W. Hedgpeth),

Geological Society of America, New York. Wells, J. W. ( 195 7). Corals. An annotated bibliography. In: Treatise on Marine Ecology and Paleoecology

(Ed J. W. Hedgpeth), Geological Society of America, New York.

PLATYHELMINTHES, NEMERTIN I Cheng, T. C. (1964). The Biology of Animal Parasites, Saunders, Philadelphia. Dogiel, V. A. (1962). General Parasitology, 3rd ed., Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh. Grasse, P.-P. (Ed.)(1961). Plathelminthes, Mesozoaires, Acanthocephales, Nemertiens. Traite de Zoologie

vol. 4 ( 1 ), 1-944. Hyman, L. H. (1951). The Invertebrates: Platyhelminthes and Rhynchocoela, vol. 2, McGraw-Hill, New

York. Llewellyn, J. (1965). The evolution of parasitic platyhelminths. Symp. Br. Soc. Parasitology, vol. 3,

Blackwells, Oxford. Smyth, J.D. (1966). The Physiology of Trematodes, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh. Smyth, J.D. (1969). The Physiology ofCestodes, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh. Wardle, R. A. and McLeod, J. A. (1952). The Zoology of Tapeworms, Univ. of Minnesota Press,

Minneapolis.

ASCHELMINTHES, ACANTHOCEPHALA, ENTOPROCTA Baer, J. C. (1961). Embranchement des Acanthocephales. Traite de Zoologie vol. 4 (1), 731-82. Brien, P. (1959). Classe des Endoproctes ou Kamptozoaires. Traite de Zoologie vol. 5 (1), 927-1007. de Beauchamp, P. ( 1965). Classe des Rotiferes. Classe des Gastrotriches. Classe des Kinorhynques. Traite

de Zoologie vol. 4 (3), 1225-419. Chitwood, B. G. and Chitwood, B. M. (1950). An Introduction to Nematology, rev. ed., Chitwood,

Baltimore. Crofton, H. D. (1966). Nematodes, Hutchinson, London. Dorier, A. (1965). Classe des Gordiaces. Traite de Zoologie vol. 4 (3), 1201-22.

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Filipjev, I. N. and Schuurmans Stekhoven, J. H. (1959). A Manual of Agricultural Helminthology, Brill, Lei den.

Golvan, Y. J. (1959). Le phylum des Acanthocephala. Annis Parasit. hum. comp. 33 (1), 538-602. Goodey, T. (1963). Soil and Freshwater Nematodes, Methuen, London. Grasse, P.-P. (Ed.) (1961, 1965, 1965). Traite de Zoologie, vol. 4 (I, 2, 3), Masson et Cie, Paris. Higgins, R. P. 1968). Taxonomy and postembryonic development of the Cryptorhagae, a new suborder for

the mesopsammic kinorhynch genus Cateria. Trans. Am. microsc. Soc. 87 (1), 21-39. Hyman, L. H. (1951). The Invertebrates: Acanthocephala, Aschelminthes, and Entoprocta, vol. 3,

McGraw-Hill, New York. Jligersten, G. (1964). On the morphology and reproduction of entoproct larvae. Zoo/. Bidr. Upps. 36,

295-314. Lang, K. (1949). Echinoderida. Further zoo!. Results Swed. Antarct. Exped. 4, 1-22. Lee, D. L. (1965). The Physiology of Nematodes, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh. Mariscal, R. N. (1965). The adult and larval morphology and life history of the entoproct Barentsia

gracilis (M. Sars, 1835). J. Morph. ll6, 311-38. Nielsen, C. ( 1964 ). Studies on Danish Entoprocta. Ophelia I, 1-7 6. Remane, A. (1933). Rotatoria. Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs. Bd. 4, Abt. 2, Buch 1, Lief.

1-4. Remane, A. ( 193 6). Gastrotricha und Kinorhyncha. Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs. Bd. 4, Abt. 2,

Buch 1, Teil. 2. Steinbock, 0. (1958). Zur Phylogenie der Gastrotrichen. Verh. dt. zoot. Ges. 1957, 128-69. Teuchert, G. (1968). Zur Fortpflanzung und Entwicklung der Macrodasyoidea (Gastrotricha). Z. Morph.

Tiere 63, 343-418. Wallace, H. R. (1963). The Biology of Plant Parasitic Nematodes, Arnold, London. Yamaguti, S. (1961). Nematodes. Systema Helminthum 3 (I, 2), Interscience, New York. Yorke, W. and Maple stone, P. A. ( 1926). Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates, Churchill, London. Zelinka, K. (1928). Monographie der Echinodera, Engelmann, Leipzig.

ANNELIDA, ECHIURIDA, SIPUNCULIDA Anderson, D. T. (1966). The comparative embryology of the Polychaeta. Acta zoo[. Stockh. 47, 1-42. Bahl, K. N. (1947). Excretion in the Oligochaeta. Bioi. Rev. 22, 109-47. Barnes, R. D. (1965). Tube-building and feeding in chaetopterid polychaetes. Bioi. Bull. mar. bioi. Lab.

Woods Hole 129, 217-33. Brinkhurst, R. 0. and Jamieson, B. G. M. (1971). The Aquatic Oligochaeta of the World, Oliver and Boyd,

Edinburgh. Chapman, G. and Newell, G. E. ( 194 7). The role of the body fluid in relation to movement in soft-bodied

invertebrates. 1. The burrowing of Arenicola. Proc. R. Soc. 134, 431-55. Chapman, G. and Baker, W. B. (1964). Zoology for Intermediate Students, Longmans, London. Clarke, R. B. (1961). The origin and formation of the heteronereis. Bioi. Rev. 36, 199-236. Clark, R. B. (1964). Dynamics in Metazoan Evolution, Clarendon Press, Oxford. Clark, R. B. (1969). Systematics and phylogeny: Annelida, Echiura, Sipuncula. In: Chemical Zoology, vol.

4, (Eds. M. Florkin and B. T. Scheer), Academic Press, New York and London. Dales, R. P. (1963). Annelids, Hutchinson, London. Dawydoff, C. (1959). Classe des Echiuriens. Traite de Zoologie, vol. 5 (1), 855-907. Fordham, M.G. C. (1925). Aphrodite aculeata. LM.B.C. Mem. typ. Br. mar. Pl. Anim. 27. Grasse, P.-P. (Ed.) (1959). Annelides, Myzostomides, Sipunculiens, Echiuriens, Priapuliens, Endoproctes,

Phoronidiens, Traite de Zoologie, vol. 5 (I), 1-1053. Gray, J. (1968). Animal Locomotion, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London. Laverack, M.S. (1963). The Physiology of Earthworms, Pergamon Press, Oxford. Mann, K. H. (1953). The segmentation of leeches. Bioi. Rev. 28, 1-15.

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Mann, K. H. ( 1962). Leeches (Hirudinea), Their Structure, Physiology, Ecology, and Embryology, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

Stephenson, J. (1930). The Oligochaeta, Clarendon Press, Oxford. Thomas, J. G. (1940). Pomatoceros, Sabella and Amphitrite. LM.B.C. Mem. typ. Br. mar. Pl. Anim. 33. Wells, G. P. (1950). The anatomy of the body wall and appendages in Arenicola marina L., Arenicola

claparedii Levinsen and Arenicola ecaudata Johnston. J. mar. bioi. Ass. U.K. 29, 1-44. Wilson, E. B. (1892). Cell lineage of Nereis. J. Morph. 6, 361-480.

ARTHROPODA: GENERAL FEATURES AND EVOLUTION Manton, S. M. ( 1953). Locomotory habits and the evolution of the larger arthropodan groups. Symp. Soc.

exp. Bioi. 1, 339-76. Manton, S.M. (1964). Mandibular mechanisms and evolution of arthropods. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Ser. B

247, 1-183. Richards, A. G. (1951). The Integument of Arthropods, Univ. of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. Sharov, A. G. (1966). Basic Arthropodan Stock: With Special Reference to Insects, Pergamon Press,

Oxford. Snodgrass, R. E. (1938). Evolution of the Annelida, Onychophora and Arthropoda. Smithson. misc.

Collns 97, 1-159. Tiegs, 0. W. and Manton, S.M. (1958). The evolution of the Arthropoda. Bioi. Rev. 33, 255-337. Vandel, A. (1949). Gimeralites sur les Arthropodes. Traite de Zoologie, vol. 6, 79-158.

MINOR ARTHROPOD SUB-PHYLA Cuenot, L. (1949). Les Onychophores. Les Tardigrades. Les Pentastomides. Traite de Zoologie, vol. 6, 3-

75. Fage, L: (1949). Classe des Pycnogonides. Traite de Zoologie, vol. 6, 906-41. Hedgpeth, J. W. (1954). On the phylogeny of the Pycnogonida. Acta zoo/. Stockh. 35, 193-213. Marcus, E. (1929). Tardigrada. Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs. Bd. 5, Abt. 4. Osche, G. ( 1963). Die systematische Stellung und Phylogenie der Pentastomida. Z. Morph Okol. Tiere 52,

487-596. Stormer, L. (1949). Classe des Trilobites. Traite de Zoologie, vol. 6, 160-97. Stormer, L. (1949). Classe des Merostemoidea, Marellomorpha et Pseudocrustacea. Traite de Zoologie,

vol. 6, 198-210.

ARTHROPODA: CHELICERATA Andre, M. (1949). Ordre des Acariens. Traite de Zoologie, vol. 6, 794-892. Berland, L. (1949). Ordre des Opilions. Traite de Zoologie, vol. 6, 761-93. Bonnet, P. (1939-61). Bibliographia Araneorum. Analyse Methodique de Toute Ia Litterature

Araneologique jusqu'en 1939, tome I-III, Toulouse. Comstock, J. H. (1940). The Spider Book, Doubleday, Doran, New York. Fage, L. ( 1949). Classe des Merostomaces. Traite de Zoo/ogie, vol. 6, 219-62. Heegaard, P. (1946). Remarks on the phylogeny of the arthropods. Ark. Zool. 37 (3), 1-15. Kaestner, A. (1968). Invertebrate Zoology, vol. 2, transl. and adapted from the German Edition by H. W.

and L. R. Levi, Interscience, New York. Millot, J. (1949). Ordre des Palpigrades. Ordre des Uropyges. Ordre des Amblypyges. Ordre des

Araneides. Ordre des Ricinuleides. Traite de Zoologie, vol. 6, 5 20-7 60. Millot J. and Vachon, M. (1949). Ordre des Scorpions. Ordre des Solifuges. Traite de Zoologie, vol. 6,

386-436,482-519. Roewer, C. Fr. (1942). Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940, vols 1-3, Bremen.

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ARTHROPODA: CRUSTACEA Caiman, W. T. (1911). The Life of Crustacea, Methuen, London. Darwin, C. (1851-54). A Monograph on the Sub-class Cirripedia, vols 1 and 2, Ray Society, London. Green, J. (1961). A Biology of Crustacea, Witherby, London. Kaestner, A. ( 1970). Invertebrate Zoology, vo!. 3, trans!. and adapted from the 2nd German Edition by

H. W. and L. R. Levi, Inter science, New York. Knowles, F. G. W. and Carlisle, D. B. (1956). Endocrine control in the Crustacea. Bioi. Rev. 31, 396-

473. Lockwood, A. P. M. (1968). Aspects of the Physiology of Crustacea, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh and

London. Sanders, H. L. ( 195 7). The Cephalocarida and crustacean phylogeny. Syst. Zoo!. 6, 112-29. Schmitt, W. L. ( 1965). Crustaceans, Univ. of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. Waterman, T. H. (Ed.) (1960). The Physiology of Crustacea, vols 1 and 2, Academic Press, New York.

ARTHROPODA: MYRIAPODS Kaestner, A. (1968). Invertebrate Zoology, vo!. 2, trans!. and adapted from the German Edition by H. W.

and L. R. Levi, Interscience, New York. Manton, S. M. (1952). The evolution of arthropodan locomotory mechanisms. Part 2. Locomotion of the

Chilopoda and Pauropoda. J. Linn. Soc. (Zoo/) 42, 93-167. Manton, S.M. (1954). The evolution of arthropodan locomotory mechanisms, part 4. The structure, habits

and evolution of the Diplopoda. J. Linn. Soc. (Zoo/) 42, 299-368. Manton, S. M. (1966). The evolution of arthropodan locomotory mechanisms, part 9. Functional require­

ments and body design in Symphyla and Pauropoda and the relationship between Myriapoda and pterygote insects. J. Linn. Soc. (Zoo/) 46, 103-41.

Schaller, F. (1968). Soil Animals, Univ. of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.

ARTHROPODA: INSECTA Chapman, R. F. (1969). The Insects: Structure and Function, English Univs. Press, London. Comstock, J. H. (1940). A Textbook of Entomology, 9th rev. ed., Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca. C.S.I.R.O. (1970). The Insects of Australia, Melbourne Univ. Press, Melbourne. Farb, P. ( 1962). The Insects, Time-Life Books, New York. Imms, A. D. (1957). In: A General Textbook of Entomology, 9th rev. ed. (Ed. 0. W. Richards and R. G.

Davies), Methuen, London. Wigglesworth, V. B. (1965). The Principles of Insect Physiology, 6th ed., Methuen, London.

MOLLUSCA Fretter, V. and Graham, A. (1962). British Prosobranch Molluscs, Ray Society, London. Garstang, W. (1928). Origin and evolution of larval forms. Rep. Br. Ass. Advmt Sci., Section D.: 77. Garstang, W. ( 1951). Larval Forms, and Other Zoological Verses, Blackwells, Oxford. Grasse, P.-P. Ed.) (1968). Mollusques Gasteropodes et Scaphopodes. Traite de Zoologie, vo!. 5 (3), 1-

1083. Hyman, L. H. (1967). The Invertebrates: Mollusca 1, vol. 6, McGraw-Hill, New York. Johnson, R. G. and Richardson, E. S. (1968). Ten-armed fossil cephalopod from the Pennsylvanian of

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Soc. Land. 17 4, 53-72. Morton, J. E. (196 7). Molluscs, 4th Ed., Hutchinson, London. Morton, J. E. and Yonge, C. M. (1964). Classification and Structure of the Mollusca. In: Physiology of

Mollusca, vol. 1 (Eds. K. M. Wilbur and C. M. Yonge), Academic Press, New York. Patten, W. (1885). Artificial fecundation in the Mollusca. Zoo!. Anz. 8, 236-7. Purchon, R. D. (1968). The Biology of the Mollusca, Pergamon Press, Oxford. Smith, F. G. W. (1935). The development of Patella vulgata. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Ser. B 225, 95-125. Thomson, T. E. (1958). The natural history, embryology, larval biology and post-larval development of

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Vagvolgyi, J. (1967). On the origin of molluscs, the coelom, and coelomic segmentation. Syst. Zoo!. 16, 153-68.

Wells, M. J. (1962). Brain and Behaviour in Cephalopods, Heinemann, London. Wilbur, K. M. and Yonge, C. M. (Eds.) (1964, 1966). Physiology of Mollusca, vols 1 and 2, Academic

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PRIAPULOIDEA, BRYOZOA, PHORONIDA, BRACHIOPODA, CHAETOGNATHA, POGONOPHORA

Annoscia, E. (Ed.)(1968). Pr-oceedings of the first international conference on Bryozoa. Atti Soc. ita!. Sci. nat. 108, 1-377.

Brien, P. (1960). Classe des Bryozoaires. Traite de Zoologie, vol. 5 (2), 1053-379. Dawydoff, C. (1959). Classe des Priapuliens. Traite de Zoologie, vol. 5 (1), 908-26. Dawydoff, C. and Grasse, P.-P. (1959). Classe des Phoronidiens. Traite de Zoologie, vol. 5 (1), 1008-53. de Beauchamp, P. (1960). Classe des Chetognathes. Traite de Zoologie, vol. 5 (2), 1500-20. de Beauchamp, P. and Roger, J. (1960). Classe des Brachiopodes. Traite de Zoologie, vol. 5 (2), 1380-

499. Hyman, L. H. (1959). The Invertebrates: Smaller Coelomate Groups, vol. 5, McGraw-Hill, New York. Ivanov, A. V. (1963). Pogonophora, Academic Press, New York. Murina, V. V. and Starobogatov, J. I. (1961). Classification and zoogeography of the Priapuloidea. Trudy

Inst. Okeana!. 46, 179-200 [in Russian]. Rudwick, M. J. S. (1970). Living and Fossil Brachiopods, Hutchinson, London. Rylands, J. S. (1967). Polyzoa. Oceanogr. Mar. Bioi. Ann. Rev. 5, 343-69. Ryland, J. S. (1970). Bryozoans, Hutchinson, London. Sanders, H. L. and Hessler, R. R. ( 1962). Priapulus atlantisi and Priapulus profundus. Two new species of

priapulids from bathyal and abyssal depths of the North Atlantic. Deep Sea Res. 9, 125-30. Shapeero, W. L. (1961). Phylogeny ofPriapulida. Science, N.Y. 133,879-80. Silen, L. ( 1966). On the fertilization problem in the gymnolaematous Bryozoa. Ophelia 3, 113-40.

ECHINODERMATA Boolootian, R. A. (Ed.) (1966). Physiology of Echinodermata, Wiley, New York. Cuenot, L. and Dawydoff, C. (1948). Embranchement des Echinodermes. Traite de Zoologie, vol. 11, 1-

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Durham, J. W. (1966). Evolution among the Echinoidea. Bioi. Rev. 41, 368-91. Durham, J. W. and Caster, K. E. (1963). Helicoplacoidea, a new class of echinoderms. Science, N.Y. 140,

820--2. Fell, H. B. (1948). Echinoderm embryology and the origin of the chordates. Bioi. Rev. 23,81-107. Fell, H. B. (1963). The phylogeny of sea stars. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Ser. B 246,381-485. Fell, H. B. (1965). The early evolution of the Echinozoa. Breviora, No. 219. Hyman, L. H. (1955). The Invertebrates: Echinodermata, vol. 4, McGraw-Hill, New York. Millot, N. (Ed.) (1967). Echinoderm Biology. Symp. zoo/. Soc. Lond. 20. Nicholls, D. (1966). Echinoderms, 2nd Ed., Hutchinson, London.

846

INDEX

Aaptos, 88 Abarenicola, 307 Acanthaster, 825

A

Acanthobdella, 371, 374,376, 381 Acanthobdellida, 3 71, 3 77 Acanthobdellidae, 34 7 A canthobothrium igimae, 210, 211 Acanthocephala phylum, 280-7

body wall, 280-2 excretory system, 282 external morphology, 280 life cycle and development, 284-

6 nervous system, 282 physiology, 286-7 proboscis apparatus, 282

Acanthocephalus jacksoni, 284 A canthocladia, 7 45 Acanthocystis, 42 acanthodriline, 3 4 7 Acanthometridae, 44 acanthor, 283, 284, 286 Acanthotelson, 516 Acarina, order, 445-9

economic importance, 448 external features, 445-7 internal features, 443-5 reproduction and life cycle, 44 7 systematics, 448-9

Acavidae, 639 acceleration, 7 acetabulate sucker, 212, 213 Achaearanea tepidariorum, 428,

429 Achatina, 666 Achatinellidae, 639 Achatinidae, 639 Achloe astericola, 825 acicula, 305,306,311,315 A ciculites, 91 Acineta, 71 Acmaea, 633 Acmaeidae, 636 Acnidaria, 1 71 Acochlidiacea, 6 3 8 Acochlidiidae, 638 Acoela, 8, 10, 203, 638 acoelomate, 1 7, 21 acontia, 151, 162

acorn barnacle, 514 acorn shells, 525, 526 acron, 483 acrotergite, 587 Acrothoracica, 514 acrotrophic, 608 Actaeon, 659 Actaeonidae, 63 7, 640 actine, 95 Actinia, 156, 183 Actiniaria, 157, 162, 168, 182 Actinodactylella, 204 actinomyxidians, 59, 60 Actinophrys sol, 41-3 autogamy, 43 Actinosphaerium, 42, 43

autogamy, 43 Actinosphaerium eichhorni, 42 actinotrocha larva, 764 actinula, 128, 181, 182 activation centre, 609 Acupurpura macgillivrayi, 640 Ada/aria, 634 Adamsia, 157 Adamsia palliata, 16 7 Adapedonta, 671 adenine, 423 Adocia, 91, 94 adradius, 113 aedeagus, 594 Aeginopsis, 130 Aeginura myosura, 130 Aeolidiidae, 638, 646 Aeolosoma, 345 Aeolosoma headleyi, 352 Aeolosomatidae, 345, 34 7, 356,

357 aeolosomatids, 357,358 Aequorea, 119 aesthetes, 627 Aetheriidae, 671 Africa, 408, 439, 455, 456, 457,

459,460,462 Agalma, 134 agamete, 185 Agelenidae, 451 Aglaophamus, 306, 310 air-sacs, 605 Akeratidae, 63 7 ala, 249, 256 Alciope, 306

Alciopidae, 306, 325 Alcyonacea, 159 Alcyonaria, 15 8 Alcyonidium, 746, 74 7 Alcyonidium gelatinosum, 74 7 Alcyonidium hirsutum, 757 Alcyoniumpalmatum, 163 alder flies, 57 4 alecithal, 174 Alepas, 514 Alexander, 589 algae, 26 ali trunk, 5 62 Allogromia, 48-9 Allolobophora, 346 Allostichaster, 825, 826 Allurodes, 346 Alluroididae, 346, 34 7 Alma, 346 alveoli, 63 Amathia, 746 amb plates, 780, 795 Amblypygi, 45 7 ambulacra, 778 America, 439, 455, 456, 457, 459,

460 Americobdella (=Gardea) valdi-

vania, 372 amictic egg, 274 Amicula stelleri, 623 amines, 504 amitosis, 6 Amoeba, 24, 39, 42 Amoeba proteus, 3 7-9 Amoeba verrucosa, 39 amoebae, 5, 27

naked, 39-40 parasitic, 39 reproduction of, 38 testate, 40

amoebocytes, 82, 84, 697 amoeboid infective body, 59, 60, 61 Amoebophrya, 187 ammonia, 597, 598 Ammonoidea, 704 Ampelisca, 536 Ampharetidae, 307 amphiblastula, 76, 83 Amphicteis, 307 Amphictenidae, 307, 309, 312 amphid, 239,241,244,247-8,258

847

Amphidelloides, 213, 214 Amphidesmatidae, 671 amphidial gland, 239, 258, 263 Amphidiscophora, 87 Amphilina, 209,211 Amphineura, class, 623-30 Amphiophiura, 830 Amphipholis, 830 Amphipolis squamata, 831 Amphipoda, 518, 530, 531, 532,

536,537,540 amphistome, 212, 216 Amphitretidae, 705 Amphitretus, 719, 720 Amphitrite, 307, 309, 311 Amphiura, 830 Amphiuridae, 83 1 Ampidesma ventricosum, 682 ampullae, 799 Ampullariidae, 6 3 7 Ampullaster, 818, 819 amylase, 352 Anadara, 697 Anamorpha, 549 anamorphosis, 5 44 anaphase, 5 anaptychus, 714 Anasca, 746, 751, 760 anascan zooid, 749 Anaspidacea, 516, 527, 529, 530,

537, 539,540,541 Anaspidea, 63 7 Anaspides, 516 Anaspidites, 516 ancestrula, 744 Ancistrocoma, 69

phylogenetic relationships, 69-70

Ancistrum, 69 Ancycloceras, 714 Ancylidae, 638, 647 androgenic gland, 539 Anisomyaria, 6 71 Annelida, phylum, 292-381

development, 294-5 general anatomy, 293-4 hydrostatic skeleton, 296 nephridia and genital ducts, 296-

8 relationships, 295

annelid-arthropods, 21 annelidan cross, 733 annulation, 20 Anodonta, 197,680,683,684,691,

695,696,697,698 Anodonta cygnea, 673, 674

848

Anodontites, 701 Anomalodesmata, 6 71 Anomiidae, 6 71 Anomura, 520, 534, 542 Anopheles, 58 Anopia, 232 Anostraca, 512, 520, 537, 538,

539 Antalis, 631,632 Antarctic, 481, 541, 804, 815, 826 Antedon, 809, 810, 811, 836

alimentary canal, 81 0 ambulacral system, 81 o--11 blood vascular system, 811 coelom, 810 general external features, 809-10 nervous system, 811 reproduction and development,

811-12 antenna! glands, 537 antennary gland, 5 04 Antennata, 402 Anthomedusae, 117, 119 Anthomedusae, characteristics of,

119 Anthosoma, 524, 525 Anthozoa, class, 149-69

budding in, 16D--1, 166 colours, 166 commensalism, 166-8 development, 155 distinctive features and classifica­

tion, 156-60 distribution, 168 example of the class, a sea ane­

mone (Tealia crassicornis), 149-56

fossil, 16 8-9 general organisation, 16D--9 reproductive organs, 155-6 skeletons of, 163-5 tentacles, 162

Anthracomarti, 480 Anthura, 518 Antigona, 677 Antipatharia, 161, 162, 163 Antipathes ternatensis, 162 antispadix, 708 antlions, 573,574,585 ants, 565,576,578 Apatopygus, 803, 806 aphids, 573, 587 Aphrodite, 305, 311, 314, 322, 327,

391 Aphroditidae, 305 Apis, 562

Index

Apis mellifera, behaviour, 561 external anatomy, 562-3 internal anatomy, 563-4 social structure of colony, 5 6D--l

Aplacophora, sub-class, 627-30 alimentary system, 628 definition, 627-8 development, 629 external features, 628 mode of life and distribution, 629 nervous system, 629 renal and reproductive system,

629 vascular system, 629

Aplysia, 642, 644, 646, 659 Aplysiidae, 63 7 Aplysilla, 93 apneumone Araneae, 4 7 3 Apochthonius, 442 Apoda, 514, 527 Apodacea, 794 apodemes, 421 Apodida, 793, 794 apopyle, 79, 81, 97 appendages, terminology of in

insects and general arthropods, 591

Apseudes, 518, 5 30, 5 31 Apterygota, 554, 565, 587, 588,

598,611,612 aptychi, 714 Apus, 484,512 Arabia, 455 Arachnida, class, 419-7 8

adaptations to terrestrial exis-tence, 433-5

alimentary canal, 422 appendages, 420, 464, 466 circulatory system, 426-7, 4 71-

3 comparative survey of morpho­

logy and evolutionary trends, 462-78

concentration of opisthosomatic nerve chain, 469-71

definitive features, 419 egg protection, 4 7 5 embryology, 43D--3 excretion, 423-4, 468-9 first ins tar stage protection, 4 7 5-

6 general independence of many

trends in, and relative special­isation and diversity of orders, 477-8

general organisation, 420-35

Index

glands, 433 legs, 420--1 lymphatic system, 42 7 mating and fertilisation, 4 7 3, 4 7 5 modifications of general arthro-

podan nature, 4 76-7 modifications of mouthparts and

pre-oral cavity, 466-8 mouthparts, 421,466-8 muscles and attachments, 421-2 nervous system, 42 7-8, 469-71 opisthosomatic appendages, 421 pedipalps, 420 primary modifications, 433-5 relation of digestive system to

excretion, 468-9 reproduction and development,

473-6 reproductive organs, 430 respiratory organs and respira-

tion, 424-6,471-3 segmentation in orders, 465 sense organs, 428-30 systematic review, 435-62 tagmosis and segmentation, 420,

463-4 Arachnidium, 760 Araeosoma, 800 aragonite, 6 72 Araneae, order, 449-52

ecology, 451 external features, 449-50 internal features, 450 systematics, 452

Araneomorphae, 422, 431, 452, 464,465,470,471,472,473, 474,476

Araneus transmarinus, 431 Arbacioida, 805 Area, 695 arcade cells, 23 9 Archaeocidaris, 804 archaeocytes, 82, 84, 9 7, 100 Archaeogastropoda, 636, 645 Archaeophiala antiquissima, 618 archallaxis, 7 archenteron, 18 Archiannelida, class, 334-8 Archidoris, 643 Archigetes, 209, 210 A rchigetes appendiculatus, 210 Architarbi, 480 Architectonica, 640 Architeuthidae, 704 Archoophora, 203 Arctic, 541

Arctonoe vittata, 333 Arenicola, 296, 297, 307,310, 311,

314,316,319,322,325,327, 329,333

Arenicola marina, 318 Arenicolidae, 307,310,311,314 areoles, 266 arginine phosphate, 7 81 Argobuccinum, 639 Argonauta, 718, 720,731 Argonautidae, 705 Argulus, 514, 525 Argyroneta, 451 Argyrotheca, 769, 770, 771 Aricia, 310 Aricidae, 310, 6 71 Arion, 660 Arionidae, 639 Aristocystites, 808, 809 Aristotle, 1 A rmadillidum, 5 18 arrowworms, 772 Artemia, 512,538 arthrobranchiae, 504 Arthropleura, 41 0 Arthropoda, phylum, 392-613

classification, 401-3 cuticle, 393-4 definitive features, 392-3 evolution, 397-401 form and function, 393 haemocoel, 394 limb development, 394-7

Articulata, 397, 769, 770, 771, 816 Ascaris, cell growth, 254, 255

sense organs, 244-5 Ascaris lumbricoides, 255 Ascaris suum, 235, 257, 258

body cavity, 245 body wall, 244 cephalic region, 235-44 development, 249-55 digestive organs, 245 excretory system, 246 external characters, 235 host-parasite relationships, 255 locomotion of, 245 nervous system, 24 7-8 reproductive system, 248-9

Aschelminthes, phylum, 235-80 Ascetta, 108, 13 7 ascocone, 714 asconoid sponges, 79, 95, 96 Ascophora, 746, 751, 753, 760 ascophoran zooid, 749 Ascophyllum, 74 7

Ascothoracica, 5 14 Asellus, 5 18, 53 1 Asia, 372,439,455,456,457,459,

462,494 Aspidochirotacea, 792 Aspidochirotida, 79 3 aspidochirote, 7 8 7 Aspidodrillus, 345 Aspidogaster, 213 Aspidogaster conchicola, 19 7-8,

207 Aspidogastrea, 206-7 Asplanchna, 274 Astacidae, 493 Astacura, 519,533,534,542 ascidian tadpole, 22 Astacus, abdominal appendages,

495,497 alimentary canal, 501-3 articulation of appendages, 499 appendages, 495-9 body cavity, 503 body wall, 499 circulatory system, 505-6 development, 508-11 excretion and osmoregulation,

504 external features, 494-5 head appendages, 498-9 muscular system, 500--1 nervous system, 506-7 reproduction, 508 respiratory system, 503-4 sense organs, 507-8 thoracic appendages, 497-8

Astartidae, 6 71 Astasia, 26 Asterias, 819

alimentary system, 822-3 ambulacral system, 823 coelom, 822 external features, 819-20 reproductive system, 823-4 structure of arms and disc, 820--2

Asterias rubens, 820 Asteriidae, 824 Asterina, 813, 826 Asteroblastus, 809 Asteroidea, sub-class, 818-28

biology, 824-5 classification, 826-8 example of sub-class, a starfish

(Asterias), 819-24 general features, 824-6 morphology, 825-6 reproduction, 826

849

Asteropus, 88 Asterozoa, sub-phylum, 817-3 3

inferred phylogenetic relation­ships between Crinozoa and, 834

Asthenosoma, 800 Astraea, 160, 166 Astraea pal/ida, 161 Astroceras, 777 Astrothorax, 829, 832 Astropecten, 825 Astrophyton, 832 Astrostole, 827, 828 asymmetry, 15 Atelocerata, 399, 402 Atelostomata, 806 Athecata, 117, 119 Athoracophoridae, 650 Atlanta, 645 Atlantidae, 63 7 atokes, 327 atrich, 110 Attrina, 674 A tyaephyra, 5 19 Audouinia, 307 Au/acantha, 46 aulodont, 802 aulodonta, 802 Aulophorus, 345 Aurelia, 144, 15 1, 181 Aurelia aurita, 137, 147

development and life history, 141-3

digestive cavity and canal system, 139-40

external characteristics, 13 8-9 muscular and nervous systems,

140-1 auricular organs, 19 1 auricularia, 833, 836 Australasia, 408, 494, 771 Australia, 360, 372, 439,445,455,

456,457,459,462,516,527, 541, 765

autogamy, 43, 65 Autolytus, 306, 3 29 autozooids, 749 avicularia, 745, 748, 749 axial filament, 41-2 axial granule, 27 Axinella, 88, 93 Axinellida, 88, 99 Axiothella, 307 axoblast, 185 axopodia, 41 axosome, 27

850

axostyle, 28, 36 Aysheaia peduculata, 397, 398

bacteria, 5, 26 symbiotic, 216

Baculites, 715 Baker, 5, 6

B

Balanus, 514, 526 bamboo worms, 307 Banda Trench, 800 Bankia, 701 barabasal body, 28 Barentzia, 289 Barrington, 11 barnacles, 525, 526 basal bodies, 27, 28 basal body, 63 Baseodiscus, 229, 233 basisternum, 5 88 basitrich, 110 basket fish, 828 Basommatophora, 6 3 8 Bathycrinus, 812 Bathyctena, 180 Bathynella, 516,527 Bathynella natans, 528 Bathynellacea, 5 16, 541 Bathyteuthidae, 704 Bdelloida, 2 72 Bdellonemertini, 23 3 bear animalcules, 408 bee, 590 bees, 565, 576, 578, 581, 594,

606 beetle, 5 76 beetles, 565, 583, 585, 589, 606 Belemnoidea, 704, 716 Bellepheron, 645 Benthesicymus, 53 7 Berenice, 126 Berenicea, 745, 760 Bergh, 19 Be roe, 17 6, 180, 183 Be roe forskalii, 180 Beroidea, 176 Berrill, 22 Berthelinia limax, 641 Berthelinia typica, 641 Bertheliniidae, 638 Biemna, 88, 93 Bilateria, 13, 16, 17, 20, 21

symmetry and evolution of, 15 bilins, 643

Index

binary fission, 38, 39, 40, 43, 45, 61, 64, 71

Bipalium, 203, 205 bipinnaria, 836 bird lice, 5 72 Birgus, 520, 537 Bithynia tentaculata, 649 Bivalvia class, 670--702

circulatory system, 695-7 ctenidia and water circulation,

685-90 distinctive features, and classi-

fication, 670-2 ecology, 700-2 foot and byssus apparatus, 684-5 general organisation, 672-702 hinge teeth and hinge ligament,

676-8 mantle, 678-80 musculature, 6 81-4 nervous system, 697 palps, feeding and digestion,

690-4 pearls, 675-6 phylogeny, 702 renal organs and excretion, 694-

5 reproduction and development,

698-700 sense organs, 697-8 shell pigmentation and oramenta­

tion, 674-5 shell and shell formation, 6 72-4 siphons, 680--1

bivium, 781 Black Widow spider, 431, 433 Blaberus, 601 bladder-worm, 202 blastula, 8, 12, 13, 14 blastocoel, 13, 15, 17 Blastoidea, 809

blastomeres, 12 blastopore, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 blastostyle, 105, 107

Blatta, 577, 582 alimentary canal, 55 7, 55 9 external anatomy, 555-7 female reproductive system, 559 male reproductive system, 55 9 nervous system, 55 9

Blatella germanica, 556 Blattella, 55 5 B lattidae, 601 blepharoplasts, 2 7, 28 Bodo, 36 Boeckella, 513

Index

Bohr effect, 725 Bolinopsis vitrea, 180 Boloceroidea, 163 Bonellia, 381, 383, 385,386 Bonellia viridis, 384 book lice, 5 72 Bopyrus, 532, 533 Bothriocephalidea, 210, 211 Bothriocidaroida, 804 Bothriocidaris, 804 botryoidal tissue, 365, 366, 3 79 Bougainvillea, 117, 119, 120, 127 Bowerbankia, 146, 155 Bowerbankia imbricata, 141 brachial disc, 149 brachiolaria, 836 Brachionus, 272 Brachionius rubens, 269

description of male, 2 71 female body cavity, 270 female, excretory system, 2 71 female, nervous system and sense

organs, 271 female, reproductive system,

270-1 Brachiopoda, phylum, 765-72

anatomy, 769-70 distinctive features and classifica­

tion, 768-9 distribution and ecology, 771-2 example of phylum, Magel/ania

flavescens, 765-8 general organisation, 769-72 reproduction and development,

770-1 brachiopods, 765 Brachyura, 520,534,535,542 Brachypauropus, 544 bracts, 133 Branche !lion, 3 72, 3 77 branchial formula, 504 Branchiobdellidae, 346, 34 7, 3 60 Branchiodrilus, 352 Branchiomma, 301 Branchiopoda, 511, 520, 521, 522,

534,536,537,540,541 branchiostegite, 494, 497 branchial hearts, 725 Branchipus, 512, 520, 522 Branchiura, 345, 511, 513, 525,

536,537,539,540,541,542 brevicone, 714 Brisingenes, 827 Brisingidae, 825 bristletails, 565 bristly millipedes, 546

brittle stars, 333, 825, 828 Brown,589 Bryozoa, phylum, 739-60

alimentary canal and feeding, 754 autozooid structure and the

hydrostatic system, 751, 753 body wall, 753-4 brown body, 756 coelom, 754 colony form, 746-8 distinctive features and classifica­

tion, 744-6 ecology, 756-8 example of phylum, Bugula

flabel/ata, 139-44 excretion, 7 55 fossil history, 759-60 general organisation, 746-60 heterozooids, 748-9 nervous system, 755 reproduction and development,

755-6 zooids, 748, 750, 752

buccal capsule, 257 buccal cavity, 61, 64, 66, 71 Buccinum, 650, 654, 659, 663 bugs, 5 72, 5 86 Bugula, 139, 742, 743, 744, 746,

74~ 749,754,755,756,757, 758

Bugulajlabellata, 139, 740, 742 degeneration and regeneration,

744 development, 743-4 general morphology, 739-42 reproductive organs, 742-3

Bugula plumosa, 743 Bugula neritina, 143 Bugula turbinata, 141 Bullariidae, 63 7 Bulimulidae, 639 Bunostomum phlebotomum, 256,

257 Bursaria, 13, 74 Busycon canaliculatum, 650 butterflies, 565,574,575,579,585,

611 byssus apparatus, 684 byssus gland, 684

caddis flies, 574 Calamoecia, 513

c

Calanus, 513, 523,524,536 Calcarea, 84, 94, 99, 103

Calcaronea, 84-93 calciferous glands, 340, 351 Calcinea, 84 calcite, 672 calcitostracum, 673 California, 384, 788 Cal/anaitis disjecta, 615, 678 Callianira, 1 77 Callianira bialata, 173 Calliphora, 606 Callistochiton viviparus, 621 Callitiara, 126 Cal/opora, 146, 751 Callyspongia, 92, 94 Calotermes, 582 calotte, 184 Calvasterias, 824 calymma, 44 Calyptoblastea, 119 Calyssozoa, 287 calyx in asterozoans, 813 calyx in crinoids, 813 Camaenidae, 639 c.amarodont, 802 Camarodonta, 802 Camarostomata, 480 camarostome, 455,456,461 Cambarus, 5 19 Camerata, 816 canal of Laurer, 195, 200 Cancer, 520, 534 Cancer pagurus, 535 Candelarbrum, 123, 125 Canostomae, 146 Capitella, 301 Capitellidae, 307 capitellids, 313, 318, 329 capitulum, 445 Capria, 144 Caprella, 518, 5 32 capsulogenous glands, 338 captacula, 631 Carabus, 582 carapace, 483 carbohydrases, 597 carbonic anhydrase, 351 Carcinoscorpius, 41 7 Carcinus, 541 cardiac ossicle, 502 Cardiacea, 681 Cardiidae, 6 71 Cardita crassicosta, 615 Carditidae, 6 71 Cardium, 680, 701 Cardium edule, 681 cardo, 581

851

Caribbean, 541 caridoid facies, 53 0 Carinaria, 645 Carinariidae, 63 7 Carnosa, 746, 753, 760 carotenoids, 7 81, 812 Carpoidea, 777, 807 carpoids, 776, 7 80 Caryophyllaeus, 210, 212 Caryophyllaeus laticeps, 209 Caryophyllidea, 210 Cassiduloida, 803, 806 Caspian Sea, 7 58 castes of honey bees, 562 caterpillars, 583, 586, 592, 611 Caudinidae, 794 Caulogastra, 479,480 Cavoliniidae, 63 8 cell 4d, 295 cell, definition of, 5 Cellana tramoserica, 641 Cellaria, 746 cellulase, 3 51 cellules en croix, 83 centipedes, 393, 395, 542, 543,

544,545 Centroderes, 279 centrolecithal, 1 7 5 Centrorhynchus aluconis, 286 Centruroides, 461 Centrurus insulans, 427 Cepedea, 75 Cepha1aspidea, 6 3 7 Cephalobaena, 409 Cephalocarida, 511, 520, 521, 523,

538,539,540,541,542 Cephalopoda class, 703-33

the belemnoids and modern cephalopods, 716-18

distinctive features and classifica­tion, 703-5

example of a living nautiloid, the pearly nautilus (Nautilus sp.), 705-13

the fossil nautiloids and ammon­oids, 713-15

general organisation of modern Coleoidea, 719-3 3

cephalothorax, 483 cephalotoxin, 724 Ceractinomorpha, 100 cerata, 646 Ceratella, 117, 123 Ceratium, 35 cercariae, 196, 206, 222, 223 cercomere, 224

852

cerebral ganglia, 734 Cerebratulus, 2 3 3 Ceriantharia, 15 8, 162 Cerianthus, 161, 761 Cerithiidae, 6 3 7 cervical glands, 260 Cestidea, 176, 177 Cestoda, 203, 208-12 Cestodaria, 203 cestode larvae, 223-4 cestodes, specificity to hosts, 216 Cestus, 1 7 6, 180 Cestus veneris, 177, 178 Chaetoderma, 628, 629, 630 Chaetoderma nitidulum, 628 Chaetodermomorpha, 628 Chaetogaster, 345 Chaetognatha, phylum, 772-4

example of phylum, Sagitta, 772-4

Chaetognathi, 772 Chaetonotoida, 2 76 Chaetonotus, 276 Chaetonotus maximus, 274, 275 Chaetopteridae, 307 Chaetopterus, 307,312,319,321,

325,384,757 chalcid, 581, 582 Chamidae, 6 71 Chapman, 3 16 Charinus pescotti, 45 8 Charonia rubicunda, 640, 641 Charybdaea, 144 Charybdea marsupia/is, 146, 14 7 Cheilonereis peristomialis, 3 3 3 Cheilostomata, 745, 748, 749, 753,

755, 756, 760 chelicerae, 412, 418, 419 Chelicerata, sub-phylum, 411-80

definitive features, 412 phylogeny, 4 78-80

Chelifer cancroides, 422 Cheliferinea, 443 Chelonethida, 43 9 Cheloniellon, 399 Cheloniellon calmani, 401 Chenistonia tepperi, 431 chiastoneury, 65 7 chilaria, 414 Chile, 384, 800 Chi/ina, 659 Chilodonella, 68 Chilomonas, 4, 3 0 Chilopoda, class, 548-51

classification, 549, 551 general features, 548-9

Chinianaster, 818, 819 Chirocephalus, 512, 536 Chirocotidae, 794 Chironomus, 600 chitinase, 352 Chimn, 624,626,628

Index

chitons (see Polyplacophora), 623-7

Chiton spinosus, 623 Chiton tuberculatus, 624 Chlamydomonas, 4, 3 1 Chlamys, 679 chloragocytes, 3 55 chlorocruorin, 3 23 chlorogogen tissue, 351, 355 chlorogogenous cells, 340, 366 choanocytes, 27, 76, 81, 82, 84,

95 choanoflagellate, 28, 38 Chondrocanthus, 513,524,525 Chondrophora, 118, 13 2 Chordata, 16, 1 7 chordates, 7, 13, 16, 18, 21, 22,

836,837 Choristida, 88, 99 chromatic corpuscles, 83 chromocytes, 82 Chrysamoeba, 29 chrysochrome, 2 9 chrysomonad, 28, 29, 30 Chthoniinea, 442 chylenteron, 422,441,455 cicada, 573, 586 Cicindela sexguttata, 5 91 Cidaroida, 800, 803, 804 cilia, 63 ciliary rootlet, 63 Ciliata, 8 ciliate theory, 224 ciliated pits, 3 25 ciliates, characteristics, 66

example of, Paramecium cau­datum, 61-6

fossil, 7 4 important groups, 66-74

Cinachyra, 88 cinclides, 15 1, 162 Ciocalypta, 9 1 Cirratulidae, 307, 309 cirratulids, 317, 322, 327 Cirratulus, 307 cirri, 73, 74 Cirriformia, 309 Cirripedia, 511, 514, 526, 535-41 Cirroteuthidae, 705 Cistenides, 307

Index

Cladocera, 512, 521, 522, 535-42 Cladorhiza, 93 Clark, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 295 Clathria, 91, 94 Clathrina, 85 Clathrina clathrus, 85 Clathrina coriacea, 85 Clathrinida, 85 Clathrozoon, 123 Clathrulina, 43 Clathrus clathrus, 652 Clavagellidae, 6 71 cleavage, 11, 13 cleavage, irregular, 220, 274 cleavage, radial, 12, 13 cleavage, spiral, 10, 12, 13, 16, 18,

220, 225, 231, 283, 294, 618, 627,699,733

cleavage, types of, 11, 12 Cliona, 88, 101 Clionidae, 101, 683 Cliopsidae, 638 clitellum, 338 Clymene, 309 Clymene/la, 301 Clypeasteroida, 806 clypeus, 556 Clytia, 118, 128 Cnidaria, phylum, 104-69

comparison with Ctenophora, 181-4

relationships, 181-4 cnidarians, 9, 10 cnidoblasts, 109 cnidocil, 109 cnidom, 111 Cnidosporidia, 5 cnidosporidians, 5 8-61 coccidians, 24, 56 Coccomyxa ophiurae, 830 cockroaches, 555, 564, 570, 571,

581, 589, 592, 593, 611 Coelenterata, 104 Coelenterata, comparison with

Porifera, 183-4 coelenteron, 104, 106, 107 coeloblastula, 103, 763, 764, 773 coelom, 22 coelom, definition of, 1 7

enterocoel theory of origin, 19 evolution of, 1 7, 21 gonocoel theory of origin, 19 nephrocoel theory of origin, 19 schizocoel theory of origin, 19 significance of, 1 7

coelomate, 17, 18, 19, 21

coelomic pouches, 21 coelomyarian muscles, 260 Coeloplana, 178, 179 Coelosphaera, 91 coenenchyma, 166 coenogenesis, 7 coenosarc, 106, 107, 122, 166 coenosteum, 13 0 Coenothecalia, 159 coiling, in Gastropoda, 635-6 collaterial glands, 559 Collembola, 565, 566, 581, 592,

612 Collotheca, 272, 273 Collozoum, 45 collum, 544 collenocytes, 82, 99 Coleoidea, 704 Coleoidea,ammoniaexcretionin, 726

brain, 726, 729 coelom, 723-4 colouration and bioluminescence,

720, 721 development, 731-2 digestive system and nutrition,

724-5 distribution, 732-3 excretory system, 726 external features, 719-20 general organisation of modern,

719-33 giant fibre system, 728-9 ink, 725 internal skeleton, 723 mantle cavity and water circula-

tion, 721-3 nervous system, 726-9 origins, 716, 71 7 principle nerves, 726, 728 reproductive system, 730-1 sense organs, 729-30 suckers, 719 tentacles, 719-20 vascular system, 725-6

Coleoptera, 565, 576,583 Colobognatha, 548 Colpoda, 10, 71 colulus, 450, 452 columella, 164, 165, 639 Comasteridae, 814 Comatulida, 816 communication in bees, 561 conchiolin, 616, 672,676 Conchorhagida, 2 7 8 Conchostraca, 512, 521, 537, 539,

542

cone worm, 3 1 7 conjugation, 8, 9, 64, 65 Conocyema, 186 contractile vacuoles, 64 conules, 78, 79, 93 Conus geographus, 654, 655 Convoluta, 8, 203 Copepoda, 511, 513, 523, 524,

525,527,535-42 copepodid, 540 coracidium, 223 coral, black (see Antipatharia), 15 8,

168 blue (see Coenothecalia), 15 9 cup, 164 organ-pipe (see Tubipora) perforate, 166 • red (see Gorgonacea), 160, 168

Corallimorpharia, 15 8 corallines, 739 corallite, 164 corallite, development of, 165-6 Corallium, 160, 163, 166, 168 Corallium rubrum, 161 corallum, 164 corals, 157-60 corals, poreless, 166 Corbiculidae, 671 Corbula, 681, 682 Corbulidae, 6 71 Cordylophora, 136 corm theory, 21 corona, 268 Coronatae, 144, 145, 146, 182 coronary groove, 145 cortical spicules, 81 Corymorpha, 123 Corynactis, 15 8 Coscinasterias, 825 costa, 28, 36, 37, 169, 170,

175 crabs,533,534, 53~538,540 Cranchiidae, 704, 718 cranefly, 5 87 Crania, 768, 769, 770 Crangon,533 Craspedacusta, 136 Craterostigmus, 551 Cravenechinus, 804 crayfish, 333, 346, 360, 494, 503,

504,533 creatinine phosphate, 781 Crepidula, 641, 644, 666 Crepidulafornicata, 664-5 cribellum, 450, 452 Cribrilina, 746, 751, 760

853

Cribrilina punctata, 150 Cribrimorpha, 760 crickets, 564, 567, 569 Crinoidea, 777, 808, 809 Crinoidea, alimentary system, 815

classification, 815-16 coelom, 814 example of, a feather-star

(Antedon), 809-12 general features, 812-15 general morphology, 813-14 muscular system, 814 nervous system, 815 reproduction and development,

815 water vascular and haemal

systems, 814 Crinozoa, 776, 778, 780, 783, 833,

837 Crinozoa, sub-phylum, 808-1 7

example of the Crinoidea, a feather-star (Antedon), 809-12

inferred phylogenetic relation­ships between Asterozoa and, 834

Cristatella, 748, 75 8 Cristatella mucedo, 758 Crisia, 745 Crustacea, class, 482-542

body cavity, 535 circulatory system, 53 7 classification, 511-20 definitive features, 483-4 development, 539-40 ecology, 540-1 evolution and systematic relation­

ships, 542 example of class, the freshwater

crayfish (Astacus sp.), 493-511

example of class, Triops or Lepidurus, 484-93

excretion and osmoregulation, 537-8

exoskeleton, 5 34 external morphology, 520-34 general organisation, 520-42 moulting and growth, 534-5 muscular system, 535 nervous system, 538 nutrition, 535-6 reproduction, 538-9 respiratory system, 53 6-7 sense organs, 53 8

Cryoceras, 714

854

cryptomonad, trichocysts, 30 zooanthellae, 3 0

Cryptomonadina, 4 cryptomonads, 3 0 Cryptomonas, 4, 30 Cryptoniscus, 518, 532, 533, 541 Cryptostomata, 745, 760 Cryptosula, 746, 755 Ctenaria, 126, 1 70, 182 ctenidia, 723 ctenidia, evolution of, 686-7 ctenidium, 616, 647,648 ctenidium, bipectinate, 648

ciliary arrangement on, 689 monopectinate, 648 pectinibranch, 648

Ctenodrilus, 307 Ctenophora, phylum, 169-84

comparison with Cnidaria, 181-4

comparison with Platyhel-minthes, 183

distinctive features and classifica­tion, 175-6

example of the phylum, H ormiphora plumosa, 16 9-7 5

general organisation, 176-80 parasitic, 1 77 phylogenetic relationships, 183,

506 relationships, 181-4

Ctenoplana, 176, 178 Ctenoplana kowalevskii, 1 79 Ctenostomata, 746, 752, 753, 760 Cubomedusae, 144, 146, 147, 182 cucullus, 459, 46 7 Cucumaria, 777, 789, 793, 836 Cucumaria, alimentary canal and

associated organs, 791 ambulacral system, 791 dissection, 790 external features, 789 nervous and haemal systems, 791 reproductive organs, 791-2 structure of body wall, 789-90

Cucumariidae, 792 Culcita, 825 Culex, 582 Cumacea, 517,530,531,536,537,

541 cumulus, 431 Cunarcha, 118 Cunina, 137 Cuspidaria, 681, 698 Cuspidariidae, 6 72 cuttlebone, 718

Index

Cyamus, 518,532 Cyanea arctica, 14 7 Cyaneidae, 14 7 Cyanocephalus truncatus, 2 1 0 Cyathocephalus, 210 Cyclorhagida, 2 7 8 cyclomerism theory, 21 Cyphonautes, 155 cyphonautes larva, 756 Cyclophoridae, 6 3 7 Cyclophyllidea, 210, 211-12 Cyclops, 513, 523, 524, 539 Cyclostomata, 745, 753, 756, 760 cyclostome, 752, 755 Cydippidea, 175, 176, 177 Cymatiidae, 637, 640 Cymbullidae, 63 8 Cyphophthalmes, 445 Cyphophthalmi, 4 73 Cypraea arabica, 640 Cypraea moneta, 64 7 Cypraeidae, 63 7 Cypridina, 53 6 Cyprinidae, 671 Cypris, 513,514,523 cypris larva, 540 Cyraeidae, 640 cyrtocone, 713, 714 cyst formation, 40, 43 cystacanth, 284, 285, 286 Cystalia monogastrica, 134 cysticercoid, 224 cysticercus, 202, 224 Cystoidea, 809 Cystoporata, 760 Cythereis, 5 13 cytogamy, 65 cytopharynx, 6 7 cytoproct, 62 cytostome, 66, 6 7 Cyzicus, 512,521,522

D

Dactylia, 92 Dactylochirotida, 792, 793 dactylozooids, 12 5, 13 1 Dalmanites socialis, 410 Dalyellia, 203 Daphnia, 512,521,522 Dasybranchus, 307 Dasychone, 325 Dasydytes, 276 Dead-men's fingers (see Alcyon­

acea), 159 De Beer, 6

Index

Decapauropus, 5 44 Decapoda, 519, 527, 532-540,

542, 704 Deiopea, 176 Deiopea kaloknenota, 1 79 deirids, 245 deltidium, 765 demibranch, 687 Demospongiae, 87, 93, 94, 99, 100 Dendroceratida, 93 Dendrochirotacea, 792 dendrochirote holothurians, 782,

787 dendrochirote tentacle, 787 dendrochirotes, 788 Dendrochirotida, 792, 793 Dendrocoelum, 189-92

body wall, 189-90 digestive system, 190 excretory system, 190 general features, 189 nervous system and sense organs,

190-1 reproductive system, 191-2

Dendrocometes, 71, 72 Dendrocrinus, 816 Dendrocystites, 807, 808 Dendrophyllia nigrescans, 166 Dendrosomides, 7 1, 72 Dentalium entalis, 631 Dentalium vernedei, 63 1 dermal ostia, 95, 97 Dermaptera, 5 70, 5 71 Dermestes vulpinus, 53 Derocheilocaris, 513, 5 23, 524 Desis, 451 desma, 91 desmacytes, 82 Desor, larva of, 231 determinate cleavage, 11, 12, 16 Deuterostomia, 12, 13, 14. 16, 17,

18, 736, 772 deutomerite, 52 deutosternum, 453 dextrotropic, 12 diactinal, 94-5 diactinal oxeas, 8 1 Diadematacea, 804 Diadematoida, 800, 805 dialyneury, 659 Diastylis, 517, 5 30 Diastylis stygia, 5 31 Diceras, 6 7 4 Di ctyoceratida, 9 2 Dictyoptera, 55, 570,571 Dicyema, 186

Dicyemennea, 184, 185 Dicyemida, 184 Didinium, 64 Difflugia, 40 Digenea, 203, 205-6 digenean larvae, 222-3 digestive diverticula, 725 Dignatha, 543 Dignatha survey of, 544-8 Dimorphograptus, 136 Dimyaria, 228 dimyarian, 682, 683, 684 Dina, 372 Dinobryon, 28, 30 Dinoflagellata, 4 dinoflagellate 'blooms', 35 dinoflagellates, 3 3-5 dinoflagellates, luminescence, 3 5 dinoflagellate toxins, 3 5 dinoflagellate toxins, effects, 3 5 dinoflagellate toxins, mode of

action, 35 Dinophilidae, 334, 33 7 Dinophilus, 334 Dinophilus taeniatus, 3 3 7 Dioctophyma renale, 25 5 Diopatra, 306, 322 Diphyes campanulata, 135 Diphyllobothridea, 210, 211 Diphyllobothrium, 210 dipleura larva, 16, 1 7 diploblastic, 104 Diplopoda, 481, 483, 542, 543,

544,550 Diplopoda, class, 546-8

classification, 54 7-8 general features, 546-7

diplopods, 393 Diploporita, 809 Diplostraca, 512, 521 Diplura, 552, 565, 566, 581, 612 dipneumone spider, 449 Dip~r~ 574,575,585,586 Dipylidium caninum, 214 directive mesenteries, 15 2 Discinisca, 768, 769 discoblastula, 14, 15 Discocoelis, 221 Discocotyle, 213, 214 Discomedusae, 144 disogeny, 180 dissepiments, 164 Distephanus, 30 Diurodrilus, 334 Dobell, 5 dog flea, 57 6

Dolabella, 641 Donacidae, 6 71 Doridacea, 646 Doridae, 638 Dorvillea, 3 10 Dracunculus medinensis, 255, 262 dragonflies, 564, 567, 590 Dreissenidae, 671 Drepanophorus, 228, 233 drone bees, 560 duct, avo-vitelline, 218 duct, vitelline, 218 Dugesia, 189-92 Dugesia, body wall, 189-90

digestive system, 190 excretory system, 190 general features, 189 nervous system and sense organs,

190-1 reproductive system, 191-2

Dysidea, 93, 94 Dysideafragilis, 101 Dytiscus, 5 81 Dytiscusfasciventris, 591

E

earthworms, 296, 314, 316, 338, 340,341,346,349,352,354, 380

earwigs, 5 71 Ecardines, 769 Echinacea, 805 Echinocardium, 807 echinochromes, 7 81, 800 Echinococcus, 212, 224 Echinocystitoida, 803 Echinoderes, 277, 278, 279 Echinodermata, phylum, 776'--83 7

definitive features, 776, 778 evolution and embryology, 833-7 evolutionary trends, 778-9 general morphology, 779-81 physiology, 781 relationship to chordates, 83 6-7 representative examples, 777

Echinoidea, class, 795-807 classification, 803-7 example of class, the sea-urchin

(Echinus), 795-9 evolutionary trends, 800 general features, 800-3 general morphology, 800-3

echinoids, anatomical features, 801 Echinoneidae, 806 Echinosigra, 806

855

Echinothuriidae, 805 Echinothurioida, 800, 804 Echinozoa, sub-phylum, 782-807

evolution, 785, 787-8 pelmatozoan and eleutherozoan

trends, 783-5 representative anatomical fea­

tures, 786 symmetry, 782-3 systematic review, 788-807

Echinus, alimentary system, 799 ambulacral system, 799 coelom and haemal system, 799 general external features, 795-7 jaw mechanism, 797 nervous system, 797, 799 reproduction, 799

Echinus esculentus, 196 Echiurida, phylum, 3 81-7

affinities, 3 86-7 body wall, 383 development, 3 86 general external features, 3 8 3 internal features, 3 83-6 reproduction, 3 86

Echiurus, 381, 383, 384,385, 386 ectomesenchyme, 84 Ectoprocta, phylum, 739-60 (see

Bryozoa) Edrioaster, 777 Edrioasteroidea, class, 794 Edriocrinus, 816 Edwardsia, 157, 161, 162,163,182 Edwardsia claparedii, 162 eels, 306 Eimeria, 55, 58 Eimeria tenella, 55 Eisenia, 346 Elasipodida, 793 elaterid, 5 82 Electra, 742, 746, 751, 755 Electra pilosa, 7 50, 7 56 Eleutherozoa, 779, 781, 833 eleutherozoan, 778, 779, 783 Elliptio, 673 Ellobiidae, 63 8 Elphidium, 47, 49,50 Elpidia, 793 elytra, 305, 311 Embioptera, 570, 571 embolus, 430 embryological theory, 21, 22 encystation, of amoebae, 3 8 Enchytraeidae, 345, 34 7, 352, 360 enchytraeids, 357,358, 359 Enchytraeus, 345

856

Endendrium, 116 endentulous, 678 Endoceras, 714 endocyclic, 800 Endodontidae, 639 endomesoderm, 1 9 endophragmal system, 501 endopinacocytes, 81, 9 5 Endopterygota, 5 72, 6 12 endopterygotes, 564 endosome, euglenoid, 3 1 endostoma, 419 Ennucucla, 677 Enopla, 233 Enoploura, 807, 808 Ensis, 680 Entamoeba histolytica, 39 enterocoel, 16, 18 enteronephric system, 3 53 enteronephridia, 354 Enteroplea, 273 Enteropneusta, 775 enteropneusts, 836 Entobdella, 207, 213, 214, 216,

218 Entobdella soleae, 198 Entoconchidae, 656 entodiniomorphids, 74 entodiniomorphids, as commensals,

74 Entomostraca, 511, 527, 535, 536,

542 entomostracans, 53 8 Entoprocta, phylum, 28 7-91

commensalism in, 290 distinctive features, general

organisation and affinities, 289-91

example of the phylum, Pedicel/ina cernua, 287-9

feeding, 290 Entovalva, 702 Eo/is, 646 Eothuria, 783, 785, 786, 787, 803 Ephelota, 71, 72 Ephemeroptera, 564, 567, 568 ephippium, 539 ephyra, 142, 143 Ephyropsis, 145, 146 epiboly, 174,175 epicranial suture, 556 epicranium, 556 epicuticle, 393 epigynum, 430, 431 epimerite, 52 Epimorpha, 549

epineurium, 342 epiphragm, 640 epipodite, 497 Epipolasida, 88, 99 Epipolasis, 88 epitheca, 164, 165 Epithetosoma, 381,383 epitokes, 327, 328, 329 Epitoniidae, 63 7 Ergasilus, 513, 5 24, 5 25 Erpobdella, 372, 375,376

Index

errant polychaetes, 295,311, 313, 314,316,317

Errantia, 305 Estheria, 512 Estonia, 804 Eteone, 306 Eubothrium crassum, 210, 211 Eucarida, 518, 5 32, 540, 542 Eucestoda, 203 Euchlora, 176, 178 Euclasteroida, 82 7 Eudrilidae, 346, 347,359, 360 Euechinoidea, 802, 804 Euglena, 4, 25, 26, 30 Euglena gracilis, 25, 26 Euglena viridis, 25, 26 euglenoids, 30-l Euglypha, 40 eulamellibranch, 687 Eulamellibranchia, 702 eulamellibranchiate, 6 71 Eulampetia, 172, 177 Eulampetia pancerina, I 77 Eulasterida, 82 7 Eumalacostraca, 515, 527 Eumetazoa, 16 Eumorphometra, 813 Eunice, 306, 308, 309, 310, 311,

322,325 Eunicidae, 306, 308, 310, 311,

328 eunicids, 308, 314, 316, 322, 324,

327,333 Eupagurus,520, 534 Euphausia, 519, 532,533 Euphausiacea, 518, 532, 533, 536,

537,539,540,541,542 Euplectella, 85, 87 Euplotes, 74 Eupolia,229 Europe,445,456,462,493,818 Euryalae, 830, 831 Euryalida, 829 Euryalina, 828 Eurypauropus, 5 44

Index

Eurypelma hentzi, 461 Eurypterida, sub-class, 418-19

development, 419 ecology, 419 opisthosomatic appendages, 419 prosomatic appendages and

mouthparts, 418-19 tagmosis and segmentation, 418

eurypterids, 434, 4 78 Eurypterus fischeri, 418 Eusyllis, 306 eutely, 255, 284 Evasterias troschelii, 824 Evechinus, 798 ~vechinus, dissection, 798 excurrent canals, 79, 81 exocyclic, 800 exocyclic sea-urchin, 801 exonephridia, 354 Exopterygota, 564,567, 612 eye, of cephalopods, comparison

with vertebrates, 729

F

Fabricia, 307 false scorpions, 4 3 9 false spiders, 452 falx, 75 fanworms, 307, 309, 312, 313, 322,

323, 324,325, 327 Fasciola, 206, 215, 216 Fasciola hepatica, body wall, 192

development, 19 5-7 digestive system, 193-4 excretory system, 194 general features, 192 nervous system, 194 reproductive system, 194-5

Fasciolariidae, 640 feather-star, 809, 811, 812, 816 Fenestella, 745, 760 Fergusobia curriei, 262 Fergusonina nicholsoni, 262 fertilisin, 3 2 9 fibrillar system, 63-4 Fierasfer, 825 filibranch, 687 Filibranchia, 702 filibranchiate, 671 Filinia, 273 filiopodia, 40 finishing gland, 730 Fissurellidae, 63 6, 641 Fissuridea jukesi, 646 flabelligerids, 323

Flabellum, 160, 164, 166 Flabellum curvatum, 165 flagella, 2 7 flagellates, 5, 6, 24, 25-3 7

asexual reproduction, 28 basal bodies and flagella, 27-8 example of, Euglena, 25-6 important groups, 29-3 7 sexual reproduction, 28-9

flame cells, 190, 21 7 flatworms, 19 fleas, 565, 574 Flexibilia, 816 flies, 5 86, 5 89 Floscularia, 2 72 Flustra, 746, 749, 757 Flustrafoliacea, 74 7 Flustrellidra, 746, 74 7 Flustrellidra hispida, 757 foraminiferans, 4 7-50

canal system, 48 megalospheric phase, 49, 50 microspheric phase, 49, 50 supplemental skeleton, 48

Forcipulata, 825 Forcipulatida, 827, 828 founder cells, 81 fowl louse, 573 Fredericella, 758, 759 Fritillaria, 18 7 Fucus serratus, 7 4 7, 7 57 fulcrum, 2 70 Fungia, 164

G

Galathea, 520 galea, 581 Galeodidae, 640 Galeolaria, 307 Gammarus, 5 18, 5 31 gamont, 51, 54, 56, 58 gamontocyst, 5 1 garden centipede, 55 2 Garypus californicus, 424 Garypus sini, 46 1 gaster, 562 gastric pockets, 12 gastric pouches, 19 gastric mill, 502 gastric shield, 692 Gastrodes parasiticum, 177 gastrolith, 502 Gastropoda, 615, 734

blood system, 650-1 class, 632-70

classification, 363-9 development, 666-8 digestive system, 65 1-7 evolution, 669-70 excretory organs and excretion,

660-2 foot, 643-4 general organisation, 639-70 haemocoelic sinus system, 650 mantle and mantle cavity, 645-7 nervous system, 65 7-9 parasitic, 644 pelagic, 644, 645 renal organ of, 662 reproductive organs, 662-6 respiratory organs and respira-

tion, 647-50 sense organs and neurosecretory

centres, 659-60 shell, 639-43 tentacles, 660

Gastropteridae, 6 3 7 Gastrotricha, class, 2 7 5-7

affinities, 2 77 classification of, 2 7 6 ecology, 276-7 example of, Chaetonotus maxi­

mus, 275-6 general organisation, 276-7

gastrula, 7, 13, 14 gastrulation, 12, 13, 14 gastrulation, types of, 11 gastrulation by delamination, 14, 15

by epiboly, 14, 15 by ingression, 14, 15 by invagination, 14, 15 by involution, 14, 15

genae, 556 Geodia, 88, 94 geoduck (see Panope generosa), 681 geophilomorph, 545, 549 Geophilus, 549 germ balls, 195, 222 germarium, 191, 194, 201, 218,

219 gemmules, 100 giant cells, first order, 729 giant fibres, 324 glabella, 410 gladius, 718 Glaucidae, 63 8 Glaulomyidae, 6 71 Globigerina, 50 Globigerina-ooze, 50 globin, 378 glochidium, 700

857

Glomeris, 545,547 Glossiphonia, 365, 372, 373,378 Glossiphonia complanata, 3 73, 3 77 Glossiphoniidae, 3 72, 3 79 glossiphoniids, 3 80 Glossocodon, 118 Glossoscolecidae, 346, 34 7, 353,

358,359,360 Glossoscolex, 346 Glycera, 306, 308, 310, 316, 317 Glyceridae, 306, 309, 310 glycerids, 323 Glycymeridae, 6 71 Gnathia, 532, 533 Gnathobdellida, 3 72 gnathobdellids, 3 7 6, 3 7 7, 3 78, 3 80 gnathochilarium, 544 Gnathophausia, 517 gnathosoma, 445 Gnathostoma spinigerum, 262 Gnathostomata, 806 gnats, 574 Golfingia procera, 391 Goniocidaris, 7 7 7, 804 gonodendra, 13 5 gonotheca, 105, 106, 107, 108, 119 goose barnacle, 514, 525 gordiid larva, 267, 268 Gordius, 267 Gordius aquaticus, 268 Gordius setiger, 267 Gorgodera, 213 Gorgonacea, 123, 160, 163 Gorgonia, 160, 163-4 Gorgonia verrucosa, 164 Gorgonocephalus, 831 Graptolites, 105 Graptolithida, 119, 13 6 grasshoppers, 564, 567, 592, 593 Gray, 315,316 green glands, 504,537 Gregarina, 52, 53 gregarines, 24, 50-5, 360

cephaline, 52 example of, Monocystis, 50-2 general characteristics, 5 2-4 movement of, 54 septate, 52

Grylloblatta, 5 83 guanine, 423, 434 gullet grooves, 15 1 Gyge, 518 Gymnodinium, 3 3-5 Gymnolaemata, 745, 748, 755, 756 Gymnosomata, 638 gymnostomes, 67-8

858

gyrocone, 714 Gyrocotyle, 208, 226 Gyrocotyle jimbriata, 209 Gyrocotylidea, 207, 208 Gyrodactylus, 207, 208, 222, 223

H

Hadromerida, 88, 99 Hadzi, 6, 8, 9, 1 o Haeckel, 7, 8, 554 Haeckel's theory of Blastaeae and

Gastraeae, 7 Haemadipsa, 372, 378 Haemadipsidae, 3 72 haematin, 378 haemerythrin, 323, 387 haemocyanin, 414, 426, 506, 625,

650, 710, 725 haemoglobin, 323, 340, 377, 378,

490,506,537,607,697,775 Haemopsis, 372 haemoskeleton, 61 7 haemosporidians, 5 6-8 Halichondria, 91, 99 Halichondria bowerbanki, 91 Haliclona, 92 Halicryptus, 73 7 Halicystus, 144 Haliotidae, 636 Haliotis, 641,646,659 Haliotis rufescens, 661 Haliotis tuberculata, 663 Halisarca, 93, 94 Halistemma, 118, 133, 134, 137 Halla, 306 Haller's organ, 44 7 Hamingia, 381 hamulus, 214 Hanseniella, 552, 553 Hapalochlaena lunulata, 724 Haplometra, 212 Haplophilus, 545, 549 Haplosclerida, 92, 94 Haplotaxidae, 346, 347 Haplozoon, 35 haptocysts, 71 Haptopoda, 480 haptor, 198 hardening gland, 730 Harmothoe, 305 Hartea, 159, 160, 163 H artea elegans, 161 Hartman, 19 harvest-men, 443 harvest spiders, 443

Hatschek, 16 haustoria, 700, 701 heart-urchins, 782, 800, 802 hectocotylus, 720 Hectocotylus octopodis, 731 Helicidae, 639 Helicinidae, 6 3 7

Index

Helicoplacoidea, 777, 782, 783, 785, 786, 788, 792

helicoplacoids, 8 3 3 Helicoplacus, 777, 783, 785, 786,

787 Helicoplacus curtisi, 788 Helicoplacus gilberti, 788 Heliopora, 163, 166, 168 heliozoan budding, 43 heliozoans, 41-3 Helix,647, 659,666,725 Helix pomatia, 650, 662 Helminthoglypta dupetithouarsi,

643,644 Helobdella, 3 72, 3 79 Hemichordata, 13, 16, 17,774, 781 Hemicidaroida, 805 Hemiclepsis, 372, 377 Hemiptera, 572, 573, 585,586 Hemipteroid orders, 564 Henicops, 551 hepatopancreas, 489, 502, 509,

535,536 Hermaeidae, 638 hermaphroditic gland, 666 hermit crabs, 534, 757 Hermione, 305 Herpetopoma bella, 101 Hesione, 297, 306 Hesionidae, 306 hesionids, 333 Heterocyemidae, 186 Heterodera, 262, 263 heterodont, 676 Heterodonta, 671, 680 heterogonous reproduction, 2 7 4 heteromyarian, 682, 683, 684 Heteronemertini, 230, 233 heteronereids, 3 2 7, 3 2 8 heteropods, 644 Heteroptera, 572, 573 Heteroteuthis, 720 heterosyllid, 328 heterotrichs, 73-4 Heterotrypa, 745 heterozooid, 748, 749 hexacanth, 202 Hexacontium, 45 Hexacorallia, 157, 162, 163, 182

Index

Hexactinellida, 87, 93, 94, 100, 101 Hexasterophora, 85, 87 hinge teeth, 676, 677 hinge teeth, classification of, 6 7 6-8 Hippolyte, 541 Hippoporidra, 746, 757 Hippurites, 674 hirudia, 3 78 Hirudidae, 3 72, 3 79 hirudids, 3 79 Hirudinaria, 374 Hirudinea, 292, 34 7 Hirudinea, class, 360--81 Hirudinea, body wall and locomo-

tion, 374-6 coelom, vascular system and

respiration, 3 7 6-7 digestive system and nutrition,

377-8 distinctive features and classifica­

tion, 371-2 ecology and distribution, 3 81 example of the class, the medi­

cinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis and Limnobdella australis), 360-71

excretory system, 3 79 external features, 3 72-4 general organisation, 3 72-81 nervous system and sense organs,

379 origin and relationships, 3 81 reproduction and development,

379-80 Hirudo, 365, 371, 372, 376, 378,

379 Hirudo medicinalis, body wall and

musculature, 363-5 botryoidal and vaso-fibrous tis-

sue, 365 circulatory system, 365-6 digestive system, 365 excretory system, 366-7 external features, 3 61-3 nervous system, 367-9 reproductive system, 3 71 sense organs, 369-71

Histriobdella, 306, 333 Histriobdellidae, 306, 333 holarctic, 360 holaspid, 411 Holasteroida, 800, 806 Holectypoida, 806 holoblastic cleavage, 11, 12, 13 holonephric, 353, 354 Holopeltidia, 455

Holophrya, 67 Holothuriidae, 793 Holothuroidea, class, 788-94

classification, 792-4 example of class, the sea­

cucumber (Cucumaria), 789-92

Holothyroidea, 448 holotrichs, 66-73 holotrichs, essential characteristics,

67 Homalorhagida, 2 7 8 Homalozoa, 776, 778 Homalozoa, sub-phylum, 807-8 Homarus, 519 Homoptera, 572, 573 Homosclerophorida, 87 honey bees, 555, 560, 561, 598,

605 honeycomb, 561, 563 honeydew, 597 honey stomach, 5 63 Hoplocarida, 516, 528, 529, 536,

537,540,542 Hoplonemertini, 227, 230, 233 Hormiphora, 175 Hormiphora plumosa, canal system,

170--1,176 cell layers, 1 7 1 development, 172-5 enteric system, 170--1 external features, 169-70 reproductive organs, 172 sense organs, 1 72

hormone, anti-diuretic, 660 hormone, diuretic, 660 hornets, 5 7 6 horse flies, 5 86 host, paratenic, 262, 286 house fly, 586 human body louse, 573 Hutchinsoniella, 511, 5 20, 5 21 Hyalinoecia, 306, 314 Hyalonema, 87 hydatid cyst, 224 Hydatina, 2 72 Hydra, 6, 109, 110, 117, 123-5,

127, 128, 136, 137, 141, 181 Hydrachnidae, 448 Hydractinia, 122, 125, 131, 137,

181 hydranth, 105 Hydrichthys, 13 7 Hydridella, 677 Hydriidae, 6 71 Hydriopsis, 673

Hydrobiidae, 63 7 hydrocaulus, 105 hydrocoel, 776 Hydrocorallina, 118, 130--2, 181 Hydroctena salenskii, 182 Hydroida, 117-18,119-28,181 Hydroida, reproduction and de-

velopment, 127-8 Hydroides, 307 Hydrolagus, 209 hydrophyllia, 13 3 hydrorhiza, 105, 122 hydrotheca, 105, 106, 107, 108,

119 5-hydroxy-tryptamine, 654, 724 Hydrozoa, class, 105-37

distinctive features and classifica­tion, 116-3 8

example of the class, Obelia, 105-16

parasitic, 13 7 summary, 136-7

hydrula, 116, 18 1 Hyman, 11, 16, 17 Hymedesmia, 91 Hymeniacidon, 9 1 Hymenolepis macracanthos, 210,

212 hymenopterans, 560, 565, 576,

585,592 hymenostomes, 68, 69, 71 Hyperia, 5 18 hypobranchial glands, 616, 686,

722 Hypochilomorphae, 45 2, 4 71, 4 72,

474,476 hypognathous, 5 80, 5 84 Hypophorella, 746, 757 hypostome, 114 hypotrichs, 74 hypoxanthine, 423

I

ichneumon flies, 576 Ichthyotomidae, 306, 333 Ichthyotomus, 306 idiosoma, 445 Ikeda, 381, 383, 385 Inadunata, 815 Inarticulata, 769, 770, 771 incurrent canals, 79, 81 incus, 270 indeterminate cleavage, 11, 13, 17 Indo-Pacific, 540, 800, 804 infusorigen, 186

859

infundibula, 141 infundibulum, 170 Insecta, class, 55 2-613

abdomen, 592-4 alimentary canal, 5 94-7 appendage terminology, 591 circulatory system, 601-2 classification, 5 64-7 6 definitive features, 552-5 digestion, 59 7 example of the class, the cock­

roach (Blatta or Periplaneta), 555-9

example of the class, the honey bee (Apis mellifera), 560-4

excretory system, 597-8 fat body, 602 foregut, 594, 596 general organisation, 576-613 growth and development within

the egg, 608-11 head, 579-87 head, appendages, 5 80--2 head, external regions and seg­

mentation, 5 79-80 head, glands arising, 582-3 head, important exceptions to

generalised form, 5 84-7 head, nervous centres, 583-4 hindgut, 596-7 integument and its segmentation,

576-9 legs, 591-2 midgut, 596 nervous system and sense organs,

598-600 pleurites, 587-8 post-embryonic growth and de­

velopment, 611-13 reproductive organs and fertilisa-

tion, 607-8 respiratory system, 602-7 sternites, 588 tergites, 587 thorax, 587-8 wings, 588-90

interambs, 780 inter-mesenteric chambers, 151 interradius, 113 Iridina, 677 Irma, 306 'Irregularia', 800 Isocrinida, 816 isodont, 678 isolecithal, 11 Isometra vivipara, 815

860

isomyarian, 682, 683, 684 lsopoda, 518, 530, 531, 532, 533,

536, 537,539,541 Isoptera, 5 71 Isorophus, 786 Isospora, 55 luliformia, 545, 54 7 Iulus, 545,547, 550 Ixodes, 448

J

Janthinidae, 637 Japan, 384,541,771,800 Jasus, 519 jawed leeches, 365 jaw less leeches, 3 71 Jeletzkya douglassae, 716 jelly fish, 105 Jepps, 4

K

Kamptozoa, 287 kappa particles, 65 kenozooids, 745, 753 Kermadec Trench, 812 keyhole limpet, 333 kinetodesma, 2 7 kinetodesmal fibre, 2 7 Kinetoskias, 746, 748 kinetosome, 61, 7 5 king crabs, 400 Kinorhyncha, class, 277-80

affinities, 2 79-80 classification of, 2 7 8 closing apparatus, 2 7 8 ecology, 279 example of, Echinoderes, 277-8 general organisation, 278-80

Koonunga, 516 Kraussina, 768 Kustarachnae, 480 Kurile Trench, 812

L

Labellata, 480 labellum, 586 Labidognatha, 452 lacewings, 574, 585 lacinia, 581 lactic acid, 3 52 lacunar system, 2 82 Laetmonice, 305 Laganum, 806

Index

Lamellibranchia, 670, 690, 692, 702

Lamellisabella, 7 7 4 Laminaria, 7 5 1 Lampodrilus, 34 7 lamp shells, 765 Lang,9 Laniatores, 444, 445 Lanice, 307 Lantern of Aristotle, 79 7 Laomedea, 116 lasidium, 700, 701 Laternulidae, 671 Latreilla, 520 Latrodectus mactans, 431, 432,

442 'law of recapitulation', 7 leaf insects, 567, 570 leeches, 3 60--81 Lepas, 514, 526, 540 Lepas anatifera, 525, 526 Lepetidae, 636 Lepidasthenia, 3 05 Lepidocaris, 512, 520, 522 Lepidochitona cinereus, 625 Lepidocidaris, 804 Lepidonotus, 305, 310, 311 Lepidopsolus, 786, 793 Lepidoptera, 574, 575, 582, 585,

586 Lepidurus, appendages, 486-8

body cavity, 490 body wall, 488 circulatory system, 490 development, 492-3 ecology, 493 excretion, 490 external features, 485-6 feeding and the alimentary canal,

489 muscular system, 488-9 nervous system, 490--1 reproduction, 492 respiratory system, 490 sense organs, 491-2

Lepidurus arcticus, 493 Leptocuma, 5 17 Leptodora, 512, 522, 536 Leptomedusae, 118, 119

characteristics of, 120, 122 Leptostraca, 515, 527, 542 Leptosynapta, 79 3 Leptychaster, 826 Lernaea, 513,524,525 Lesteira, 524, 525 Leucascus, 85

Index

Leucetta, 85 Leucettida, 85 Leucodore, as a commensal, 168 leuconoid sponge, 95, 96 Leucosolenia, 95 Leucosolenia botryoides, 85 Leucosolenia complicata, 85 Leucosolenida, 84 levotropic, 12 lichenase, 351 ligament sac, 283 ligula, 5 82 ligules, 3 11 Lima, 680,681,683,685,697 Limacidae, 638, 639 Limax, 643 Limidae, 671 Limnaea stagnalis, 660, 662 Limnaea trunculata, 19 5 Limnias, 273 Limnobdella australis, body wall

and musculature, 363-5 botryoidal and vaso-fibrous tis-

sue, 365 circulatory system, 3 65-6 digestive system, 365 excretory system, 3 6 6-7 external features, 3 61-3 nervous system, 367-9 reproductive system, 3 71 sense organs, 369-71

Limnobdella, 3 72 Limnocnida, 13 6 Limnocodium, 13 6 Limulus, 400, 415, 41 7, 419 Limulus polyphemus, 413, 415,

416,417 Linckia, 824, 826 lined shore crab, 53 5 Lineus, 233 Linguatula, 408 Linguatula serrata, 409 Lingula, 768, 769, 770, 771 lipase, 352, 597 Liphistiomorphae, 449, 463, 452,

464,465,469,470,471,472, 473,474,476,477

Liphistius, 466 Liphistius malayanus, 424 lipoprotein, 394 Lipostraca, 511 Lithobiomorpha, 545, 549, 551 Lithobius, 545, 549, 551 Lithocolla, 43 lithocysts, 112 Lithistida, 101, 1 02

Littorina, 664 Littorina littorea, 663, 665 Littorinidae, 63 7 liver fluke (see Fasciola), 192 Llhuyd, Edward, 812 Lobata, 176, 178 lobopodia, 40 lobsters, 333, 533 locomotory theory, 22 locust, 569, 584 Lohmanella, 187 Loima, 307 Loliginidae, 704 Loligo, 719, 725, 728, 730, 731,

732 Loligo forbesi, 7 18 long-horned grasshopper, 569, 593,

595 lophocytes, 99 lophogastrid, 53 6 Lophogastrida, 5 1 7 lophognath, 441, 468 lophophorate, 736 lophophore, 736, 744, 761, 764,

767, 768, 770 lorica, 270 Loxosoma, 289 Loxosoma nitschei, 290 Loxosoma pectinaricola, 290 Loxosomatidae, 289 Loxosomella, 290 Loxosomella crassicauda, 289,

290 Loxosomella obesa, 290 Lucernaria, 144, 146 Lucernarida, 143 Lucinidae, 671 lugworm, 296,307,311,318,319,

324 Luidia, 813, 826, 827 Lumbricidae, 346, 347, 359, 360 lumbricids, 356, 357, 358 Lumbricillus, 345 Lumbriculidae, 346, 34 7 Lumbriculus, 346, 359 Lumbricus, 50 Lumbricus rubellus, 359 Lumbricus terrestris, alimentary

canal and feeding, 339-40 body wall, 3 3 9 circulatory system and respira-

tion, 340--1 coelom, 339 excretory system, 343 general external features, 3 3 8-

9

nervous system and sense organs, 341-3

reproductive system, 343-5 lumbrinereids, 3 13 Lumbrinereis, 308 lung books, 419, 434, 437, 450,

452,456,458,471,476,478, 479,480

lung sacs, 424, 4 71 Lunulites, 746, 7 48 Lycastis, 306 Lycosa, 461 Lycosa godfroyi, 43 1 Lymnaeidae, 638, 647 Lynceus, 5 12 Lyonsiidae, 671 lyriform organs, 428, 439, 441,

445,459,460 Lysidice, 306 Lysiopetalum (=Callipus), 54 7

M

MacBride, 9 Machilidae, 565 Machilis, 600, 603 Macrobdella, 3 72 Macrobiotus hufelandi, 408 Macrocanthorhynchus hirudina-

ceus, 280, 281, 283, 284 Macrodasyoida, 276 macrogametes, 52, 56, 58 macronucleus, 64, 65, 66, 71 Macropharyngea, 1 7 6 Macrura, 542 Mactridae, 671 Madrepora, 166 Madrepora aspera, 166 Madreporaria, 157, 161, 164, 182 madreporite, 781, 791, 797 Magellania, 766, 767, 769, 770 Magellaniaflavescens, 765

general body features, 766-7 organ systems, 767-8 shell, 765-6

Magelona, 323 maggots, 574 magnocellular lobes, 728 Maia squinado, 538 Malacobdella, 23 3 Malacostraca, 484, 511, 515, 527,

530,534,535,538,539,541, 542, 757

Malaya, 408 Maldane, 307 Maldanidae, 307, 309

861

maldanids, 3 II, 3 12 Malletiidae, 670 malleus, 270 Mallophaga, 572 Mandibulata, 402, 411, 434,481 Mandibulata, sub-phylum, 481-613

definitive features, 482 mantids, 5 70, 5 71 mantle, 616 mantle cavity, 616 mantle fusion, 680 mantle rudiment, 732 manubrium, 106, 107, Ill Margaritifera margaritifera, 676 Margaritiferidae, 6 71 Marellomorpha, 410 Marphysa, 306 masmx, 270,272,273,274 Mastigamoeba, 2 7 mastigont systems, 28, 35-36 Mastigoproctus giganteus, 451, 461 Mastotermes, 583 maxillary glands, 53 7 maxillipeds, 5 19 mayflies, 567 M cell, 12, 13 Mecoptera, 574, 575 Mediterranean, 439, 541 medusae, I 07, Ill

medusae, development of, 125-6 excretory structures, 127 musculature, 12 7 nervous system, 12 7 reproduction, 12 7

medusoid, 21 megalopa, 541 meganephric, 353 meganephrostome, 353 megascleres, 86, 94 Megascolecidae, 346, 347, 353,

359,360 megascolecids, 3 58, 3 59 Megascolex, 346 Megascolex cochinensis, 353 Megascolides, 346 Megathyris, 768 Mehlis' gland, 19 5, 219 melanin, 643 melanoids, 7 81 Melanoplus, 584 Melolontha, 582 Melonechinus, 804 membranelles, 74 Membranipora, 146, 755, 757 Membranipora membranacea, 751 Membraniporella, 751

862

meraspid, 411 Merceneria mercenaria, 699 Mergus, 210 meroblastic cleavage, 11, 15 meronephridia, 3 53 Merostomata, class, 412-19

definitive features, 412 merozoites, 55, 58 mesenchymal coelom formation, 18 mesenteric filament, 15 1 mesentoblast. 12, 431 mesocoel, 21 Mesogastropoda, 63 7 Mesogastropoda, families of, 6 3 7 mesogloea, 7, 94, 95, I 08, 113,

153 mesohyle, I 0 mesonephrostome, 353 Mesostigmata, 448 Mesozoa, phylum, 184-7 Mespilia, 803, 805 metacercariae, 197,223 metacoel, 21 Metacrinus, 808, 814, 816 Metacrinus interruptus, 812 metameric segmentation, 19, 20, 21,

22 metamerism, 733 metamerism, evolution of, 20

significance of, 20 metanauplius, 493, 511, 540 metanephridia, 297, 298, 323, 337,

353,379,385 metanephridium, 297, 324 metanephromixium, 297 metagenesis, 116 Metaphyta, 3, 5 Metaradiophyra, 69 metastoma, 418, 419 metatroch, 331, 332 Metazoa, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 16, 27,

76 metazoan, ancestral, 7, 8

evolution of, 6 most primitive, 6 most primitive and their evolu-

tion, 3 metraterm, 219 Mexican, 818 Miciociona coccinea, I 00, 10 I Micraspides, 5 16 micraesthetes, 62 7 Microciona, 92 microgametes, 52, 56, 58 Microhydra, 136 microlecithal, 174

micronucleus, 64, 65, 66 micronephrostome, 353 Micropharyngea, 175 Microcreagris sequoiae, 442 Micropora, 751 Microporella, 753 microscleres, 94 microscleres, amphidisc, 86

hexasters, 86 Microscolex, 346 microsporidians, 59, 60-1 M icrostomum, 2 12 micro-whip-scorpions, 461 mictic egg, 274

Index

Midorigai australis, 641 Millepora, 118,130,131,164 Millepora alcicornis, 13 0, 13 I Miller, 2 millipedes, 542, 543, 545, 546, 54 7 Miliota, 48 Minchinella, 85 minor coelomate phyla, 7 3 6-7 5 Minyas, 157, 163, 181, 182 Miocidaris, 804 miracidium, 195, 222 mitochondrion, 2 8 mixonephridium, 297, 298 Mollusca, phylum, 614-7 3 5

ancestral form, 615, 616-18 ancestral form, blood system,

617 ancestral form, coelom and renal

organs, 618 ancestral form, development and

further evolution, 618 ancestral form, digestive system,

617 ancestral form, general features,

616-17 ancestral form, nervous system,

618 classification of, 615 evolution of, 733-5

molluscan cross, 733 Molpadia, 793 Molpadida, 793, 794 Molpadidae, 794 monactinal, 94-5 monadarians, 35-7 monaxonid, 94-5 Moniligastridae, 346, 34 7 Monobryozoon, 746, 748 Monocystis, 50, 51, 52, 360 Monocystis, life cycle, 51-2 Monodella, 51 7 Monogenea, 203,207,208,219

Index

monogenean larvae, 223 Monogonontida, 2 72 Monograptus co/onus, 136 monomyarian, 682, 683, 684 Monopisthocotylea, 207 Monoplacophora, 615, 734 Monoplacophora, class, 618-23

example of class, Neopilina galatheae, 619-22

relationships, 622-3 Monoplex, 643 monostome, 216, 213 Monotus, 203 Monstrilla, 535 Monticulipora, 745 Morton, 733 morula, 99, 128, 249 mosquitoes, 574, 575, 586, 599 moths, 565, 574, 578, 581, 585,

611 mucilaginous gland, 730 MUller's larva, 9, 734, 221 miltiple fission, 39, 43, 45,61 Muricidae, 640, 656 Musca, 609, 600 Mute/a, 700, 701 Mutelidae, 671 Myacea, 681 mygalomorph spiders, 451, 464 Mygalomorphae, 452, 465, 4 70,

471,474,476,477 myoblast, 190 Myochamidae, 6 71 myocytes, 82 myonemes, 54, 108 Myonyssus decumani, 446 myopsids, 729 Myriochele, 307 Myriothela, 123 Myriotrochidae, 794 Myriotrochus, 786 Myrianida, 327 Myriapoda, 481, 542

classes, 542-52 classification, 543 definitive features, 542 general features, 543-4

Mystacocarida, 523, 524 mysid, 536 Mysida, 517 Mysidacea, 517, 530, 531, 536,

537,541 Mysis, 517, 530 My sis oculata, 5 31 Mystacocarida, 511,513,537,538,

540,541,542

Mytilicola, 524, 525 Mytilidae, 6 71 Mytilus, 684, 687 Mytilus edulis, 656, 685, 688,

689 Myxicola, 307, 325, 326 Myxilla, 91 myxosporidians, 24, 59-60 Myzostoma, 333, 334 Myzostomaria, 292 Myzostomidae, 292, 306, 333 Myzostomum, 812

nacre, 673 Naegleria, 39 Nahecaris, 515

N

Naididae, 345, 347, 348, 352, 357, 358,359

Nais, 345, 359 naked amoebae, 39-40 naphthoquinones, 781 Narcomedusae, 118, 129, 130 Nassarius reticulatus, 669 Natantia, 519,533,542 Naticidae, 656 nauplius, 484, 493, 519, 539,

540 Nausithoe, 144, 146 nautilocone, 714 Nautiloidea, 703 nautiloids and ammonoids, fossil

record of, 713-15 Nautilus, 703-12, 721, 724, 732,

733 coelom, 710 digestive system, 71 0 funnel, 708 general anatomy, 705-9 general comments, 712-13 nervous system, 711 renal organs, 71 0-11 reproductive system, 712 sense organs, 711-12 tentacles, 705-8 vascular system, 71 0

Nautilus macromphalus, 705, 712 Nautilus pompilius, 705, 706, 708 Nautilus scrobiculatus, 705 Nebalia, 515,527,536 Nebaliacea, 515, 527, 528, 539,

540,541 Necrobia, 5 82 nectocalyx, 133 Nectonema, 265

nematocysts, 105, 109, 110, 111, 153, 157

Nematoda, class, 235-65 classification, 260-1 digestive system, 25 7-8 example of the class, the common

roundworm of pig (Ascaris suum), 235-55

excretory system, 260 general features, 255-65 general structure, 255-6 life history, 2 6 1-2 locomotion of, 263 muscular system, 260 parasitic, 265 physiology, 262-4 prevalence and economic impor­

tance, 264-5 reproductive system, 260 sense organs and other superficial

structures, 25 8 nematogen, 185 Nematomorpha, class, 265-8

body wall, 266 external morphology, 266 internal structure, 267 life cycle and development, 267

Nematophora, 54 7 nematophorans, 54 7 Nemertes, 231 nemertines, 3 3 1 Nemertini phylum, 227-33

blood vascular system, 229 body wall, 228 development, 231 digestive canal, 229 distinctive characters and classi-

fication, 232-3 ecology, 232 excretory system, 229 general features, 227-8 nervous system and sense organs,

230 reproductive system, 231

Nemobius sylvestris, 595 Nemobius vittatus, 591 Neobisiinea, 443 Neodasys, 276 Neoechinorhynchus, 280 Neomenia, 628, 630 Neomenia carinata, 629, 630 Neomeniomorpha, 628 Neoophora, 204 Neopilina, 615,622, 733 Neopilina, metamerism in, 622 Neopilina adenensis, 619

863

Neopilina ewingi, 618 Neopilina galatheae, 618, 619-

21 external features, 619 internal anatomy, 619-22

Neopilina veleronis, 618 Neopteran orders, 564 Neotrigonia, 677 Neotropical region, 408 neoteny, 7, 223 nephridiopores, 3 3 8 Nephrops, 519 nephrostome, 3 53 Nephtyidae, 306, 310 nephtyids, 323 Nephtys, 306, 316 Nereidae, 306, 308, 309 Nereis, 303, 304, 306, 315, 316,

322,325,332 Nereisfucata, 333 Neresheimeria, 187 Nerilla, 334, 337 Nerillidae, 334 Nerillidium, 334 Nerine, 306, 324 Neritacea, 636, 664 Neritidae, 63 7 neuropodium, 309, 311 Neuroptera, 573, 574 New Britain, 408 Newell, 316 New Zealand, 359, 360, 384, 551,

806,825,830 Nicol, 325 nidamental glands, 709 Nipponites, 715 Noctiluca, 35 Nodosaria, 48 Noklla, 746, 752, 753 Nolella gigantea, 750 non-lophophorate, 736 North Africa, 528 North America, 494, 520, 541 North Sea, 391 Notaspidea, 638 Notholca, 273 Nothria, 322 notochord, 22 Notocrinus, 815 Notodromus, 513 Notohaliotis, 641 Notomastus, 297 Notophyllum, 306 notopodium, 309, 311 notosetae, 3 11 Notostigmata, 448

864

Notostraca, 512, 520,537,539 Nucella lapillus, 661 nuchal organs, 3 25 Nuclanidae, 670, 690 nucleoli, 7 5 Nucleolites, 806 Nucula, 676, 679, 685, 686, 697,

698 Nuculacea, 685 Nuculana minuta, 691 Nuculidae, 670, 690 Nuda, 176 nudibranchs (see Acoela), 638, 642,

643,644,646 Nunciella aspera, 444 Nuttallochiton, 625 Nyctiphanes, 519 Nyctotherus, 73, 74 Nymphon hipsidum, 481 Nymphon rubrum, 400

0 Obelia, 118, 119, 127, 133, 137,

143, 156 comparison of polyp and medusa,

113-15 development, 116 general structure, 105-13 reproduction, 115

Octocorallia, 158, 161, 162, 182 octopamine, 724 Octopoda, 705 Octopodidae, 705 Octopus, 724, 725 Octopus lentus, 720, 727, 729, 730,

731 Octopus vulgaris, 719 Octorchandra, 126 Odonata, 564, 567, 568 odontoblasts, 65 1 Odontosyllis, 306 odontophore, 617, 651 Odostomia scalaris, 65 6 Oegophiurida, 828, 830, 832 oesophageal pouches, 340 Ogmacidaris, 803, 804 oigopsids, 729 Okhotsk Sea, 812 Oligochaeta, class, 338-60

blood vascular system and respiration, 352

body wall and coelom, 348 development, 359 digestive system and nutrition,

350--2

Index

distinctive features and classifica­tion, 345-6

ecology and distribution, 359-60

example of the class, the earth­worm (Lumbricus terrestris), 338--45

excretory organs, excretion and regulation of body fluids, 3 53-5

external anatomy, 346, 348 general organisation, 346-60 locomotion, 349-50 nervous system, 356 phylogeny, 34 7 reproduction, 357-9 sense organs and behaviour, 3 57

olynthus, 84, 95 omission, 7 Onchidiidae, 639 Onchidium, 660 oncomiracidium, 223 oncosphere,202, 224 Oniscus, 5 18, 53 7 Onuphis, 306 onychium, 421 Onychopalpida, 448 Onychophora sub-phylum, 403-

8 definitive features, 403-4 development, 406-8 distribution, 408 general external features, 404 internal anatomy, 404-6

onychophorans, 393, 394, 542 Onycoteuthis, 723 ooecia, 745 ookinete, 58 oostegites, 516, 5 28 oostegopod, 487 ootype, 195, 219 ootype gland, 19 5 Opabinia, 397, 399 Opabinia regalis, 399 Opalina, 6, 75 opalinids, 7 5 opalinids, phylogenetic relation-

ships, 75 Oparin, 2 Ophelia,307 Opheliidae, 307 opheliid, 325, 332 Ophiacantha, 83 0 Ophiactidae, 831 Ophiocanopidae, 831 Ophiocanops, 83 2

Index

Ophiocistioidea, 782, 783, 785, 807

ophiocone, 714 Ophioderma, 836 Ophiomastus, 813 Ophiomisidium, 829, 832 ophiopluteus, 83 1 Ophiopyrgus, 813 Ophiosteira, 813 Ophiotaenia, 211 Ophiura, 829, 830 Ophiurae, 830, 831 Ophiruida, 829, 830, 833 Ophiuroidea, 777, 828, 832, 837 Ophiuroidea, sub-class, 828-3 3

biology, 828, 830 classification, 832-3 morphology, 830--1 reproduction, 831 structure, 829

ophiuroids, 7 81, 812 Opiliones, order, 443-5

external features, 443 internal features, 443-5 reproduction, 445 systematics and distribution, 445

Opisthobranchia, 637,641,649 opisthognathous. 5 85 Opisthogoneata, 543 Opisthopora, 346 opisthosoma, 412 oral cone, 107 oral groove, 64 Orbinia, 3 06 Orbiniidae, 306 Orchestia, 5 18 organogenesis, 11 origin of life, 1 orthocone, 714, 716 Orthognatha, 45 2 Orthonectida, 184, 186 Orthoptera, 567, 569, 585 Orthopteroid orders, 5 64 Oscarella, 88, 93 osculum, 78, 95 osmoregulation, Amoeba proteus,

38 osphradia, 627, 722 osphradium, 616, 660, 698, 712 Ostracoda, 511, 512, 521, 523,

534-42 ostracods, 523 Ostrea, 680, 695, 699 Ostrea edulis, 699 Ostreidae, 6 71, 6 84 ovarine balls, 283

ovarioles, 607 ovovitelline duct, 191 Owenia, 307,312,313,322 Oweniidae, 307 Owen's organ, 707 oxalic acid, 598 oxeas, 78, 95 Oxynoidae, 638 Oxynoticeras, 715 Ozobranchus, 3 72

p

Pachycerianthus, 15 8, 163 Pachycerianthus multiplicatus, 163 Pachydiscus, 715 Pachygrapsus crassipes, 535 Palaechinoida, 804 Palaechinus, 804 Palaemon, 519,533 Palaeocaridacea, 5 16 Palaeocaris, 5 16 Palaeoisopus problematicus, 400 Palaeonemertini, 230, 232 Palaeopteran orders, 564 paleae, 311 pali, 164 Palinura, 519, 5 33, 534, 542 Palinurus, 5 19 pallial gill, 619, 620 pallial mucous glands, 625 pallium, 616 Palolo viridis, 329 palolo worms, 328, 329 palp lamellae, 690, 692 palp pouch, 690 palp proboscis, 690 Palpatores, 445 Palpigradi, order, 461-2

external features, 461 distribution, 462 internal features, 461-2 reproduction, 462

Paludicella, 746, 753, 756 Palythoa, 160 Pancarida, 52 9 Pandoridae, 6 71 Pandorina, 28, 29, 31 panoistic, 608 Panope generosa, 681, 682 Panorpoid complex, 565 Pantopoda, 402 parabasal body, 36, 37 Parabuthus planicauda, 430 Paracucumidae, 792 paragnatha, 487

Paragordius varius, 266 Paramecium, 8, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65,

68 asexual reproduction, 64 demonstration of feeding, 62 sexual reproduction, 64-5

Paramecium aurelia, cytoplasmic inheritance, 65

Paramecium caudatum, 61, 62, 64

Paramecium caudatum, mating types, 65

Paramithrax minor, 101 paramylum, 26 Paranaspides, 516 Paranaspides lacustris, 527, 528 parapodia, 305, 309 Pararthropoda, 402 parasites, dinoflagellate, 35 parasitic copepods, 523, 525, 538 parasitic wasp, 5 76 Parasitiformes, 448 Parasitosyllis, 3 3 3 Parastacidae, 494 Parastygocaris, 5 16 Paratya, 5 19 Parazoa, 102 parenchyma, 189-190, 215 parenchymula, 7 6, 84 Paryphantidae, 639 Pasteur, Louis, 1 Patella, 634, 659, 660, 666 Patella vulgata, 633,641,658, 664,

667,668 Patellacea, 6 1 8 Patellidae, 636, 646 Pauropoda, 481, 483, 542, 543,

548 Pauropoda, class, 544, 546 Pauropus,544, 548 pea-crabs, 541 Peachia, 163, 167 Pecten, 674, 678, 680, 683, 692,

697,698-699 Pecten alba, 682 Pectinaria, 307, 309, 312, 313,

317 pectines, 419,421,428,466 Pectinidae, 6 71 Pectinura, 829, 830 pedal gland, 6 84 Pedalia, 2 72, 2 7 3 pedicellariae, 796 Pedicel/ina, 289, 749 Pedicellina cernua, 287, 288, 289 Pedicellinidae, 289

865

Pedinogyra, 640 Pedinoida, 805 Pedipalpi, 455, 456 pedipalps, 419 Pelagia noctiluca, 14 7 Pelagidae, 14 7 Pelagohydra, 125 Pelagothuria, 793 Pelecypoda, 670, 684 pellicle, 6 3 Pelmatozoa, 779, 814, 815, 833 pelmatozoan, 778, 779, 783, 794 Pelomyxa, 39 Pelocorisfemoratus, 591 pelta, 36, 37 Penaeus, 5 19 peneid shrimps, 539 Pennatula, 160, 161, 164, 166 Pennatula sulcata, 162 Pennatulacea, 16 0 pentacrinoid larva, 812 pentacrinoid stage, 81 7 Pentacrinus, 812 Pentadactyla, 786 Pentagonaster, 826, 82 7 Pentametrocrinus, 777 Pentastomida, 397,402 Pentastomida, sub-phylum, 408-

10 Pentatrichomonas hominis, 3 7 Pentazonia, 54 7 Peracarida, 516, 528-33, 539, 540,

542 peraeopods, 5 19 pericardia! glands, 695, 726 peridinin, 33 Perinereis, 298, 299, 300, 302,

305,306, 30R 31~ 313,314, 316,322,323,338

alimentary canal and feeding, 301

body wall and musculature, 300-1

circulatory system and respira-tion, 302-3

coelom, 301 excretory system, 304 general external features, 29 8-

300 nervous system and sense organs,

303-4 reproduction, 305

periostracum, 619, 6 72 Peripatoides novae-zealandiae, 406,

407 Peripatopsis, 405, 406

866

Peripatopsis capensis, 404, 405, 406,407

Peripatus, 403, 406 Periphylla, 144 Periphylla quadrigata, 145 Periplaneta, 555, 604

alimentary canal, 55 7, 55 9 external anatomy, 55 5-7 female reproductive system, 559 internal anatomy, 55 8 male reproductive system, 55 9 nervous system, 55 9

Periplaneta orienta/is, 55 8 perisarc, 106, 107, 108, 119 Perischoechinoidea, 800, 803 peristomial membrane, 724 peritrichs, 69, 70-1 peritrichs, undulating membrane of,

70 peritrophic membrane, 596 Peromedusae, 146 perradius, 113 Petasus, 118 petiole, 455 Petrobiona, 85 Petrunkevitch, 4 79 phacellae, 140 Phacops fecundus, 410 Phacus, 31 phaeodium, 44 Phalacrocleptes, 72, 73 Phalangida, 443 Phanaeus carnifex, 591 Phanerozonida, 826, 827 Pharetronida, 85, 101, 102 Pharyngobdellida, 3 72, 3 76 pharyngobdellids, 377, 378 pharyngeal glands, 245 Phasmida, 567, 570 phasmids, 236, 237, 244-5 phenolases, 394 Pheretima, 346 Pheretima posthuma, 354 pheromones, 5 78, 5 83, 600 Philodina, 274 Pholadidae, 6 71, 694 Phoronida, phylum, 760-4

example of phylum, Phoronis, 761-4

general anatomy, 761-3 reproduction and development,

763-4 Phoronis australis, 761, 762 Phoronopsis, 761 phosphagens, 781 phragmocone, 716, 718

Phreatoicidea, 53 0 Phreatoicus, 5 18 Phreodrilidae, 345, 34 7 Phronima, 531, 532 Phrynichida, order, 45 7-9

distribution, 459 external features, 45 7 internal features, 45 8-9 reproduction, 459

Index

Phrynophiurida, 832 Phylactolaemata, 744, 746, 748,

758, 759, 760 Phyllocarida, 515,536,537,538 Phyllochaetopterus, 307 Phyllocystis, 777, 807, 808 Phyllodoce, 297, 306, 308, 310,

323,324 Phyllodocidae, 3 06, 3 10, 311 phyllodocids, 322, 323, 324, 326 Phyllophoridae, 792 phyllopodia, 487 Phyllospongia, 93 phylogenetic interrelationships of

echinozoan echinoderms, 7 84 phylogeny, 7 phylogeny, of extant echinoderms

suggested by larval forms, 835 Phymosomatoida, 805 Physalia, 118,132,135 Physidae, 63 8, 64 7 Phytobdella, 3 72 phytomonad, 28, 31-3 phytomonads, reproduction of, 32 Pilema, 144 Pilema pulmo, 14 8 pilidium larva, 231 pill millipedes, 546, 547 pinacocytes, 81, 82, 84, 99 pinacoderm, 99 Pinctada margaritifera, 676 Pinnidae, 671 Pinnotheridae, 541 Pionosyllis elegans, 330, 332 Piscicola, 3 72, 3 7 5, 3 7 7, 3 78 Piscicolidae, 3 72, 3 7 7, 3 7 8, 3 80,

381 Pinuca, 333, 382, 383, 384, 385 Pinuca caupa, 3 84, 3 85 Pinuca (Urechis), 381 placid, 277 Placobdella, 3 72, 3 78 Placothuria, 793 Placothuriidae, 792 Plakina, 87, 88 Plakortis, 87, 88 Planaria, 189, 191

Index

Planaria gonocephala, 191 planarians, 8 Planocera, 220, 221,222 Planorbidae, 63 8, 64 7 Planorbis, 650 plant lice, 587 planula, 116, 128, 141, 155 planula theory, 224-5 plasmodium, 59-60, 186 Plasmodium, 56, 58 Plasmodium vivax, 56, 57 Platanaster, 813 P/asasterias, 818 Platyasterida, 826, 827 Platyctenea, 176, 178, 180 P/atydasys, 276 Platydesmus, 548 Platyhelminthes, phylum, 188-227

attachment organs, 212-14 digestive system and feeding,

215-16 distinctive features and classifica-

tion, 202-11 embryonic development, 220-1 endoparasitism, 225 example of the phylum, the liver

fluke (Fasciola hepatica), 192-7

example of the phylum, an aspidogastrean (Aspidogaster conchicola), 197-8

example of the phylum, a skin­parasitic monogean (Entob­della soleae), 198

example of the phylum, the com­mon tapeworm of man (Taenia solium), 199-202

excretory system, 21 7-18 general external features, 212 general organisation, 212-2 7 host specificity of, 216, 225-7 integument and muscle layers,

214-15 nervous system, 21 7 origin and relationships, 224-7 parenchyma, 215 reproductive organs, 218-20 sense organs, 21 7

platymyarian muscles, 260 Platynereis, 306 Platynereis australis, 3 13 Playnereis dumerilli, 304 Plecoptera, 567, 568 Plectronocera, 713, 714 plerocercoid, 224 Plesiopora, 345

Plesiopora prosotheca, 345 Pleurobrachia, 169 pleurobranchiae, 504 Pleurobranchidae, 638, 646 Pleurocaris, 5 16 Pleurocystis, 808, 809 Pleurotomariidae, 636 Plumatella repens, 758, 759 Plumularia, 125, 131 pluteus, 833 Plutonaster, 777, 813, 826, 82 7 pneumatophore, 13 3 Pneumodermatidae, 638 pneumostome, 64 7 Podarke, 306 podobranchiae, 504 podosoma, 445 Poeciloc/erida, 94 Pogonophora, phylum, 774-5

general features, 774-5 reproduction and development,

775 polar capsule, 59, 60 polar filament, 60, 61 Pol ian vesicles, 7 81, 823 pollen baskets, 5 63 polybostrichus, 3 29 Polycelis, 189-92, 203, 205

body wall, 189-90 digestive system, 190 excretory system, 190 general features, 189 nervous system and sense organs,

190-1 reproductive system, 191-2

Polycelis nigra, 8 Polychaeta, class, 298-334

asexual reproduction, 326-7 blood vascular system, 322-3 body wall and coelom, 303-14 carnivores or raptorial feeders,

316-17 commensalism, 333 development, 329-32 digestive system and nutrition,

321-2 distinctive features and classifica­

tion, 305-7 ecology, 332-3 example of the class, Perinereis,

298-305 excretory system, 323-4 external anatomy, 308-9 feeding, 316-21 filter feeders, 319-21 general organisation, 307-34

locomotion, 314-16 nervous system, 324-5 parapodia, 309-12 parasitism, 333-4 regeneration, 326 respiration, 322 sand and mud detritus feeders,

317-19 sense organs, 325-6 sexual reproduction, 327-9 tube structure and formation,

312-13 Polycladida, 204 Polyceridae, 63 8 Polycirrus, 307 Polycolpa, 118 Polydesmoidea, 545, 54 7 Polydesmus, 545, 54 7 Polydora, 306 polyembryony, 222 Polygordiidae, 3 34 Polygordius, 334,335,337 Polygordius neapolitanus, 335, 336 Polykrikos, 35 Polymastia, 88 Polymicrodon, 54 7 Polynoe, 305, 308 Polynoidae, 305, 308, 310, 311 Polyopisthocotylea, 207 Polyophthalmus, 325 polyp, 105, 108, 125, 133, 150,

151, 156, 181 Polyphemus, 512, 522 polyphenols, 394 Polyplacophora sub-class, 623-7

alimentary system, 625 definition, 623 development, 627 external features, 623 fossil record, 627 mode of life and distribution,

627 nervous system, 626 renal and reproductive systems,

625-6 respiration, 624-5 sense organs, 627 shell and mantle, 623-4 vascular system, 625

Polypodium, 136, 137 Polystoma, 208, 223 Polytoma, 4 polytrophic, 608 Polyxenus, 54 7 Polyzoa, phylum, 739-60 (see

Bryozoa)

867

Polyzonium, 548 Pomatoceros, 307, 309, 324 Pontiidae, 63 8 Pontobdella, 3 72 Pontoscolex, 346 Pontosphaera, 30 Porcellana, 520 Porcellio, 53 7 pore, birth, 196-7,222 Porifera phylum, 76-103

as commensals, 101 asexual reproduction, 100 behaviour, 98-9 biological associations, 100-1 classification, 84-9 3 contractility of cells in, 9 8, 99 demonstration of feeding, 79 digestion in, 97-8 example of the phylum, Sycon

gelatinosum, 78-84 external characteristics, 9 3 feeding, 97-8 fertilisation in, 99 filter feeding, 76 fossil history, 101-2 general organisation, 9 3-103 locomotion in, 98 maintenance of water current,

97 nervous system, 98, 99 physiology, 95-7 predators of, 1 00 regeneration, 1 00 relationship to other Metazoa,

102-3 reproduction and development,

99, 100 sexual reproduction, 76 skeleton, 93-5 water current system, 95-6

Porocephalus, 409 Porocephalus annulatus, 409 Porocephalus proboscideus, 409 porocyte, 79, 84, 95 Poromya, 692 Poromyidae, 672 porphyrins, 643 Porpita, 118, 126, 132 Porpita pacifica, 132 Portugese man-of-war (see Phy-

salia), 135 Portunus, 520 post-bacillary eyes, 428 post-larva, 540 postmentum, 581, 582 postnotum, 58 7

868

post-sternellum, 588 Potamilla, 307, 311 Pourtalesia, 800 pranzia larvae, 53 2, 53 3 prawns, 533 pre-bacillary eyes, 429 prementum, 5 82 prepygidial zone, 32 7 prepyloric ossicles, 502 prescutum, 58 7 pre-sternum, 58 8 Priapulida, 7 3 7 Priapuloidea, phylum, 737-9

example of phylum, Priapulus, 738-9

Priapulus, 737, 738 Priapulus bicaudatus, 7 3 8 Priapulus tuberculatospinosus, 73 7 Pristima, 345 procercoid, 224 Procerodes, 205, 212, 229 proglottid, 21, 199,201,202 prognathous, 5 84 Progoneata, 543 Promachocrinus, 813 Proneomenia, 628 pronucleus, migratory, 64 pronucleus, stationary, 64 pro-ostracum, 716 propeltidium, 45 3 Prorhinotermes, 5 71 Prosobranchia, 636, 640, 641 prosoma, 412 Prosopis, 562 Prosopora, 346 prospyles, 79, 81, 95, 97 Prosthorhynchusformosus, 285 Prostoma, 229, 233 Protannelis, 334 protaspis, 411 protease, 351, 597 Proteocephalidea, 211 Proteolepas, 514, 527 Proterospongia, 28 Protista, 5, 6, 8 Protista, concept of, 3 proto-annelids, 2 9 5 proto-porphyrin, 3 78 Protobranchia, 6 70, 684, 693, 694,

702 Protochordata, 16 protochordates, 83 7 protociliates, 7 5 protocoel, 21 protocoelomate, 21 protoconch, 639

Protodrilus, 334, 335, 337 Protohydra, 117, 125 protomerite, 52

Index

protonephridia, 19, 271, 296, 297, 323,331,337

protonephromixium, 297, 324 Protoopalina, 7 5 Protophyta, 4 protoplasmic cap, 173 Protostomia, 11, 12, 13, 16, 18,

736 protostyle, 617, 694 prototroch, 331,332,627,668 Protozoa, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 15, 76,

102 Protozoa, sub-kingdom, 24-7 5

status of, 3 Protura, 565, 566, 612 proventriculus, 502 Pselaphognatha, 54 7 Pseudechis porphyriacus, 280 pseudoblastopore, 174 Pseudobonellia, 3 81 pseudochitin, 40, 74 pseudocoelom, 17, 234, 245 pseudocoelomate, 1 7, 18 Pseudocoelomate phyla, 234-91 pseudocoelomocytes, 245 Pseudocrustacea, 410, 542 pseudoculi, 544 Pseudolamellibranchie, 300 pseudometamerism, 20, 212 pseudometamerism theory, 21, 22 Pseudomonas hirudin is, 3 78 pseudopodia, 3 7 pseudopodia, theories for formation

of, 38 Pseudoscorpionida, order, 439-43

external features, 440-1 internal features, 441 reproduction and development,

441-2 syst..:matics, 442-3

psocids, 5 72 Psocoptera, 5 72 Psolidae, 784, 792 Psolus, 786 Pteraster, 826 Pteriidae, 6 71 Pterobdella, 3 72 pterocardiac ossicles, 5 02 Pteromedusae, 118 pteropods, 644 Pterotracheidae, 63 7 Pterygota, 566,587,589,592,593,

594,612

Index

Pulmonata, 638, 640, 643, 64 7, 648,650

pulp cells, 239 pupa, 612 purple gland, 685 Pycnogonida, sub-phylum, 4 80-1 Pycnophyes, 278, 279 Pygasteroida, 805 pygidium, 332, 338 pyloric ossicles, 502 Pyramidellidae, 656 pyrenoids, 26 Pyripora, 746, 760 pyrrole, 643 Pyxinia crystalligera, 53

Q quadriradiate spicules, 81 queen bees, 560

R

rachidean tooth, 651 rachis, 248 radial symmetry, 93 Radiata, 16, 181 Radiolaria, 5, 10 radiolarians, 43-6

central capsule of, 43, 44 siliceous skeleton, 44-5

radula, 617, 651 docoglossan, 651 ptenoglossan, 654 rachiglossan, 654 rhipidoglossan, 651 sac, 651 taenioglossan, 654 toxoglossan, 654

ragworms, 306 Raja, 210,213 Raphidiophrys, 43 raquet organs, 428, 453 redia, 196, 222 Redi, Francesco, 1 Reduviidae, 598 Remane, 19 renette, 260 Reptantia, 519, 533, 534, 535,

542 Requienia, 674 respiratory trees, 791 Reticulotermes, 5 71 rhabdite, 189 Rhabditis pellio, 261

Rhabdocoela, 204 Rhabdocoelida, 9 rhabdocoels, 21, 2 2 Rhabdomeson, 745 rhagon, 96 rhinophores, 646, 712 Rhizocepha1a, 5 14 rhizocepha1an, 527,532,541 rhizopods, 37-50

example of, Amoeba proteus, 3 7-9

general characteristics of, 39 groups, 39-50

Rhizostomeae, 144, 148-9, 182 Rhodnius, 598 Rhombifera, 809 rhombogen, 186 Rhopalodinidae, 792 Rhopalura, 186, 187 Rhynchobdellida, 3 71 rhynchobdellids, 373, 376, 377,

378 Rhynchodemus, 203, 205 Ricinulei, order, 459-60

distribution, 460 external features, 459 internal features, 460 reproduction, 460

Ripistes parasitica, 348 Risdonius parvus, 424 Rissoidae, 63 7 robber fly, 575 rock-lobsters, 519 Rostangia rubicunda, 100 rostellum, 199 Rotalia, 48 Rotaria, 272, 273 Rotifer, 272 Rotifera, class, 268-75

affinities, 274-5 classification of, 2 72 ecology, 274 example of, Brachionus rubens,

269-71 general organisation, 272-5

Rousseletia, 273 royal jelly, 563 R uncinidae, 6 3 7 Ryder, 552

s Sabella, 307, 313, 314, 319,

320 Sabellaria, 307 Sabellaria parvonia, 312

Sabellariidae, 307 Sabellidae, 307, 309, 311, 325 sabellids, 311,312,313,319,323,

325,326,327 Saccocirrus, 334, 33 7 Sacconereis, 329 Saccosoma, 381, 383 Sacculina, 515, 527, 535 Sacoglossa, 638, 641 Saefftigen's organ, 282, 283 Sagitta, 772, 773, 774 Sagitta, general anatomy, 772-3 Salenioida, 805 Salinella, 187 Salinella salve, 187 Salmacina, 307 salmon, 371 Salmo trutta, 210, 213 Salpa, 177 sanguivorous leeches, 3 7 8 Sarcoptiformes, 449 Saxicavidae, 6 7 1 scale worms, 311, 333 scalid, 277 scaphognathite, 498, 504 Scaphopoda, class, 631-2

development, 632 distribution and relationships,

632 fossil record, 632 general anatomy, 631-2

scarab beetles, 5 81 schizocoel, 18 schizodont, 6 77 Schizodonta, 671 schizogony, 54, 55 schizogregarines, 54-5 Schizomida, order, 456-7

external features, 456 distribution, 457 internal features, 457 reproduction, 457

schizonts, 58 Schizopeltida, 4 56 Schizoporella, 746, 749, 751 Schizoporella unicornis, 750 Scissurellidae, 646 Sclerasterias, 827, 828 scleroblasts, 81, 82, 84 Sclerodactylidae, 792 Scolelepis, 306, 309 scolex, 199 Scolopendra, 549 Scolopendromorpha, 549 Scoloplos, 306, 329 scorpion flies, 574, 575

869

Scorpionida, order, 435-9 ecology and distribution, 439 external features, 435-7 internal features, 43 7-9 reproduction and development,

439 segmentation, 436

scorpion-spiders, 45 7 Scrupocellaria, 746, 749 S crupocellaria scruposa, 7 50 scutellum, 58 7 Scutigera, 395, 551 Scutigerella, 552 Scutigerella immaculata, 552,

553 Scutigeromorpha, 549, 551 scutum, 587 Scutus, 641, 642 Scyllarus, 519,533 scyphistoma, 141, 142, 143 Scyphozoa, class, 13 7--49

distinctive features and classifica­tion, 143-9

example of the class, the common jelly fish (Aurelia aurita), 137-43

summary of, 14 9 sea-cucumbers, 776, 782, 789,

833 sea fans (see Gorgonacea), 160 sea-firs (see Sertularians), 119 sea-hares (see Aplysiidae), 63 7 sea-lilies, 776, 778, 809, 812, 815,

833 sea-mats, 739 sea mouse, 305, 311, 322 sea pens (see Pennatulacea), 160 sea-stars, 7 7 6 sea-urchins, 776, 778, 781, 782,

795, 798, 800, 833 Sedgwick, 19 Sedentaria, 305, 306 segmentation, 20 segmentation of orders of

Arachnida, 465 Seison, 272 Seison asplanchnus, 2 73 Seisonoida, 2 72 Selenidium, 53, 54 Semaeostomeae, 144, 147, 182 Semnoderes, 278, 279 Sepia, 720, 722, 724, 725, 728,

729, 731 Sepia officina/is, 718 Sepiidae, 704 Sepioidea, 704

870

Sepiolidae, 704 Septibranchia, 672, 690, 692, 694,

702 Serpula, 307, 323 Serpulidae, 307, 309, 311 serpulids, 309, 310, 311, 313,

314, 319, 323, 326, 327, 329

sertularians, 119 Sharov's theory, 397 shell gland, 490, 537, 732 shield bug, 573 shrimps, 533 Siboglinum, 774 sicula, 136 Sida, 512 siderophilic granules, 83 Sigaretus, 644 silk glands, 433, 450 sinus gland, 507 Siliquariidae, 637, 641, 656 silverfish, 565, 592 Simpson, 7 siphon, 640 Siphonaptera, 57 4, 57 6 Siphonariidae, 6 3 8, 64 7 Siphoniulus, 548 siphonoglyphs, 15 1, 15 3 Siphonophora, 118, 13 3-6, 181 siphonozooids, 163 siphuncle, 705 Siphunculata, 572, 573 Sipuncu1ida, phylum, 387-91

distribution and affinities, 3 9 1 example of the phylum, Sipun­

culus nudus, 3 8 7-91 Sipunculus, 387 Sipunculus nudus, body wall, 388-

9 internal features, 389-90 external features, 3 8 7-8 reproduction and development.

390-1 . snake millipedes, 54 7 social insects, 5 61, 57 8 soft corals, 5 14 So/aster, 826, 82 7 Solea solea, 198 Solecurtidae, 6 71 Solecurtus, 6 81 Solemya, 680 Solemyidae, 670, 690 Solenidae, 671 solenocytes, 323, 324 solenogastres, 628 Solenomyidae, 670

Solifugae, order, 452-5 distribution, 455 external features, 452-3 internal features, 453 reproduction, 455

Sallas, 102 Solpugida, 452 Soluta, 480

Index

Somasteroidea, 777,817,818,819 South Africa, 529, 541 South America, 408, 462, 494, 516,

527,541 Spadella, 772 spadix, 708 Spallanzani, Lazzaro, 1 Spatangoida, 802, 807 Spathebothridea, 210 Spelaeogriphacea, 517, 529, 536,

541 Spelaeogriphus lepidops, 517, 529 Sphaerechinorhynchus rotundi-

capitatus, 2 80 sphaeridia, 796 Sphaeriidae, 6 71 Sphaerium, 700 Sphaerotherium, 54 7 Sphecodesfusipennis, 606 Sphenophrya, 70 spicule types, common, 86 spicules, categories of, 81 spinnerets, 419,432, 450, 452, 466 spinochromes, 7 81 Spintheridae, 396, 397 Spinther miniaceus, 396 Spinulosida, 826, 827 Spio, 306 Spionidae, 306, 309 spionids, 317, 326 spiral cleavage, 12 Spirastrella, 88 Spirifera, 768, 769 spiroboloid iuliforms, 546 Spirobolus, 54 7 Spiroplecta, 48 Spirorbis, 307, 329 Spirorbis laevis, 329 Spirostomum, 73, 74 Spirostreptus, 54 7 spirotrichs, 73-4 Spirula, 716, 71 7 Spirulidae, 704 Spondylus, 675, 677, 678, 697 Spongia, 93, 94 Spongilla, 92 spongin, 87, 99 spongin A, 9 3

Index

spongin B, 93 spongocoel, 79, 95 sporoblasts, 61 sporocyst, 195, 222 sporoplasm, (see amoeboid infective

body), 59, 60,61 sporosacs, 12 7 Sporozoa, 5, 25 sporozoites (see zoites), 51 springtails, 565, 592 Squilla, 516,528,529 stag beetles, 5 85 Stagmomantis carolina, 591 stalked barnacle, 514 stalked crinoids, 812 ~arfish, 333, 824, 825 statoblast, 7 59 statocone, 711 statoliths, 325 Stauromedusae, 143-4, 182 Stavelia horrida, 682 St Cuthbert's beads, 812 stellate ganglia, 729 Stelleroidea, 818 stemmata, 5 80 Stenocyphus, 144 Stenolaemata, 745, 748, 754, 756 stenopodium, 497 Stenopora, 745 Stenostomum, 22 Stentor, 73 Stenurida, 828, 830, 832 Stephanoceros, 272 stercoral pouch, 432 sternellum, 588 sterols, 7 81 stereoblastula, 15 stereogastrula, 76, 84, 103 Stethostomata, 4 79 Stichopodidae, 793 Stichopus, 793 stick insects, 56 7, 5 70 stigma, euglenoid, 3 1 stirodont, 802 Stirodonta, 802 Stoecharthrum, 186 S toichactis, 16 7, 16 8 stolon, 327 stolon formation, 326, 328, 329 Stolonifera, 158, 746, 753, 754,

756, 757, 760 Stomatopoda, 516,528,541 Stomatopora, 745, 760 stomidia, 162 stomoblastula, 83 stomodaeum, 16

stomotheca, 443 Stomphia, 163 stoneflies, 567, 588 Stratiodrilus, 333 Stratiomyia, 600 Streptaxidae, 639 streptoneury, 65 7 strobila, 21, 199, 220 strobilation, 142, 15 7 Stromatoporoidea, 101, 119, 136 Strombidae, 637, 656 Strongyloides, 261 Struthiolariidae, 637, 656 Stylaria, 345, 348 Stylaster, 118,131,132 Stylaster sanguineus, 132 style, crystalline, 656, 692 style sac, 692 Stylifer, 825 Stylommatophora, 63 8 Suberites domunculus, 101 sub-genital pit, 139 sub-genital portico, 149 submentum, 5 82 subradular organ, 625 subradius, 113 Succineidae, 639 sucking lice, 5 72 suctorians, ciliated larvae, 71-2 suctorians, 71-3

phylogenetic relationships, 71 sulphuric acid, 654 sun animalcule (see Actinophrys

sol), 41, 42,43 sun spiders, 452 swarming, 329 swimming plates, 1 70 Sycettida, 84 Sycon, 93 Sycon gelatinosum, general mor-

phology, 78-80 histology, 82 inversion of blastula, 83 microscopic structure, 81 sexual reproduction and develop­

ment, 82-4 skeleton, 81

syconoid sponges, 79, 95, 96 Syllidae, 306, 311, 326 syllids, 314, 316, 326, 327, 329,

333,358 Syllis, 306, 308, 311 Syllis hyalina, 329 Syllis ramosa, 3 2 7 symmetry, 15 symmetry, bilateral, 15, 16, 126,

134, 155, 156, 170,181,188, 189,239,269,616,623,633, 646,670

symmetry, biradial, 104, 153, 170 symmetry, in Gastropoda, 633 symmetry, radial, 15, 16, 104, 126,

170, 181 symmetry, spherical, 15 Symphyla, class, 551-2 Symphylella, 552, 553 Synallactidae, 793 synapticula, 164 Synaptidae, 794 Syncarida, 515, 527, 528, 536,

542 Synchaeta, 273 Syngenodrilidae, 346, 34 7 Syngenodrilus, 346 Syngoga,514,527 syzygy, 52

T

Tabanus, 589 Table Mountain, 529 tabulae, 130 Tachypleus, 41 7 Tachypleus gigas (=Limulus

moluccanus, 418 Tachypleus tridentatus, 414 Taenia, 212 Taenia saginata, 202 Taenia serrata, 202 Taenia solium, 199-202

development, 202 excretory system, 200 general features, 199-200 nervous system, 200 reproductive organs, 201

taenioles, 141 Tamanovalva limax, 641, 642 Tanaidacea, 517, 529, 530, 531,

536,537,541 Tanais, 518 Tapes watlingi, 6 7 5 tapetum, 698 tapeworms, 20 taphrognath, 468 Tardigrada, sub-phylum, 408 tarsal organs, 4 2 8 Tasmania, 527, 551 taxis, 262-3 taxodont, 676 Taxodonta, 6 71, 6 84 Tealia, enteric system, 151-2

hydrostatic skeleton of, 15 3

871

Tealia crassicornis, external charac-ters, 150-1

muscular system, 152-3 nervous system, 154-5 reproductive organs, 155-6 symmetry, 153-4

tectum, 445 Tegenaria domestica, 425 Telestacea, 159 Telesto, 159 Tellinacea, 681 Tellinidae, 671 teloblastic mesoderm formation, 18 telolecithal, 11, 1 7 5 telophase, 5 telotroch, 331, 332, 668, 764 Temnocephala, 203, 204-5, 215 Ter.nnocephala minor, 205 Temnopleuroida, 803, 805 Tenebrio, 395 Tenebrio obscurus, 606 tentacles, suctorian, 71 tentacular tufts, 619 Tentaculata, 1 7 5 tentaculoids, 74 tenthredinid, 5 82 tentorial pits, 556 Terebella, 307,309,311,318 Terebellidae, 307, 325 terebellids, 311,312-13,314,317,

322,323,324,333 Terebra guttata, 640 Terebratulina, 769 Terebridae, 640 Teredinidae, 671, 694,699, 704 Teredo, 694 termites, 571,578 Testacella, 643 Testacellidae, 639 testate amoebae, 40 Testicardines, 769 Tethya, 88, 93, 99, 100 Tethya aurantium, 101 Tetrabratulina, 768 Tetracephalosomita, 401 Tetractinomorpha, 87, 93, 103 Tetrahymena, 68 Tetramastix, 273 Tetranychidae, 448 Tetraphyllidea, 210, 211 Tetraplatia, 118, 126 Tetrapodilinae, 448 Tetrarhychidea, 210, 211 Tetrarhynchus, 210, 211 Tetrastemma, 23 3 Teuthoidea, 704

872

Texas, 541 Textricella parva, 424 Thalassema, 381, 385 theca, 107 theca, dinoflagellate, 3 5 Thecata, 118, 119 Thecosomata, 63 7 Thelepus, 307 Thelyphonida, order, 455-6

distribution, 456 external features, 455 internal features, 455-6 reproduction, 456

Theraphosidae, 423, 468 theraphosid spiders, 468 Thermosbaena, 517, 528, 529 Thermosbaenacea, 517, 528, 529,

530,536,537,539,541 Theromyzon, 3 72 thesocytes, 82 Thiaridae, 63 7 thickener cells, 81 thigmotrichs, 68-70

as commensals, 69 thoracentron, 453, 455 Thoracica, 514 Thoracophelia, 307 Thoracophelia mucronata, 3 3 2 Thraciidae, 671 thrips, 572 thrombokinase, 3 7 8 Thuroholia, 792 Thyonidium, 786 Thyrone, 786 Thysanopoda, 5 19 Thysanoptera, 572, 573 Thysanozoon,203,204 Thysanura, 552, 565, 566, 592,

593,594 ticks, 448 Tiedmann's bodies, 781 Tiedemann's vesicles, 823 tintinnids, 74 Tintinnopsis, 74 Tisiphonia, 93 Tjalfiella, 176, 178, 179-80, 183 tocostome, 224 Tomopteridae, 306 tomopterids, 323 Tomopteris, 306 Tonna,654 Tonnidae, 63 7 tornaria, 836 Torpedo, 213 torsion, in Echinodermata, 783 torsion, in Gastropoda, 633-5

Index

torsion, significance of in gas-tropods, 634-5

trabeculae, 814 tracheae, 434, 450 Trachelomonas, 3 1 Trachylina, 118, 128-30, 181 Trachymedusae, 118,129,130 Trapezia, as a commensal, 168 Travisia, 307 Trematoda, 203 trepang, 793 Trepostomata, 745, 759 Treptoplax, 187 Triactinomyxon ignotum, 60 Triathrus becki, 411 trichites, 67 trichobothria, 428, 439,441,460 trichocysts, 64, 6 7 Trichodina, 70, 71 trichomonadids, 28 Trichomonas, 36 Trichomonas tenax, 3 7 Trichomonas l'aginalis, 36, 3 7 Trichonympha, 3 6, 3 7 Trichoplax, 187 Trichoptera, 574, 575 trichostomes, 71 triclad (see Platyhelminthes), 188,

189 Tricladida, 205 triclads, 21 Tridacnafossor, 675 Tridacnidae, 671, 694 Trignatha, 543

survey of, 548-52 Trigoniidae, 6 71 Trigonotarbi, 480 Trilobita, general features, 410-

11 Trilobitomorpha, sub-phylum, 41 O-

Il Trilobodrilus,334 Trimyaria, 228 Triops, 484, 486, 487

appendages, 486-8 body cavity, 490 body wall, 488 circulatory system, 490 development, 492-3 ecology, 493 excretion, 490 external features, 485-6 feeding and the alimentary canal,

489 muscular system, 488-9 nervous system, 490-1

Index

reproduction, 492 respiratory system, 490 sense organs, 491-2

Triops cancriformis, 486, 491 Triops orienta/is, 492 triploblastic, 105 triradiate spicules, 81 Triticella, 746, 757 Trivia, 664 trivium, 781 trochal disc, 268 Trocheta, 3 72 Trochidae, 636 trochophore, 16, 305, 330, 331,

336, 33~61~62~668,699, 733

Trochosphaera,274 Trochus, 639, 653 Troglochaetus, 3 34 Trombiculidae, 448 Tromibiformes, 448 trophozoite, 50, 54, 55, 61 Tropiometridae, 814 true crabs, 534 true flies, 565 Trypanorhyncha,211 Trypanosoma cruzi, 36 Trypanosoma gambiense, 36 Trypanosoma rhodesiense, 36 trypanosome, undulating mem-

brane, 36 kinetoplast, 36

trypanosomes, 28, 36 Trypanosyllis, 306, 326, 327 Trypetesa, 514, 527 tube-feet, 778 tube worm, 3 19 Tubifex,209,210,345,348,359 Tubificidae, 345, 347,357,359 tubificids, 357, 359 Tubipora, 158, 161, 163, 166, 168 Tubipora musica, 162 Tubulanus, 233 Tubulanus ruber, 231 Tubularia, 119, 128, 130 Tubulipora, 745 Tubulipora liliacea, 750 tunicates, 7 Turbellaria, 8, 9, 203 turbellarians, 6, 9, 10, 21, 22,

331 Turbinidae, 636 Turbo,639 Turritellidae, 63 7, 640 Turrulites, 714 two-winged flies, 565, 574

Typosyllis, 306 tyramine, 724

u Uca, 520, 534 Ulmaridae, 14 7 Umbellula, 179 umbilicus, 639 umbones, 674 Umbraculidae, 638 umbrella, 111 uncini, 311 uncus,270 undulating membrane; of ciliates, 66 Unio, 197, 675, 680,681,695 Unionidae, 671 urate salts, 598, 602 urea, 504, 597 uric acid, 423, 598, 602 uricotelism, 662 Urnatella, 289 Urodacus, 43 8 Uropygi, 455,456,468 U.S.A., 381,460,462 Utah, 818 uterine bell, 283

v Valencienne's organ, 708 Vampyromorpha, 705 Vampyroteuthidae, 705 Vanadis, 297 van de Hoeven's organ, 708 Vaneyellidae, 792 velarium, 138, 146 Velella, 118, 126 Velesunio, 688, 695 Velesunio ambiguus, 700 veliger, 618, 632, 668, 699 Vermetidae, 637, 641, 656 Vermetus, 656 Vermiliopsis, 311 Verticordiidae, 6 72 V eneridae, 6 71 vestibular groove, or crytomonads,

30 vestibule, 61, 64 vestibulum, 71 vibracula, 745, 749 Victoria, 527 Villebrunaster, 7 77, 819 virgula, 136 viscero-pallium, 616 vitamin B12 , 26

vitellaria, 191, 195, 815, 833 vitellarium, 218, 219 vitelline cells, 19 1 vitelline duct, 19 5 Vivipara, 634, 662, 666 Viviparidae, 637, 666 Volchovia, 807 Volvox, 8, 28, 29, 31, 83, 103 Vorticella, 70

w Waddington, 11 Waldheimia, 765 walruses, 824 wasps, 565,576,585,594,606 water boatman, 5 73 water mites, 448 Watersipora, 746, 755, 757 water vascular system, 780 web-spinners, 5 71 Wells, 325, Ti6 West Indies, 800 whale louse, 53 2 whales, 532 wheel-animalcules (see Rotifera),

268 whip scorpions, 455 white ants, 5 71 'white' gland, 685 Wigglesworth, 5 89 Wilson, 12 wind scorpions, 452 Wolga, 273 wood lice, 540 worker bees, 560, 562 Wuchereria bancrofti, 261-2

X

Xenotrichula, 276 Xiphosura, sub-class, 412-1 7

alimentary canal and digestion, 415

appendages and mouthparts, 413-14

circulatory system, 415-16 ecology and distribution, 41 7 excretory organs, 415 integument, muscles and attach-

ments, 415 nervous system, 41 7 reproduction and development,

417 respiratory organs and respira­

tion, 415

873

sense organs, 41 7 tagmosis, 412-13

X-organ, 507 Xylophagia, 698, 699

y

Yoldia, 685 Ypsilothuria, 793 Ypsilothuriidae, 787, 792

874

z Zelleriella, 75 Zoantharia, 15 7, 162 zooanthellae, 694 Zoanthidea, 15 8 Zoanthus, 158, 161 Zoanthus sociatus, 160 zoea, 519, 540 zoea larva, 54 1

zoites, 51, 54, 56, 58 zoitoblast, 56, 58 zoitocyst, 56

Index

Zoobotryon, 746, 757 zoochlorellae, I 0 I zygocardiac ossicles, 502 zygocyst, 51, 54, 55, 56 zygocysts, germination of, 53 zygoneury,659