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Index

AActivities of Daily Living (ADL), 158, 183Airway breathing circulation (ABC), 173Amazon, onestop shopping, 244American Cancer Society (ACS), 146Angiosarcoma, 203Arthritis pain relief drugs, 103Asklepios, 32–33Atrial fibrillation, 92

clinical application, 205clotting process, 204electrical signal, 206heart arrhythmia, 203inflammation, 206pumping action, 203vitamin K, 204

Automated teller machine (ATM), 3Average man concept, 60–61Ayurveda, 28–30Azu, 30–31

BBacon method, 78Bad habits, behavior of, 141Beck Anxiety Inventory, 217BeeSpace project, 235Behavior(s)

diet and exercise, 141energy reduction, smoking, 238individual health effect, 141modification of, 245tobacco and smoking, 143

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS), 141, 146–148, 234, 241

Berkman model, 164Bertillon system, 119Bills of Mortality, 44–46Black box model, 149Blood pressure, body measures, 143

Body function, 176, 179Body mass index (BMI), 219, 236, 260Bone marrow transplant (BMT), 105–109Breadth Ordered Adaptive Treewalk (BOAT),

165–166Breast cancer

angiosarcoma, 203BRCA, 201history, 202prophylactic bilateral mastectomy, 201silicone implantation, 203subgroup identification, 202

CCancer chemotherapy, 106Cancer Prevention Studies (CPS),

146–147Cellphones, 171Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 147Coan school, 33Codex Hammurabi, 30Cohort clustering, 248Communication infrastructure

acute care/trauma system, 14demographic variation, 16geographic variation, 15telegraph industry, 13telephone industry, 14transmission protocol, 15variation identification, 16

Concept of vitality, 81Congestive heart failure, 93–94, 235

DDementia, 160Depression

behavioral activity, 161CES-D, screening, 161, 162

280 Index

clinical, 161social pressure, 141

Dialysis, 89–90Diet exercise stress (DES), 223Docomo health phones, 180Dossia consortium, 123Drug approval process, 100

EElectronic medical record (EMR), 197, 263

and disease classificationsacute care medicine, 116advantages, 118Bertillon system, 119coding systems, 119–120digital media transfer, 118earliest patient records, 116format and design, 117hierarchical decision tree, 118ICD system, 120physician-derived data, 117record fields, 118

Dossia consortium, 123health information technology (HIT), 115HealthSpace, 121interaction discovery and laboratory

demographicsdiagnostic code 410, 124Framingham data, 125obesity and social network, 125–126Telltale Heart, 124Vioxx and Celebrex, 123–124

medical informatics, 115Office National Coordinator (ONC), 115Personal Health Record (PHR), 120

chronic care, 129chronic case management, 127congestive heart disease program, 127diet and exercise, 128health status normal curve, 129–130home health system information tracking,

129social and environmental factors, 128stress and environment, 128–129

pyramid from clinics to hospitals, 130–133

regional and national systems, 116Regional Health Information Exchanges

(RHIE), 121–122semantic federation, 121syntactic federation, 121–122

Evans-Kindig model, 150Everyday health monitors (EHM), 176

FFaceBook

“friend” in, 241persons, daily events of, 169social epidemiology, 151social medium, 232

Five Rings model, 26–28Framingham Met Life model, 65–66Framingham risk factors

hypertension and stroke, 56–57tuberculosis scourge, 55–56

Framingham study, 141

GGalen era, 38–39Galen method, 77Genes and Environment Initiative (GEI),

196, 237Genomes

atrial fibrillationclinical application, 205clotting process, 204electrical signal, 206heart arrhythmia, 203inflammation, 206pumping action, 203vitamin K, 204

breast cancerangiosarcoma, 203BRCA, 201history, 202prophylactic bilateral

mastectomy, 201silicone implantation, 203subgroup identification, 202

cellular demographics and limitationschronic condition, 193computational technique, 199environmental effects, 196Framingham population, 198HapMap, 196NIH approach, 198protein process, 194smoking and lung cancer, 195social behavior, 197statistical analysis, 194

heart diseaseclinical stages, 209coronary angiography, 207etiology, 208GWAS examination, 207profound effect, 208

history, 189

Index 281

prostate screeninggene locus 8q24, 200PSA test, 199SNP variant, 200

screening and stratificationbiological hierarchy, 190, 191biological information, 189biological system, 190blood examination, 193DNA and protein interaction, 192

warfarindosage, 204therapy, 205

Germ theory, 59, 73, 192Global Positioning System (GPS), 171, 186Google

search engine, 232tracking software, 243voicemail services, 243

Grocery stores, 245Gross Domestic Health (GDH), 142

HHalley's life-table, 46HDC-BMT treatment, 107–108Health assessment questionnaire (HAQ), 158Health community networks, 241Health determinants

ability, individual persons, 140China and humours structure, 31–32CIAR model, 149Evans-Kindig model, 150five rings

behavior features, individual side, 141biology and body, 140diet and exercise, 141function, 141–142GDH value, 142IOM report, 138living and working conditions, 141numbering, power and inversely

reflection, 139public health and personal medicine

balance, 138–139risk factors, 138social networks, 141stress features, population side, 141

Greeks and the humoursAsklepios, 32–33Coan school, 33Hippocrates, 33–36Panacea and Hygeia, 33school of Cnidus, 36

Indian medicineAyurveda, 28–30Azu, 30–31Codex Hammurabi, 30Sushruta Samhita, 30

individual healthAmerican Cancer Society, 146BRFSS, 147, 148CDC, 147, 148CPS II Nutrition Cohort, 147CPS-I & II cohort, 146–147Lifelink Cohort, 147

measurement and managementactionable data, 151cost reduction, 152data closer, 151Internet, 152medical sensors, 152rings status, 151–152Ws examinations, 152

physical health factors, 149plague collapse, 40–41population health

effect of, social factors, 145public health epidemiology, 144social networks and health status

relationships, 144–145societal pressures, 145vs. individual health, 143–144

public heath and personal medicineFive Rings model, 26–28Hygeia and Panakeia, 26Yin and Yang, 26

quality of life questionnaire, 150Roman systemization of Galen

Arab world, 39–40archiatri, 37era of Galen, 38–39military hospitals, 38public health, 36sanitarium, 36–37Water Board, 37

Health maintenance organization (HMO), 12Health related quality of life questionnaire

(HRQOL), 224Healthcare infrastructure

acute care (see Pre-transition)banking infrastructure (see Inevitable

evolution)basic properties, 3chronic care (see Post-transition)communication infrastructure

acute care/trauma system, 14demographic variation, 16

282 Index

geographic variation, 15telegraph industry, 13telephone industry, 14transmission protocol, 15variation identification, 16

expectationsdeath causes, 254decision making, 251heart attack, 252inevitable evolution, 253national analysis, 252personal and supercomputer, 254

health systemsherbal medicine, 263information technology, 265–266PHR, 264producers and payers, 265town doctor, 264

individual managementalgorithmic technique, 251clinical trial, 250disease categorization, 248disease code, 250large-scale computing, 251Meridia and Phen-Fen, 249vectors, 247

personal medicineage, 260back pain, 262breast cancer, 261chronic condition, 257clinical trial, 259estrogen trial, 261estrogen/progesterone, 258gail score, 260RCT, 258smoking, 260social determinants, 263WHI, 259

public healthdiseases and plagues, 255Framingham study, 257MRSA and MDRTB, 256

traditional solution, 3transportation infrastructure

expert operators, 13physical infrastructure, 12provider pyramid, 10railroad industry, 11

volume and variationblood pressure, 6information technology, 4, 5internet, 4medical industry, 9

personal medicine, 7population stratification, 6provider pyramid, 9public health, 7railroad industry, 8–9telegraph industry, 8Yin and Yang, 5

HealthSpace, 121High dose chemotherapy (HDC), 106–107Homelab, 183Hormone replacement therapy (HRT),

110–111, 258Hygeia and Panakeia, 26, 33Hypertension, public health risk factors, 138

IIndividual ability. See Genomes; SensorsIndividual variation, 140Inevitable evolution

ATM machines, 17global technology, 18health system, 19physical parameters, 16telegraph station, 18

Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE), 160

Institute of Medicine (IOM) report, 138Intensive care unit (ICU), 176International Telecommunication Union (ITU),

237Internet Health Monitors (IHM), 19, 231

JJob content questionnaire (JCQ), 215

KKidney transplantation, 91Koch's postulates, 59

LLife Satisfaction Index, 217Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC),

168, 225Low back pain

Ehrlich description, 113MRI scans, 113–114primary care guidelines, 112–113spinal stenosis, 113surgical procedures, 114

Low-end mobile phone, 237

Index 283

MMcGill pain questionnaire (MPQ), 159Medical Outcomes Study, 156Medicine failure

comparative medicine and clinical evidencebloodletting, 97combating polio, 98pathology and physiology, 99patients information, 95–96scurvy diagnosis, 96–97susceptibility to tuberculosis, 97–98treatment comparisons, 96

low back painEhrlich description, 113MRI scans, 113–114primary care guidelines, 112–113spinal stenosis, 113surgical procedures, 114

middle medicine-health bridgebone marrow transplant, 107cancer chemotherapy, 106cancer treatment success, 106HDC-BMT treatment, 107–108high dose chemotherapy, 106–107hormone replacement therapy, 110–111National Health Service trial, 110plastic and cosmetic surgery, 108prostate specific antigen test, 111–112silicone breast implants, 108–109

pharma drugsarthritis pain relief drugs, 103Rezulin, 105Vioxx, 103–105

randomized clinical trials (RCT)correlation strength, 101drug approval process, 100leukemic focus, 99potential anti-cancer effect, 99state of Personal Medicine, 102thalidomide, 100

Medicine successanatomy localization, disease categories

Bacon method, 78Galen method, 77German schools, 80Hippocrates observations, 77Morgagni work, 78–79Parisian hospitals, 79Vesalius normal anatomy, 78

dynamic physiology thresholdsbody maintenance, 81concept of vitality, 81measurements, 83pulse curve study, 83

stethoscope description, 82temperature patterns, 81urinalysis, 83

heart diseasesatrial fibrillation, 92congestive heart failure, 93–94

kidney diseases and treatmentsdialysis, 89–90dropsy complaints, 88elevated urea level, 88failure cause, 89immunological defenses, 91kidney transplantation, 91osmotic filter process, 90pathology and physiological

study, 89urine output study, 89

trauma surgeryacute care infrastructure, 84acute care medicine, 88circulation, 85EMS personnel, 87Level I centers, 85, 87national trauma system, 84patient breathing, 85–86

Mental fitness, 140Miasma, 53Michigan Metabolic Obesity Center

(MMOC), 236Mobile devices. See CellphonesMobile monitors, health system

devices, nutrition and exercisebody sensors, 238calories in/out, 237–238datas from phone hub, 239–240decision making, 239–240energy balance measurement, 238ITU statement, 237stress and sleep measurement, 238wearable monitors, 238, 239worldwide broadband subscriptions, 237

everyday measurement, IHMactionable data, 234concept of, 231FaceBook, 232Google, 232individuals and populations measurement,

233medical devices, 233mobile phones, 232–233new-style clinical trials, 233–234QOL questionnaire, 234rings, definition of, 231services, 232

284 Index

statistical clustering, 234–235system design, 230Web, scientific advisor, 231Yahoo, 232

interactions and conditions“Hot or Not,” dating sites, 241FaceBook, 241Google, search engine, 243health community networks, 241link types, 241QOL questionnaires, SF-36, 241–242quantity and quality of, 240Twitter, intermediate service, 241Yahoo Groups, 242

metabolism and mobilityclinical measurements, 236environmental parameters, 237everyday health measurement, 235–236internal metabolic rate, 235PALMS, 237wearable devices, 236

provider pyramidanalysis and recording, own health status,

243independent clinics, 245onestop shopping, Amazon, 244patient and nurse interactions, 244sensors, shopping cart, 245–246Walmart, healthcare business, 245

Mortalitycoronary artery disease, 156environmental stress, 157

Myocardial infarction, 74, 145

NNational Death Index, 147Nutrition Exercise Sleep Stress Interactive

Environment (NESSIE), 233, 238

OObesity, 75–76, 125–126, 141, 219Osmotic filter process, 90Oxygen saturation monitor, 178

PPersonal controlled health record (PCHR), 264Personal data access (PDA), 180Personal Health Record (PHR), 120, 243

chronic care, 129chronic case management, 127congestive heart disease program, 127

diet and exercise, 128health status normal curve, 129–130home health system information

tracking, 129social and environmental factors, 128stress and environment, 128–129

Personal medicine. See Health determinantsPersonalized genomic medicine (PGM), 197Personalized medicine. See GenomesPhysical Activity and Location Measurement

System (PALMS), 237PiiX sensor, 178Population function

living condition and message groupcaptopril and digoxin, 226, 227HRQOL, 224internet access, 227language processing, 226LIWC, 225opinion mining and sentiment

analysis, 224Vioxx and Celebrex, 225

living condition measurementanxiety, 217clinical trials, 215health effects, 214physical factors, 215QOL score, 216scalable methods, 216

public health, 211social epidemiology

BMI and clinical depression, 219health features, 218stress and behavior, 220

social network and facebook friendsARPANET, 220DES, 223electronic mail, 221Nielsen statistics, 222RCT, 221social interaction, 222transitivity, 223

social network measurementemotional support, 213individual interaction, 212MOS, quality measures, 214social stress, 213social support, 212

social pressure, 211Post-transition

economic viability, 22health monitors, 23medical industry, 21physical parameters, 22

Index 285

Pre-transitionorgan transplantation, 20physical buildings, 21primary healthcare infrastructure, 19

Prostate specific antigen (PSA), 111–112, 199Public health failure

causation vs. correlationFramingham model of Met Life,

65–66hypertension and stroke, 64–65multifactorial etiologies, 64proof of causality, 64

germ theory, 59immune diseases

AIDS, 69–70tuberculosis, 70–72

infectious agentsH1N1 virus, 68–69influenza virus, 67MRSA decline, 67staph problem, 66–67

Koch's postulates, 59population statistics and MetLife

average man concept, 60–61Broad Street pump location, 59–60descriptive statistics, 60industrialization problems, 60life insurance risk, 62Metropolitan Life, 62probability theory, 60–61statistics in clinical medicine, 61–62

risk factorscholesterol, 74Framingham Heart Study, 73–74heart disease diagnosis, 72–73heart disease epidemic, 73myocardial infarction diagnosis, 74obesity, 75–76

Public health successcentralized works

binary solution, 50infection cause identification, 47infectious cholera, 48–49infectious tuberculosis, 49–50

distributed failsbattlefield death, 52contagion spreading prevention, 51–52miasma, 53plague control, 50rapid industrialization, 52value of sanitation, 54

Framingham risk factorshypertension and stroke, 56–57tuberculosis scourge, 55–56

population records and disease censusanalysis tools, 47Bills of Mortality, 44–46black plague, 43–44Halley's life-table, 46population surveys, 47

scientific vaccines, 54–55smoking cigarettes and lung cancer, 57–58

Pulse curve study, 83Pulse oximeter, 233, 236

QQ Sensor, 239Quality of Life (QOL), 22

ability, 155concept of, 154function, 142, 155medical outcomes, 156mental ability, 155mental measurement

Blessed dementia scale, 160clinical depression, 161depression screening, 161IQCODE interviews, patients, 160–161negative and positive feelings, 161–162personal medicine, 160self-rating depression scale, 162

patient self-assessment, 154–155physical measurement

activities of daily living (ADL), 158component and dimension, 158–159health assessment questionnaire, 158McGill pain questionnaire, 159pain and distress (PAD) scale, 159–160pain description, patient, 159patients disability, 158sentiment person, 160

physiological measurement, labtestcellphone, 171clinic versions, 170heart monitor, 170wearable and comfortable sensor,

170–171psychological measurement

behavioral levels, 164BOAT, 165–167categories, 165–167health diary, 168–169heuristic methods, 165Internet websites, 168interrogation with students, 163physical examination, 162questionnaire interaction session, 167

286 Index

real users, health status, 167–168sentiment analysis, 168short message sending, 169software technology development, 163

SF–36, 156–157

RRadio frequency identifications (rfids), 188Randomized clinical trial (RCT), 99–102, 221,

234, 258Regional Health Information Exchanges

(RHIE), 121–122Rezulin, 105Rice and fish diet, heart health, 142Roman systemization of Galen

Arab world, 39–40archiatri, 37era of Galen, 38–39military hospitals, 38public health, 36sanitarium, 36–37Water Board, 37

SSchool of Cnidus, 36Secretary-General Hamadoun Toure agency,

237Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), 162Sensors

acute and chronic care, 173measurement frequency and status severity

blood and breath, 176implicit monitoring, 177information, 174inner rings, 174, 175living condition, 176outer rings, 174, 175social network, 176

portable blood flow, 174ring 1

blood flow, 177breath flow, 178vital signs, 179

ring 2ambient intelligence, 183biometric information, 181body function, 179diet and exercise, 180Homelab, 183metabolism and mobility, 182wearable sensors, 181, 182

ring 3calorie intake, 183energy computations, 184functional clothes, 185

ring 4 and 5asthma, 186digital canary, 187–188environmental monitor, 187environmental stress, 185organizational behavior, 186rfids, 188social network, 187

Sentiment analysis, 168, 224–225Sickness Impact Profile (SIP), 156Silicone breast implants, 108–109, 203Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs),

195, 200Smartphone, 239Smoking, public health risk factors, 138Social networks

FaceBook, 151“friends” in, 241social medium, 232

Twitter, 241Yahoo Groups, 152

Spinal stenosis, 113Structured and Scaled Interview to Assess

Maladjustment (SSIAM), 213Sushruta Samhita, 30

TThe Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal

Medicine, 162Transportation infrastructure

expert operators, 13physical infrastructure, 12provider pyramid, 10railroad industry, 11

Twitterintermediate service, 241short message service, 169

UU.N. telecommunications agency, 237U.S. Department of Health and Human

Services, 149Urinalysis, 83

VVioxx, 103–105, 123–124, 225

Index 287

WWalmart, 245Wearable sensors, 153Whitehall study, 144, 157Women's Health Initiative (WHI), 259World Health Organization (WHO), 141, 154,

216World Values Survey (Web WVS), 143

YYahoo Groups

everyday measurement, IHM, 232Health and Wellness topics, 168

health messages from, 242personal narrative, 152

Yin and Yang, 26, 31–32

ZZung Self-Rated Anxiety Scale, 218