References

References

98

Abutbul, S., Golan-Goldhirsh, A., Brazani, O., Zilberg, D., 2004. Use of Rosmarinus officinalis as a treatment against Streptococcus iniae in tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). Aquaculture 238, 97-105.

Aggarwala, A., Singla, S.K., Gandhi, M., Tandona, C., 2012. Preventive and curative effects of Achyranthes aspera Linn. extract in experimentally induced nephrolithiasis. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 50, 201-208.

Akira, S., Hemmi, H., 2003. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by TLR family. Immunology Letters 85, 85-95.

Alejo, A., Tafalla, C., 2011. Chemokines in teleost fish species. Developmental andComparative Immunology 35, 1215-1222.

Alexander, J.B., Ingram, G.A., 1992. Noncellular non-specific defence mechanisms of fish. Annual Review of Fish Disease 2, 249-280.

Ali, M.K., Rahman, M.A., Quader, M.A., 2004. Sterols from the leaves of Achyrenthes aspera. Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 52, 1-6.

Altmann, S.M., Mellon, M.T., Distel, D.L., Kim, C.H., 2003. Molecular and functional analysis of an interferon gene from the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Journal of Virology 77, 1992-2002.

Alvarez-Pellitero, P., Palenzuela, O., Sitja-Bobadilla, A., 2008. Histopathology and cellular response in Enteromyxum leei (Myxozoa) infections of Diplodus puntazzo (Teleostei). Parasitology International 57, 110-120.

Anbuchezhian, R., Gobinath, C., Ravichandran, S., 2011. Antimicrobial peptide from the epi-dermalmucus of some estuarine cat fishes. World Applied Sciences Journal 12, 256-260.

Anderson, D.P., 1992. Immunostimulants, adjuvants and vaccine carriers in fish: application to aquaculture. Annual Review of Fish Diseases 2, 281-307.

Anderson, D.P., 1992. Immunostimulants, adjuvants and vaccine carriers in fish: application to aquaculture. In: Faisal, M., Hetrick, F.M. (Eds.), Annual Review of Fish Diseases. Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 281-307.

References

99

Anderson, D.P., Siwicki, A.K., 1995. Basic haematology and serology for fish health programs. In: Shariff, M., Arthur, J.R., Subasinghe, R.P. (Eds.), Diseases in Asian Aquaculture II. Manila, Philippines, Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society. pp.185.

AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemist), 1990. Official Method of Analysis, fourteenth ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC, USA.

Aoki, T., Hirono. I., 2006. Immune relevant genes of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 1, 115-121.

Araki, K., Akatsu, K., Suetake, H., Kikuchi, K., Suzuki, Y., 2008. Characterization of D8+ leukocytes in fugu (Takifugu rubripes) with antiserum against fugu CD8a. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 32, 850-858.

Arason, G.J. 1996. Lectins as defence molecules in vertebrates and invertebrates. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 6, 277-289.

Aziz, M.A., Rahman, M.M., Mondal, A.K., Muslim, T., Quader, M.A., 2005. 3-Acetoxy-6-benzoyloxyapangamide from Achyranthes aspera. Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 4, 113-116.

Batta, A.K., Rangaswami, S., 1973. Crystalline chemical components of some vegetable drugs. Phytochemistry 12, 214-216.

Baulny, M.O.D., Quentel, C., Fournier, V., Lamour, F. Gouvello, R.L., 1996. Effect of long-term oral administration of β-glucan as an immunostimulants or an adjuvant on some non-specific parameters of the immune response of turbot Scophthalmus maximus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 26, 139-147.

Bayne, C.J., Gerwick, L., 2001. The acute phase response and innate immunity of fish. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 25, 725-743.

Bei, J-X., Suetake, H., Araki, K., Yoshiura, Y., Lin, H-R., Suzuki, Y., 2006. Two interleukin (IL)-15 homologues in fish from two distinct origins. Molecular Immunology 43, 860-869.

References

100

Bernard, D., Six, A., Rigottier-Gois, L., Messiaen, S., Chilmonczyk, S., Quillet, E., 2006. Phenotypic and functional similarity of gut intraepithelial and systemic T cells in a teleost fish. The Journal of Immunology 176, 3942-3949.

Bhor, V.M., Raghuram, N., Sivakami, S., 2004. Oxidative damage and altered antioxidant enzyme activities in the small intestine of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology 36, 29-97.

Binuramesh, C., Prabakaran, M., Steinhagen, D., Michael, R.D., 2005. Effect of chronic confinement stress on the immune responses in different sex ratio groups of Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). Aquaculture 250, 47-59.

Bird, S., Wang, T., Zou, J., Cunningham, C., Secombes, C.J., 2002. The first cytokine sequence within cartilaginous fish: IL-1in the small spotted cat shark (S. canicula). The Journal of Immunology 168, 3329-3340.

Blazer, V.S., 1991. Piscine macrophage function and nutritional influences: A review. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 3, 77-86.

Blohm, U., Siegl, E., Kollner, B., 2003. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) sIgM leucocytes secrete an interleukin-2 like growth factor after mitogenic stimulation in vitro. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 14, 449-465.

Bobe, J., Goetz, F.W., 2001. Molecular cloning and expression of a TNF receptor and two TNF ligands in the fish ovary. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 129, 475-481.

Boshra, H., Li, J., Sunyer, J.O., 2006. Recent advances on the complement system of teleost fish. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 20, 239-262.

Bowden, T.J., Cook, P., Rombout, J.H.M.W., 2005. Development and function of the thymus in teleosts. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 19, 413-427.

Brattgjerd, S., Evensen, O., 1996. A sequential light microscopic and ultrastructural study on the uptake and handling of Vibrio salmonicida in the head kidney phagocytes of experimentally infected Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Veterinary Pathology 33, 55-65.

References

101

Bromage, E.S., Kaattari, I.M., Zwollo, P., Kaattari, S.L., 2004. Plasmablast and plasma cell production and distribution in trout immune tissues. Journal of Immunology 173, 7317-7323.

Campbell, R.E., Lilley, J.H., Richards, R.H., 1998. The use of natural products in the treatment of EUS (Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome). In: Kane, A.S., Poynton, S.L. (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Symposium on Aquatic Animal Health. Baltimore, USA.

Campos-Perez, J.J., Ward, M., Grabowski, P.S., Ellis, A.E., Secombes, C.J., 2000. The gills are an important site of iNOS expression in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss after challenge with the Gram-positive pathogen Renibacterium salmoninarum. Immunology 99, 153-161.

Carroll, M.C., 2004. The complement system in B cell regulation. Molecular Immunology 41, 141-146.

Castro, R., Bernard, D., Lefranc, M.P., Six, A., Benmansour, A., Boudinot, P.T., 2011. Cell diversity and TcR repertoires in teleost fish. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 31, 644-654.

Chakrabarti, R., Rao, Y.V., 2006. Achyranthes aspera stimulates the immunity and enhances the antigen clearance in Catla catla. International Immunopharmacology 6, 782-790.

Chakrabarti, R., Rao, Y.V., 2012. Achyrathes aspera enhances the immunity and antigen clearance in common carp Cyprinus carpio. Journal of Fish Diseases 35, 389-392.

Chakrabarti, R., Srivastava, P.K., Kundu, K., Khare, R.S., Shanta, B., 2012. Evaluation of immunostimulatory and growth promoting effect of seed fractions of Achyranthes aspera in common carp Cyprinus carpio and identification of active constituents. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 32, 839-843.

Chansue, N., Ponpornpisit, A., Endo, M., Sakai, M., Satoshi, Y., 2000. Improved immunity of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus by C-UP III, a herb medicine. Fish Pathology 35, 9-90.

References

102

Chaves-Pozo, E., Munoz, P., Lopez-Munoz, A., Pelegrin, P., Garcia Ayala, A., Mulero, V., 2005. Early innate immune response and redistribution of inflammatory cells in the bony fish gilthead seabream experimentally infected with Vibrio anguillarum. Cell and Tissue Research 320, 61-68.

Chen, J., Lin, W., Lin, T.A., 2009. Fish antimicrobial peptide, tilapia hepcidin TH2-3, shows potent antitumor activity against human fibrosarcoma cells. Peptides 30, 1636-1642.

Chen, Y., Wang, M.F., Rosen, R.T., Ho, C., 1999. 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging active components from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47, 2226-2228.

Chia, T., Wu, Y., Chen, J., Chi, S., 2010. Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) with antiviral activity against fish nodavirus. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 28, 434-439.

Chiu, P.Y.,Mak, D.H., Poon, M.K., Ko, K.M., 2002. In vivo antioxidant action of a lignanenrichedextract of Schisandra fruit and an anthraquinone-containing extract of Polygonum root in comparison with schisandrin B and emodin. Planta Medica 68, 951-956.

Christybapita, D., Divyagnaneswari, M., Michael, R.D., 2007. Oral administration of Eclipta alba leaf aqueous extract enhances the non-specific immune responses and disease resistance of Oreochromis mossambicus. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 23, 840-852.

Citarasu, T., 2010. Herbal biomedicines: a new opportunity for aquaculture industry. Aquaculture International. 18, 403-414.

Citarasu, T., Babu, M.M., Marian, M.P., 1998. Application of biomedicinal products for improving marine shrimp larval production. Aqua-Terra Annual Symposium. School of Biological Sciences, MK. University, Madurai, India.

Citarasu, T., Sekar, R.R., Babu, M.M., Marian, M.P., 2002. Developing Artemia enriched herbal diet for producing quality larvae in Penaeus monodon. Asian Fisheries Science 15, 21-32.

References

103

Citarasu, T., Sekar, R.R., Venketramalingam, K., Dhandapani, P.S., Marian, M.P., 2003a. Effect of wood apple Aegle marmelos, Correa (Dicotyledons, Sapindales, Rutaceae) extract as an antibacterial agent on pathogens infecting prawn (Penaeus indicus) lariviculture. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 32, 156-161.

Citarasu, T., Venket, R.K., Sekar, R.R., Micheal Babu, M., Marian, M., 2003b. Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoraleacorylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae. Aquaculture International 11, 583-595.

Cole, A.M., Weis, P., Dizmond, G., 1997. Isolation and characterization of pleurocidin, an antimicrobial peptide in the skin secretions of winter flounder. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, 12008-12013.

Cook, M.T., Hayball, P.J., Birdseye, L., Bagley, C., Nowak, B.F., Hayball, J.D., 2003. Isolation and partial characterization of a pentraxin-like protein with complement fixing activity from snapper (Pagrus auratus, Sparidae) serum. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 27, 579-588.

Cuesta, A., Esteban, M.A., Meseguer, J., 2006. Cloning, distribution and up-regulation of the teleost fish MHC class II alpha suggest a role for granulocytes as antigen presenting cells. Molecular Immunology 46, 1275-285.

Cuesta, A., Meseguer, J., Esteban, M.A., 2008. The antimicrobial peptide hepcidin exerts an important role in the innate immunity against bacteria in the bony fish gilthead sea bream. Molecular Immunology 45, 2333-2342.

Dalmo, R.A., Ingebrightsen, K., Bogwald, J., 1997. Non-specific defence mechanism in fish, with particular reference to the reticuloendothelial system (RES). Journal of Fish Diseases 20, 241-273.

Danneving, B.H., Lauve, A., Press, C., Landsverk, T., 1999. Receptor-mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis by rainbow trout head kidney sinusoidal cells. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 4, 3-18.

Das, B.K., Pradhan, J., Sahu, S., 2009. The effect of Euglena viridis on immune response of rohu, Labeo rohita (Ham.). Fish and Shellfish Immunology 26, 871-876.

References

104

Dautremepuits, C., Paris-Palacios, S., Betoulle, S., Vernet, G., 2004. Modulation in hepatic and head kidney parameters of carp (Cyprinus carpio L) induced by copper and chitosan. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 137, 325-333.

De Haas, C.J., Van, L.E.M.M., Van Bommel, T., Verhoef, J., Vanl, K.K.P.M., Van, S.J.A.G., 2000. Serum amyloid P component bound to Gram-negative bacteria prevents lipopolysaccharide-mediated classical pathway complement activation. Infection and Immunity 68, 1753-1759.

De Veer, M.J., Holko, M., Frevel, M., Walker, E., Der, S., Paranjape, J.M., Silverman, R.H., Williams, B.R.G., 2001. Functional classification of interferon-stimulated genes identified using microarrays. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 69, 912-920.

Delamare, A.P.L., Echeverrigaray, S., Duarte, K.R., Gomes, L.H., Costa, S.O.P., 2002. Production of a monoclonal antibody against A. hydrophila and its application to bacterial identification. Journal of Applied Microbiology 92, 936-940.

Devasena, T., Lalitha, S., Padma, K., 2001. Lipid peroxidation, osmotic fragility and antioxidant status in children with acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Clinica Chimica Acta 308, 155-161.

Dey, R.K., 1997. On the use of herbal materials for managing diseases and health conditions of fish during sustainable aquaculture practices. Abstract, National Workshop on Fish and Shellfish Health Management. CIFA, Bhubaneswar, India.

Divyagnaneswari, M., Christybapita, D., Michael, R.D., 2007. Enhancement of nonspecific immunity and disease resistance in Oreochromis mossambicus by Solanum trilobatum leaf fractions. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 23, 249-259.

Dixon, B., Stet, R.J.M., 2001.The relationship between major histocompatibility receptors and innate immunity in teleost fish. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 25, 683-699.

Du Pasquier, L., 2001. The immune system of invertebrates and vertebrates. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 129, 1-15.

Dugenci, S.K., Arda, N., Candan, A., 2003. Some medicinal plants as immunostimulant for fish. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 88, 99-106.

References

105

Dunkelberger, J.R., Song, W., 2010. Complement and its role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Cell Research 20, 34-50.

Ellis, A.E., 2001. Innate host defence mechanism of fish against viruses and bacteria. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 25, 827-839.

Ellis, A.F., 1988. Optimizing factors in fish vaccination. In: Ellis, A.E. (Ed.), Fish vaccination. Academic Press, London, pp. 32-46.

Esteban, M.A., Cuesta, A., Ortuno, J., Meseguer, J., 2001. Immunomodulatory effects of dietary intake of chitin on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) innate immune response. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 11, 303-315.

Ewart, K.V., Johnson, S.C., Ross, N.W., 2001. Lectins of the innate immune system and their releva-nce to fish health. ICES Journal of Marine Science 58, 380-385.

Fang, H.M., Ling, R.G., Sin, Y. M., 2000. Enhancement of protective immunity in blue gourami, Trichogaster trichopterus (Pallas), against Aeromonas hydrophila and Vibrio anguillarum by A. hydrophila major adhesin. Journal of Fish Diseases 23, 137-145.

FAO. (2012). Year book on fishery statistics, Rome, Italy.

Fischer, C., Bouneau, L., Ozouf-Costaz, C., Crnogorac-Jurcevic, T., Weissenbach, J., Bernot A., 2002. Conservation of the T-cell receptor alpha/delta linkage in the teleost fish Tetraodon nigroviridis. Genomics 79, 241-248.

Fischer, U., Utke, K., Somamoto, T., Kollner, B., Ototake, M., Nakanishi, T., 2006. Cytotoxic activities of fish leucocytes. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 20, 209-226.

Gambon-Deza, R., Sanchez-Espinel, C., Magadan-Mompo, S., 2010. Presence of a unique IgT on the IgH locus in three-spined stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and the very recent generation of a repertoire of VH genes. Development and comparative immunology 34, 114-122.

Ganguly, S., Paul, I., Mukhopadhayay, S.K., 2010. Application and effectiveness of immunostimulants, probiotics, and prebiotics in aquaculture: A review. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh 62, 130-138.

References

106

Garcia-Castillo, J., Pelegrin, P., Mulero, V., Meseguer, J., 2002. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of tumor necrosis factor alpha from a marine fish reveal its constitutive expression and ubiquitous nature. Immunogenetics 54, 200-207.

Gariballa, Y., Iskander, G.M., Daw, B.A., 1983. Investigation of the alkaloid components in the Sudan Flora III Fitoterapia 54, 269-272.

Girach, R.D., Khan, A.S.A., 1992. Ethnomedicinal uses of Achyranthes aspera leaves in Orissa (India). International Journal of Pharmacology 30, 113-115.

Gisladottir, B., Gudmundsdottir, S., Brown, L., Jonsson, Z.O., Magnadottir, B., 2009. Isolation of two C-reactive protein homologues from cod (Gadus morhua L.) serum. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 26, 210-219.

Goel, A., Dani, V., Dhawan, D.K., 2005. Protective effects of zinc on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes and hepatic histo architecture in chlorpyrifos induced toxicity. Chemico-Biological Interactions 156, 131-141.

Goerlich-Feldmann J., Maclean, D., Ilic, N., Poulev, A., Lila, M.A., Raskin, I., 2008. Phytoecdysteroids increase protein synthesis in skeletal muscle cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, 3532-3537.

Gopalakannan, A., Arul, V., 2006. Immunomodulatory effects of dietary intake of chitin, chitosan and levamisole on the immune system of Cyprinus carpio and control of A. hydrophila infection in ponds. Aquaculture 255, 179-187.

Goyal, B.R., Goyal, R.K., Mehta, A.A., 2007 Phyto-pharmacology of Achyranthes aspera: A review. Pharmacognosy Reviews 1, 143-150.

Hall, C., Flores, M.V., Storm, T., Crosier, K., Crosier, P., 2007. The zebrafish lysozyme C promoter drives myeloid-specific expression in transgenic fish. BMC Developmental Biology 7, 42-59.

Handa, S.S., Khanuja, S.P.S., Longo, G., Rakesh, D.D., 2008. Extraction technologies for medicinal and aromatic plants, Trieste. Italy: United Nations Industrial Development Organization and the International Centre for Science and High Technology.

References

107

Hansen, J.D., Landis, E.D., Phillips, R.B., 2005. Discovery of a unique Ig heavy- chain isotype (IgT) in rainbow trout: implications for a distinctive B cell developmental pathway in teleost fish. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102, 6919-6924.

Hardie, I.J., Ellis, A.E., Secombes, C.J., 1996. In vitro activation of rainbow trout macrophages stimulates inhibition of Renibacterium salmoninarum growth concomitant with augmented generation of respiratory burst products. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 25, 175-183.

Hariharan, V., Rangaswamy, S., 1970. Structure of saponins A and B from the seeds of Achyranthes aspera. Photochemistry 9, 409-414.

Harikrishnan, R., Balasundaram, C., Heo, M.S., 2011. Influence of diet enriched with green tea on innate humoral and cellular immune response of kelp grouper (Epinephelus brunes) to Vibrio carchariae infection. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 30, 972-979.

Harikrishnan, R., Balasundaram, C., Kim, M.C., Kim, J.S., Han, Y.J., Heo, M.S., 2010a. Effect of a mixed herb-enriched diet on the innate immune response and disease resistance of Paralichthys olivaceus against Philasterides dicentrarchi infection. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 22, 235-243.

Harikrishnan, R., Heo, J., Balasundaram, C., Kim, M.C., Kim, J.S., Han, Y.J., Heo, M.S., 2010b. Effect of traditional Korean medicinal (TKM) triherbal extract on the innate immune system and disease resistance in Paralichthys olivaceus against Uronema marinum. Veterinary Parasitology 170, 1-7.

Harikrishnan, R., Heo, J., Balasundaram, C., Kim, M.C., Kim, J.S., Han, Y.J., Heo, M.S., 2010c. Effect of Punica granatum solvent extracts on immune system and disease resistance in Paralichthys olivaceus against lymphocystis disease virus (LDV). Fish and Shellfish Immunology 29, 668-673.

Hawlisch, H., Kohl, J., 2006. Complement and Toll-like receptors: key regulators of adaptive immune responses. Molecular Immunology 43, 13-21.

He, J.Q., Oganesyan, G., Saha, S.K., Zarnegar, B., Cheng, G., 2007. TRAF3 and its biological function. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 597, 48-59.

References

108

Hikima, J., Hirono, I., Aoki, T., 1997. Characterization and expression of c-type lysozyme cDNA from Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 6, 339-344.

Hikima, J., Hirono, I., Aoki, T., 2001. Molecular cloning, expression and evolution of the Japanese flounder g-type lysozyme gene, and the lytic activity of its recombinant protein. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1520, 35-44.

Hjelmeland, K., Christie, M., Raa, J., 1983. Skin mucus protease from rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, and its biological significance. Journal of Fish Biology 23, 13-22.

Holland, J.W., Pottinger, T.G., Secombes, C.J., 2002. Recombinant interleukin-1 β activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal axis in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Journal of Endocrinology 175, 261-267.

Honma, Y., Okabe, K., Chiba, A., 1984. Comparative histology of the leydig and epigonal organs in some elasmobranches. The Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 31, 47-54.

Hordvik, I., Torvund, J., Moore, L., Endresen, C., 2004. Structure and organization of the T cell receptor alpha chain genes in Atlantic salmon. Molecular Immunology 41, 553-559.

Igawa, D., Sakai, M., Savan, R., 2006. An unexpected discovery of two interferon gamma like genes along with interleukin (IL)-22 and -26 from teleost: IL-22 and -26 genes have been described for the first time outside mammals. Molecular Immunology 43, 999-1009.

Ishibe, K., Yamanishi, T., Wang, Y., Osatomi, K., Hara, K., Kanai, K., 2009. Comparative analysis of the production of NO and TNFα from macrophages exposed to high virulent and low virulent strains of Edwardsiella tarda. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 27, 386-389.

Itou, T., Lida, T., Kawatsu, H., 1996. Kinetics of oxygen metabolism during respiratory burst in Japanese eel neutrophils. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 20, 323-330.

References

109

Janeway, C.A., 1989. Approaching the asymptote? Evolution and revolution in immunology. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 54, 1-13.

Janeway, C.A., Travers, P., Walport, M., Schlomchik, M.J., 2005. Immunobiology; the immune system in health and disease, sixth ed. Garland Science Publishing, New York.

Jang, S.I., Marsden, M.J., Kim, Y.G., Choi, M.S., Secombes, C.J., 1995. The effect of glycyrrhizin on rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaun), leucocyte responses. Journal of Fish Diseases 18, 307-315.

Jaso-Friedmann, L., Leary III, J.H., Evans, D.L., 2000. Role of nonspecific cytotoxic cells in the induction of programmed cell death of pathogenic protozoans: participation of the Fas ligand-Fas receptor system. Experimental Parasitology 96, 75-88.

Jhingran, V.G., 1992. Fish and fisheries of India. third ed. Hindustan Publishing Corporation, India.

Ji, C., Zhang de, F., Li, A.H., Gong, X.N., 2012. Effect of berberine hydrochloride on grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella serum bactericidal activity against Edwardsiella ictaluri. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 33,143-145.

Kaleeswarana, B., Ilavenilb, S., Ravikumara, S., 2011.Dietary supplementation with Cynodon dactylon (L.) enhances innate immunity and disease resistance of Indian major carp, Catla catla. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 31, 953-962.

Kamilya, D., Jardar, S.N., Mal, B.C., Maiti, T.K., 2008. Effect of a glucan from the edible mushroom (Pleurotus florida) as an immunostimulant in farmed Indian major carp (Catla catla). The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh 60, 37-45.

Kampen, A.H., Tollersrud, T., Lund, A., 2005. Staphylococcus aureus capsular polysaccharide types 5 and 8 reduce killing in bovine neutrophils in vitro. Infection and Immunity 73, 1578-1583.

Kim, K.H., Hwang, Y.J., Bai, S.C., 1999. Resistance to Vibrio alginolyticus in juvenile rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) fed diets containing different doses of aloe. Aquaculture 180,13-21.

References

110

Kim, M.S., Kim, K.H., 2013. The role of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus NV gene in TNFα and VHSV infection-mediated NF-kB activation. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 34, 1315-1319.

Klein, N.J., 2005. Mannose-binding lectin: do we need it. Molecular Immunology 42, 919-924.

Kuhlman, M., Joiner, K., Ezekowitz, A.B., 1989. The human mannose-binding protein functions as an opsonin. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 169, 1733-1745.

Kumari J., Sahoo, P.K., 2006. Non-specific immune response of healthy and immunocompromised Asian catfish (Clarias batrachus) to several immunostimulants. Aquaculture 255, 133-141.

Kunert, O., Haslinger, E., Martin S.R.J., Bucar, F., Mulatu, E., Abebe, D., Debella, A., 2000. Three saponins steroid and a flavanol glycoside from Achyrantes aspera. Monatshefte fur Chemie 131, 195-204.

Kurtz, J., 2005. Specific memory within innate immune systems. Trends in Immunology 26, 186-192.

Laing, K.J., Hansen, J.D., 2011. Fish T cells: recent advances through genomics. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 35, 1282-1295.

Laing, K.J., Secombes, C.J., 2004. Chemokines. Developmental and Comparative immunology 28, 443-460.

Laing, K.J., Wang, T., Zou, J., Holland, J., Hong, S., Bols, N., 2001. Cloning and expression analysis of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss tumour necrosis factor α. European Journal of Biochemistry 268, 1315-1322.

Lam, S.H., Chua, H.L., Gong, Z., Lam, T.J., Sin, Y., 2004. Development and maturation of the immune system in zebrafish, Danio rerio: a gene expression profiling, in situ hybridization and immunological study. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 28, 9-28.

Lamas, J., Ellis, A.E., 1994. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) neutrophil responses to Aeromonas salmonicida. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 4, 201-219.

References

111

Lange, S., Magnadottir, B., 2003. Spontaneous haemolytic activity of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) serum. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 136, 99-106.

Lazarovici, P., Loew, L.M., 1986. Purification and pore-forming activity of two hydrophobic polypeptides from the secretion of red sea moses sole, Pardachirus marmoratus. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 261, 16704-16713.

Lee, D.U., Kang, Y.J., Park, M.K., 2003. Effects of 13-alkyl-substituted berberine alkaloids on the expression of COX-II, TNFα, iNOS and IL-12 production in LPS stimulated macrophages. Life Sciences 73, 1401-1412.

Lee, T.H., Qiu, F., Waller, G.R., Chou, C.H., 2000. Three new flavanol galloylglycosides from leaves of Acacia confusa. Journal of Natural Products 63, 710-712.

Lefebvre, F., Mounaix, B., Poizat, G., Crivelli, A.J., 2004. Impacts of the swim bladder nematode Anguillicola crassus on Anguilla anguilla: variations in liver and spleen masses. Journal of Fish Biology 64, 435-447.

Lemaitre, C., Orange, N., Saglio, P., Saint, N., Gagnon, I., Molle, G., 1996. Characterizations and ion channel activities of novel antibacterial proteins from the skin mucosa of carp (Cyprinus carpio). European Journal of Biochemistry 240, 143-149.

Li, P., Wang X., Gatlin, D.M. III., 2006. Evaluation of levamisole as a feed additive for growth and health management of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops X Morone saxatilis). Aquaculture 251, 201-209.

Li, X., Hu, S., 1995. Determination of oleanolic acid in the root of A. bidentata from different places of production by TLC-scanning. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 8, 459-460.

Liersch, B.K.H.R., 1992. Achyranthes. In: Haensel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G, (Eds), Hagers handbuch der pharmazeutischen praxis. V Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 54-59.

References

112

Lindenstrom, T., Secombes, C.J., Buchmann, K., 2004. Expression of immune response genes in rainbow trout skin induced by Gyrodactylus derjavini infections. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 97, 137-148.

Lobb, C.J., Clem, L.W., 1981. Phylogeny of immunoglobulin structure and function. XI. Secretary immunoglobulin in the cutaneous mucus of the sheepshead. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 5, 271-282.

Lobb, C.J., Clem, L.W., 1981. The metabolic relationships of immunoglobulins in fish serum, cutaneous mucus and bile. The Journal of Immunology 127, 1525-1529.

Logambal, S.M., Michael, R.D., 2000. Immunostimulatory effect of Azadirachtin in Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 38, 1092-1096.

Logambal, S.M., Michael, R.D., 2001. Azadirachtin - an immunostimulant for O. mossambicus (Peters). Journal of Aquatic Tropics 16, 339-347.

Lovy, J., Wright, G.M., Speare, D.J., 2006. Morphological presentation of a dentritic like cell within the gills of chinook salmon infected with Loma salmonae. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 30, 259-263.

Lowry O.H., Rosebrough, N.J. Farr, A.L., Randall, R.J., 1951. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 193, 265-275.

Magnadottir, B., 2006. Innate immunity of fish (overview). Fish and Shellfish Immunology 20, 137-151.

Magnadottir, B., 2010. Immunological control of fish diseases. Journal of Marine Biotechnology 12, 361-379.

Magnadottir, B., Lange, S., Gudmundsdottir, S., Bogwald, J., Dalmo, R.A., 2005. Ontogeny of humoral immune parameters in fish. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 19, 429-439.

Maier, V.H., Schmitt, C.N.Z., Gudmunsdottir, S., Gudmunsson, G.H., 2008. Bacterial DNA indicated as an important inducer of fish cathelicidins. Molecular Immunology 45, 2352-2358.

References

113

Manjunatha, B.K., Abhilash. N., Hegde, V., Suchitra, M.N., Vidya, S.M., 2012. Hepatoprotective potency of Achyranthes aspera: an in-vivo study. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research 1, 387-390.

Manning, M.J., Nakanishi, T., 1996. The specific immune system: cellular defenses. In: Iwama, G., Nakanishi, T. (Eds.), The fish immune system. Organism, pathogen and environment. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 103-205.

Mantel, N., 1966. Evaluation of survival data and two new rank order statistics arising in its consideration. Cancer Chemotherapy Reports 50, 163-170.

Maqsood, S., Singh, P., Samoon, M.H., Balange, A.K., 2010. Effect of dietary chitosan on non-specific immune response and growth of Cyprinus carpio challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. International Aquatic Research 2, 77-85.

Marchalonis, J.J., Adelman, M.K., Schulter, S.F., Ramsland, P.A., 2006. The antibody repertoire in evolution: chance, selection, and continuity. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 30, 223-247.

Martınez-Alvarez, R.M., Morales, A.E., Sanz, A., 2005. Antioxidant defenses in fish: biotic and abiotic factors. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 15, 7- 88.

Medzhitov, J.R., 2007. Recognition of microorganisms and activation of the immune response. Nature 449, 819-826.

Mega, J.L., Meghari, S., Honstettere, A., Capo, C., Raoult, D., 2006. The two faces of interleukin-10 in human infectious diseases. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 6, 557-569.

Meseguer, J., lopez-Ruiz, A., Garcia-Ayala, A., 1995. Reticulo-endothelial stroma of the head-kidney from the seawater teleost gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.): an ultrastructural and cytochemical study. The Anatomical Record 241, 303-309.

Micol, V., Caturla, N., Perez-Fons, L., Mas, V., Perez, L., Estepa, A., 2005. The olive leaf extract exhibits antiviral activity against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia rhabdovirus (VHSV). Antiviral Research 66, 129-136.

References

114

Miles, D.J.C., Polchana, J., Lilley, J.H., Kanchanakhan, S., Thompson, K.D., Adams, A., 2001. Immunostimulation of striped snakehead Channa striata against epizootic ulcerative syndrome. Aquaculture 195, 1-15.

Miller, N., Wilson, M., Bengten, E., Stuge, T., Warr, G., Clem, W., 1998. Functional and molecular characterization of teleost leukocytes. Immunological Reviews 166, 187-197.

Misra, C.K., Das, B.K., Mukherjee, S.C., Meher, P.K., 2006. The immunomodulatory effects of tuftsin on the non-specific immune system of Indian major carp, Labeo rohita. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 20, 728-738.

Misra, T.N., Singh, R.S., Pandey, H.S., Prasad, C., Singh, B.P., 1993. Two long chain compounds from Achyrenthes aspera. Phytochemistry 33, 221-223.

Miyazaki, T., 1998. A simple method to evaluate respiratory activity of blood phagocytes from Japanese flounder. Fish Pathology 33, 141-142.

Mohanty, B.R., Sahoo, P.K., 2010. Immune responses and expression profiles of some immunerelated genes in Indian major carp, Labeo rohita to Edwardsiella tarda infection. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 28, 613-621.

Montgomery, D.C., 1984. Design and Analysis of Experiments. John Wiley, New York, pp. 533.

Moore, K.W., de Waal, R.L., Coffman, R.L., O’Grra, A., 2001. Interleukin-10 and Interleukin-10 receptor. Annual Review of Immunology 19, 683-765.

Mulder, I.E., Wadsworth, S., Secombes, C.J., 2007. Cytokine expression in the intestine of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during infection with Aeromonas salmonicida. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 23, 747-759.

Mulero, V., Esteban, M.A., Munoz, J., Meseguer, J., 1998. Dietary intake of levamisole enhances the immune responses and disease resistance of the marine teleost gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Fish and Shellfish Immunology 8, 49-62.

Mulero, V., Meseguer, J., 1998. Functional characterisation of a macrophage-activating factor produced by leucocytes of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Fish and Shellfish Immunology 8, 143-156.

References

115

Murai, T., Kodama, H., Nakai, M., Mikami, T., Izawa, H., 1990. Isolation and characterization of rainbow trout C-reactive protein. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 14, 49-58.

Murray, P.J., 2006. Understanding and exploiting the endogenous interleukin-10/STAT3-mediated anti-inflammatory response. Current Opinion in Pharmacology 6, 379-386.

Nakanishi, Y., Kodama, H., Murai, T., Mikami, T., Izawa, H., 1991. Activation of rainbow trout complement by C-reactive protein. American Journal of Veterinary Research 52, 397-401.

Nauta, A.J., Daha, M., van Kooten C., Roos, A., 2003. Recognition and clearance of apoptotic cells: a role for complement and pentraxins. Trends in Immunology 24, 148-154.

Nehete, J.Y., Deshmukh, V.N., Shewale, V.V., Narkhede, M.R., Aurangabadkar, V.M., 2009. Quantification of oleanolic acid in Achyranthes aspera L. roots and leaves extract by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. International Journal of Pharma Research and Development 7, 1-6.

Ohkawa, H., Ohishi, N., Yagi, K., 1979. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Analytical Biochemistry 95, 351-358.

Ohta, M., Okada, M., Yamashita, I., 1990. The mechanism of carbohydrate-mediated complement activation by the serum mannose-binding protein. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 265, 1980-1984.

Ohta, Y., Flajnik, M., 2006. IgD, like IgM, is a primordial immunoglobulin class perpetuated in most jawed vertebrates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 103, 10723-10728.

Ordas, M.C., Abollo, E., Costa, M.M., Figueras, A., Novoa, B., 2006. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) of turbot and sea bream. Molecular Immunology 43, 882-890.

Ortuno, J., Cuesta, A., Esteban, M.A., Meseguer, J., 2001. Effect of oral administration of high vitamin C and E dosages on the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) innate immune system. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 79, 167-180.

References

116

Pablo, D.M.A., De Cinfuegos, G.A., 2000. Modulatory effects of dietary lipids on immune system functions. Immunology and Cell Biology 78, 31-39.

Peleteiro, M.C., Richards, R.H., 1985. Identification of lymphocytes in the epidermis of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Journal of Fish Diseases 8, 161-172.

Pengal, R.A., Ganesan, L.P., Wei, G., Fang, H.Q., Ostrowski, M.C., Tridandapani, S., 2006. Lipopolysaccharide-induced production of interleukin-10 is promoted by the serine/threonine kinase Akt. Molecular Immunology 43, 1557-1564.

Pinto, R.D., Nascimento, D.S., Reis, M.I.R., Do vale, A., Dos Santos, N.M., 2007. Molecular characterization, 3D Modelling and expression analysis of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) interleukin-10. Molecular Immunology 44, 2066-2075.

Plouffe, D.A., Hanington, P.C., Walsh, J.G., Wilson, E.C., Belosevic, M., 2005. Comparison of select innate immune mechanisms of fish and mammals. Xenotransplantation 12, 77-266.

Press, C., Dannevig, B.H., Landsverk, T., 1994. Immune and enzyme histochemical phenotypes of lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells within the spleen and head kidney of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Fish and Shellfish Immunology 4, 79-93.

Press, C.M.C.L., Evensen, O., 1999. The morphology of the immune system in teleost fishes. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 9, 309-318.

Pressley, M.E., Phelan, P.E., 3rd, Witten, P.E., Mellon, M.T., Kim, C.H., 2005. Pathogenesis and inflammatory response to Edwardsiella tarda infection in the zebrafish. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 29, 501-513.

Purcell, M.K., Kurath, G., Garver, K.A., Herwig, R.P., Winton, J.R., 2004. Quantitative expression profiling of immune response genes in rainbow trout following infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) infection or DNA vaccination. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 17, 447-462.

Qin, Q.W., Ototake, M., Noguchi, K., Soma, G.I., Yokomizo, Y., Nakanishi, T., 2001. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)-like factor produced by macrophages in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 11, 245- 256.

References

117

Quade, M.J., Roth, J.A., 1997. A rapid, direct assay to measure degranulation of bovine neutrophil primary granules. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 58, 239-248.

Raa, J., Rorstad, G., Engstad, R.E., Robertson, B., 1992. The use of immunostimulants to increase resistance of aquatic organisms to microbial infections. In: Shariff, M., Subasinghe, R.P., Arthur, J.R. (Eds.), Disease in Asian Aquaculture. Proceedings of the First Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture. Asian Fisheries Society, Philippines, pp. 39-50.

Ram P., Rastogi, B.N., Mehrotra., 2004. Compendium of Indian Medicinal plants. Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow and National institute of Science. Communication and Information Resources, New Delhi, 11, 7-8.

Rameshwar, R.D., N., Akito., 2007. Three oleanolic acid glycosides from the seeds of Achyranthes aspera. Natural Product Communications 2, 727-730.

Rameshwar, R.D., 2007. Essential oil constituents of Achyranthes aspera leaves. Indian Perfumer 51, 33-34.

Randelli, E., Buonocore, F., Scapigliati, G., 2008. Cell markers and determinants in fish immunology. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 25, 326-340.

Rao, Y.V., Chakrabarti, R., 2005. Stimulation of immunity in Indian major carp Catla catla with herbal feed ingredients. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 18, 327-334.

Rao, Y.V., Das, B.K., Jyotyrmayee, P., Chakrabarti, R., 2006. Effect of Achyranthes aspera on the immunity and survival of Labeo rohita infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 20, 263-273.

Rao, Y.V., Romesh, M., Singh, A., Chakrabarti, R., 2004. Potentiation of antibody production in Indian major carp Labeo rohita, rohu, by Achyranthes aspera as a herbal feed ingredient. Aquaculture 238, 67-73.

Rattanachaikunsopon, P., Phumkhachorn, P., 2009. Prophylactic effect of Andrographis paniculata extracts against Streptococcus agalactiae infection in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 107, 779-782.

References

118

Rauta, P.R., Nayak, B., Das, S., 2012. Immune system and immune responses in fish and their role in comparative immunity study: a model for higher organisms. Immunology Letters 148, 23-33.

Robertsen, B., 1999. Modulation of the non-specific defense of fish by structurally conserved microbial polymers. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 9, 269-290.

Robertsen, B., 2006. The interferon system of teleost fish. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 20, 172-191.

Robertsen, B., Rorstad, G., Engstad, E., Raa, J., 1990. Enhancement of non-specific disease resistance in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar by a glucan from Saccharomyces cerecisiae cell walls. Journal of Fish Disease 13, 391-400.

Roca, F.J., Mulero, I., Lopez-Munoz A., Sepulcre, M.P., Renshaw, S.A., Meseguer, J., 2008. Evolution of the inflammatory response in vertebrates: fish TNF-α is a powerful activator of endothelial cells but hardly activates phagocytes. The Journal of Immunology 181, 5071-5081.

Rocha, B., 2007. The extrathymic T-cell differentiation in the murine gut. Immunological Reviews 215, 166-177.

Rombout, J.H.M.W., Huttenhuis, H.B.T., Picchietti, S., Scapigliati, G., 2005. Phylogeny and ontogeny of fish leucocytes. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 19, 441-445.

Roth J.A., 1993. Evaluation of the influence of potential toxins on neutrophil function. Toxicologic Pathology 21, 141-146.

Russell, S., Lumsden, J.S., 2005. Function and heterogeneity of fish lectins. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 108, 111-120.

Ryo, S., Wijdeven, R.H., Tyagi, A., Hermsen, T., Kono, T., Karunasagar, I., 2010. Common carp have two subclasses of bony fish specific antibody IgZ showing differential expression in response to infection. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 34, 1183-1190.

Sahoo, P.K., Kumari, J., Mishra, B.K., 2005. Non-specific immune responses in juveniles of Indian major carps. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 21, 151-155.

References

119

Sahoo, P.K., Mukherjee, S.C., 2002. The effect of dietary immune-modulation upon Edwardsiella tarda vaccination in healthy and immunocompromised Indian major carp (Labeo rohita). Fish and Shellfish Immunology 12, 1-16.

Sahoo, P.K., Mukherjee, S.C., 2003. Immunomodulation by dietary vitamin C in healthy and flatoxin B1-induced immunecompromised rohu (Labeo rohita). Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 26, 65-76.

Sahu, S., Das, B.K., Mishra, B.K., Pradhan, J., Sarangi, N., 2007. Effect of Allium sativum on the immunity and survival of Labeo rohita infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 23, 80-86.

Sahu, S., Das, B.K., Pradhan, J., Mohapatra, B.C., Mishra, B.K., Sarangi, N., 2007. Effect of M. indica kernel as a feed additive on immunity and resistance to A. hydrophila in L. rohita fingerlings. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 23, 109-118.

Sakai, D.K., 1984. Opsonization by fish antibody and complement in the immune phagocytosis by peritoneal exudate cells isolated from salmonid fishes. Journal of Fish Diseases 7, 29-38.

Sakai, M., 1999. Current research statue of fish immunostimulant. Aquaculture 172, 63-92

Sakai, M., Kamiya, H., Atsuta, S., Kobayashi, M., 1991. Immunomodulatory effects on rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, injected with the extract of abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 7, 54-59.

Sakai, M., Taniguchi, K., Mamoto, K., Ogawa, H., Tabata, M., 2001. Immunostimulant effect of nucleotide isolated from yeast RNA on carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Journal of Fish Diseases 24, 33-38.

Salton, M.R.J., Ghuysen, J.M., 1959. The structure of di- and tetra-saccharides released fromcell wall by lysozyme and streptomyces F1 enzyme and N-acetylhexosaminidase activity of these enzymes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 36, 552-554.

Samuel, C.E., 2001. Antiviral actions of interferons. Clinical Microbiology Review 14, 778-809.

References

120

Saurab, S., Sahoo, P.K., 2008. Lysozyme: an important defence molecule of fish innate immune system. Aquaculture Research 39, 233-239.

Savan, R., Igawa, D., Sakai, M., 2003. Cloning, characterization and expression analysis of interleukin-10 from the common carp, C. carpio L. European Journal of Biochemistry 270, 4647-4654.

Savan, R., Sakai, M., 2004. Presence of multiple isoforms of TNF-α in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): genomic and expression analysis. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 17, 87-94.

Secombes, C.J., 1994. Enhancement of fish phagocyte activity. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 4, 421-436.

Secombes C.J., 1996. The nonspecific immune system: cellular defences. In: Iwama, G., Nakanishi, (Eds.), The fish immune system: organism, pathogen and environment. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 63-103.

Secombes, C.J., 1996. Cytokines in fish: an update. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 6, 291-304.

Secombes, C.J., Wang, T., Hong, S., Peddie, S., Crampe, M., Laing, K., 2001. Cytokines and innate immunity of fish. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 25, 713-723.

Selvaraj, V., Sampath, K., Sekar, V., 2005. Use of glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an immunostimulant in carp: impact on hematology, phagocyte function,andinfection with Aeromonas hydrophila. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh 57, 39-48.

Seppola, M., Larsen, A.N., Steiro, K., Robertsen, B., Jensen, I., 2008. Characterization and expression analysis of the interleukin genes, IL-1β, IL-8 and IL-10, in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Molecular Immunology 45, 887-897.

Shangliang, T., Hetrick, F.M., Roberson, B.S., Baya, A., 1990. The antibacterial and antiviral activity of herbal extracts for fish pathogens. Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao 20, 53-60.

References

121

Sharma, J.G., Chakrabarti, R., 2003. Role of stocking density on growth and survival of catla, Catla catla, and rohu, Labeo rohita, larvae and water quality in a recirculating system. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 14, 171-178.

Sharma, J.G., Rao, Y.V., Kumar, S., Chakrabarti, R., 2010. Impact of UV-B radiation on the digestive enzymes and immune system of larvae of Indian major carp Catla catla. International Journal of Radiation Biology 86, 181-186.

Sharma, S.K., Vasudevaa, N., Ali, M., 2009. A new aliphatic acid from Achyranthes aspera Linn. Roots. Indian Journal of Chemistry. 48, 1164-1169.

Shike, H., lauth, X., Westerman, M.E., Ostland, V.E., Carlberg, J.M., Van, Olst, J.C., 2002. Bass hepcidin is a novel antimicrobial peptide induced by bacterial challenge. European Journal of Biochemistry 269, 2232-2237.

Sigh, J., Lindenstrom, T., Buchmann, K., 2004. The parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifilii induces expression of immune relevant genes in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Journal of Fish Diseases 27, 409-417.

Siwicki, A.K., 1989. Immunostimulating influence of levamisole on non-specific immunity in carp (C. carpio). Developmental and Comparative Immunology 13, 87-91.

Siwicki, A.K., Anderson, D.P., Rumsey, G., 1994. Dietary intake of immunostimulants by rainbow trout affects non-specific immunity and protection against furun-culosis. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 41, 125-139.

Solem, T., Jorgenson, J.B., Robertson, B., 1995. Stimulation of respiratory burst and phagocyticactivity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) macrophages by lipopolysaccharides. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 5, 475-491.

Sommerset, I., Krossoy, B., Biering, E., Frost, P., 2005. Vaccines for fish in aquaculture. Expert Review of Vaccines 4, 89-101.

Srivastav, S., Singh, P., Mishra, G., Jha, K.K., Khosa, R.L., 2011. Achyranthes aspera - an important medicinal plant: a review. Journal of Natural Product and Plant Resources 1, 1-14.

References

122

Subramanian, S., Mackinnon, S.L., Ross, N.W., 2007. A comparative study on innate immune parameters in the epidermal mucus of various fish species. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 148, 256-263.

Subramanian, S., Ross, N.W. and Mackinnon, S.L., 2008. Comparison of antimicrobial activity in the epidermal mucus extracts of fish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 150, 85-92.

Sumeet, D., Raghvendra, D., Kushagra, M., 2008. Achyranthes aspera Linn. (Chirchira): A Magic Herb in Folk Medicine. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12, 670-676.

Sunyer, J.O., Boshra, H., Lorenzo, G., Parra, D., Freedman, B., Bosch, N., 2003. Evolution of complement as an effector system in innate and adaptive immunity. Immunologic Research 27, 549-564.

Swain, B., Basu, M., Samanta, M., 2011. Cloning of interleukin-10 gene in the Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton 1822) and its functional characterization following Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Indian Journal of Fisheries 58, 39-47.

Swain, B., Samanta, M., Basu, M., Panda, P., Sahoo, B.R., Maiti, N.K., Mishra, B.K., Eknath, A.E., 2012. Molecular characterization, inductive expression and mechanism of interleukin-10 gene induction in the Indian major carp, catla (Catla catla). Aquaculture Research 43, 897-907.

Swain, P., 2006. Species defence mechanisms of fish: the basis of antibody production and cell-mediated immune response. In: Swain, P., Sahoo, P.K., Ayyappan, S. (Eds.), Fish and Shellfish Immunology: an introduction. Narendra Publishing House, Delhi, India, pp. 37-46.

Swain, P., Nayak, S.K., Sahu, A., Mohapatra, B.C., Meher, P.K., 2002. Bath immunisation of spawn, fry and fingerlings of Indian major carps using a particulate bacterial antigen. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 13, 133-140.

Tafalla, C., Figueras, A., Novoa, B., 2001. Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus alters turbot Scophthalmus maximus macrophage nitric oxide production. Disease of Aquatic Organism 47, 101-107.

References

123

Tang, W., Eisenbrand, G., 1992. Achyranthes bidentata BI. In: Chinese drugs of plantb origin. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 13-17.

Taylor, I.S., Adam, B., Veverkova, M., Tatner, M.F., Low, C., Secombes, C., 2005. T-cell antigen receptor genes in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Fish and Shellfish Immunology 18, 445-448.

Thomson, A., 1994. The cytokine handbook, second ed. Academic Press, London, pp. 1-211.

Tsutsui, S., Okamoto, M., Ono, M., Suetake, H., Kikuchi, K., Nakamura, O., 2011. A new type of lectin discovered in a fish, flathead (Platycephalus indicus), suggests an alternative functional role for mammalian plasma kallikrein. Glycobiology 21, 1580-1587.

Tsutsui, S., Tasumi, S., Suetake, H., Suzuki, Y., 2003. Lectins homologous to those monocotyledonous plants in the skin mucus and intestine of pufferfish, Fugu rubripes. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 23, 20882-20889.

Tsutsui, S.h., Tasumi, S., Suetake, H., Kikuchi, K., Suzuki, Y., 2004. Demonstration of the mucosal lectins in the epithelial cells of internal and external body surface tissues in pufferfish (Fugu rubripes). Developmental and Comparative Immunology 29, 243-253.

Turner, M.W., 2003. The role of mannose-binding lectin in health and disease. Molecular Immunology 40, 423-429.

Umamaheswari, M., Dhinesh, S., Asokkumar, K., Thirumalaiswamy, S.S.V., Jagannath, P., Madeswaran, A., 1012. Anticataract and antioxidant activities of Achyranthes aspera Linn. Against calcium-induced cataractogenesis using goat lenses. Der Pharmacia lettre 4, 436-442.

Varuna, K.M., Khan, M.U., Sharma, P.K., 2010. Review on A. aspera. Journal of Pharmacy Research 3, 714-717.

Venkatalakshmi, P., Vedha, V.N., Sangeetha, S., 2012. Hypolipidemic effect of Achyranthes aspera on high fat diet induced atherogenic rats. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical 3, 75-84.

References

124

Venkatalakshmi, S., Michael, R.D., 2001. Immunostimulation by leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. in Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). Journal of Aquatic Tropics 16, 1-10.

Venkatalakshmi, S., Michael, R.D., 2000. Immunostimulatory effect of azadirachtinB in Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 38, 1092-1096.

Verlhac, V., Obach, A., Gabaudan, J., Schuep, W.. Hole, R., 1998. Immunomodulation by dietary vitamin C and glucan in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish and Shellfish Immunology 8, 409-424.

Villamil, L., Figueras, A., Novoa, B., 2003. Immunomodulatory effects of nisin in turbot (Scopthalmus maximus L.). Fish and Shellfish Immunology 14, 157-169.

Villamil, L., Tafalla, C., Figueras, A., Novoa, B., 2002. Evaluation of immunomodulatory effects of lactic acid bacteria in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 9, 1318-1323.

Wang, T., Secombes, C.J., 2009. Identification and expression analysis of two fish specific IL-6 cytokine family members, the ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF)-like and M17 genes, in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Molecular Immunology 46, 2290-2298.

Watanuki, H., Ota, K., Tassakka, A.C.M., Kato, T., Masahiro, S., 2006. Immunostimulant effects of dietary Spirulina platensis on carp, Cyprinus carpio. Aquaculture 258, 157-163.

Watts, M., Munday, B.L., Burke, C.M., 2001. Immune responses of teleost fish. Australian Veterinary Journal 79, 570-574.

Whyte, S.K., 2007. The innate immune response of finfish: a review of current knowledge. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 23, 1127-1151.

Wilson, M.R., Zhou, H., Bengten, E., Clem, L.W., Stuge, T.B., Warr, G.W., 1998. T-cell receptors in channel catfish: structure and expression of TCR α and β genes. Molecular Immunology 35, 545-557.

References

125

Yazawa, R., Cooper, G.A., Hunt, P., Beetz-Sargent, M., Robb, A., Conrad, M., 2008. Striking antigen recognition diversity in the Atlantic salmon T-cell receptor alpha/delta locus. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 32, 204-212.

Ye, J-D., Wang, K., Li, F-D., Sun Ji-Dan, Ye., Kun, W., Fu-Dong, Li., Sun, Y-Z., 2011. Effects of long-term dietary administration of β-glucan on tissue enzyme activity and disease resistance in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh 63, 644-670.

Yin, G., Jeney, G., Racz, T., Xu, P., Jun, X., Jeney, Z., 2006. Effect of two Chinese herbs (A. radix and S. radix) on non-specific immune response of tilapia Oreochromis. niloticus. Aquaculture 253, 39-47.

Yin, Z., Lam, T.L., Sin, Y.M., 1997. Cytokine-mediated antimicrobial immune response of catfish, Clarias gariepinus, as a defence against Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 7, 93-104.

Zabotkina, E.A., 2005. Comparative morphological characteristics of spleen of the perch Perca fluviatilis L. from lakes with different water pH level. Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology 41, 112-118.

Zambare, M., Bhosale, U.A., Somani, R.S., Yegnanarayan, R., Talpate, K. A., 2011. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Frontier Research 1, 42-52.

Zapata, A., Amemiya, C.T., 2000. Phylogeny of lower vertebrates and their immunological structures. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 248, 67-107.

Zapata, A., Diez, B., Cejalvo, T., Gutierrez-de Frias, C., Cortes, A., 2006. Ontogeny of the immune system of fish. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 20,126-136.

Zhang, Y.A., Salinas, I., Li, J., Parra, D., Bjork, S., Xu, Z., 2010. IgT, a primitive immunoglobulin class specialized in mucosal immunity. Nature Immunology 11, 827-835.

Zhou, J., Huang, J. and Song, X.L., 2003. Applications of immunostimulants in aquaculture. Marine Fisheries Research 24, 70-79.

References

126

Zimmermana, A.M., Moustafaa, F.M., Romanowskia, K.E., Steiner, L.A., 2011. Zebrafish immunoglobulin IgD: unusual exon usage and quantitative expression profiles with IgM and IgZ/T heavy chain isotypes. Molecular Immunology 48, 2220-2223.

Zou, J., Clark, M.S., Secombes, C.J., 2003. Characterisation, expression and promoter analysis of an interleukin-10 homologue in the puffer fish, Fugu rubripes. Immunogenetics 55, 325-335.

Zou, J., Grabowski, P.S., Cunningham, C., Secombes, C.J., 1999. Molecular cloning of interleukin 1-β from rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss reveals no evidence of an ice cut site. Cytokine11, 552-560.

Zwollo, P., 2011. Dissecting teleost B cell differentiation using transcription factors. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 35, 898-905.

Zwollo, P., Cole, S., Bromage, E., Kaattari, S., 2005. B cell heterogeneity in the teleost kidney: evidence for a maturation gradient from anterior to posterior kidney. Journal of Immunology 174, 6608-6616.

Zwollo, P., Haines, A., Rosato, P., Gumulak-Smith, J., 2008. Molecular and cellular analysis of B-cell populations in the rainbow trout using Pax5 and immunoglobulin markers. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 32, 1482-1496.

Zwollo, P., Mott, K., Barr, M., 2010. Comparative analyses of B cell populations in trout kidney and mouse bone marrow: establishing B cell signatures. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 34, 1291-1299.