Reference Sources

AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE (ACI)

P.o. Box 19150 Redford Station Detroit, MI 48219

AMERICAN PLYWOOD ASSOCIATION

P.O. Box 11700 Tacoma, WA 98411

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR METALS

Metals Park Ohio, 44073

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERI­

ALS (ASTM)

1916 Race Street Philadelphia, PA 19103

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERA­

TION AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS INC.

(ASHRAE)

345 E. 47th Street New York, N.Y. 10017

BRICK INSTITUTE OF AMERICA (BIA)

1750 Old Meadow Road McLean, VA 22102

FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY (FPL) OR (USDA

FPL)

U.S Dept. of Agriculture P.O. Box 5130 Madison, WI 53705

METALS ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

Metals Park Ohio, 44073

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS (NBS)

Center for Building Technology Washington, D.C., 20234

NATIONAL FOREST PRODUCTS ASSOCIATION

(NFPA)

1619 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036

STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS ASSOCIATION

changed to Brick Institute of America (BIA)

U.S. DEPT. OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOP­

MENT (HUD)

451 Seventh Street, S.w. Washington, D.C., 20411

WOOD READINGS

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM)

"Standard Methods for Establishing Clear Wood Strength Values," ASTM D 2555, 1976.

"Standard Methods for Establishing Structural Grades and Related Allowable Properties for Visually Graded Lumber," ASTM D 245, 1974.

"Standard Test Methods for Moisture Content of Wood," ASTM D 2016, 1974

Other Readings-Wood

Berger, H., "Radiography as a Tool of Nondes­tructive Testing," Forest Products Journal, July 1964.

Duff, J. L., "A Probe for Accurate Determina­tion of Moisture Content of Wood Products in Use," U. S. Forest Service Research Note, FPL 0142, 1966.

Elvery, R. H., "Strength Assessment of Timber for Glued Laminated Beams," Symposium of Nondestructive Testing of Concrete and Tim­ber, London, 1969.

347

Gerhards, C. C., "Stress Wave Speed and MOE of Sweetgum, Ranging from 150 to 15 percent MC," Forest Products Lab, USDA, FPL Journal, 1974.

Hart, D., "X-Ray Inspection of Historic Struc­tures: An Aid to Dating and Structural Anal­ysis," TECHNOLOGY AND CONSERVA­TION, Summer 1977.

James, W. L., "Electric Moisture Meters for Wood," USDA, Forest Service General Tech. Report FPL-6, 1975.

Mackay, J. F. G., "Effect of Moisture Gradients on the Accuracy of Power Loss Moisture Me· ters," FPL (no year).

McDonald, K. A., "Ultrasonic Location of De­fects in Softwood Lumber," USDA, Techni­cal Article in the Timber Trades Journal, Jan­uary 1973.

McDonald, K. A., "Lumber Defect Detection by Ultrasonics," FPL, USDA, Research Pa­per FPL 311, 1978.

"National Design Specification for Wood Con­struction," National Forest Products Associ­ation, 1977.

"Pilodyn, A Non-destructive Wood Tester," manufacturer's literature, Carl Bechgaard, Hovegaden 26, DK 2970 Horsholm, Denmark.

"Proceedings of the 4th Nondestructive Testing of Wood Symposium," Washington State Uni­versity. Aug 1978.

Sherwood, G. E., "New Life for Old Dwell­ings," Forest Products Laboratory USDA, Handbook No. 481, December 1975.

"Wood Handbook, Wood as an Engineering Ma­terial," Forest Products Lab., USDA, Hand­book No. 72, 1974.

METALS READINGS

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM)

"Standard Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room Temperature," ASTM E 9, 1977.

"Standard Methods of Tension Testing of Me­tallic Materials," ASTM E 8, 1977.

Other Readings

Dick, P., "Introduction to Nondestructive Test­ing," General Electric Co., Jor Metals Engi­neering Institute, 1922.

348 REFERENCE SOURCES

DiGiacomo, G., Crisci, J., and Goldspiel, S.; "An Ultrasonic Method for Measuring Crack Depth in Structural Weldments," Materials Evaluation, September 1970.

"Fundamentals of Nondestructive Testing," by the American Society for Metals and the American Society for Nondestructive Test­ing-reference manuals by Metals Engineer­ing Institute, 1979.

Halmshaw, R., editor, "Physics of Industrial Radiology," Heywood Books London, 1966.

Krautkramer, J. and Krautkramer, H., Ultra­sonic Testing of Materials, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1969 2nd Ed.

McMaster, R. C., editor, Nondestructive Test­ing Handbook, Ronald Press, New York, 1959.

McGonnagle, W. J., Nondestructive Testing, Pergamon Press, New York (no date)

"Nondestructive Inspection and Quality Con­trol," Metals Handbook, 8th Edition, Vol. II, American Society for Metals, 1976.

"Nondestructive Testing," reference manualfor a home study and extension course, American Society for Metals, the American Society for Non-destructive Testing, and the Metals En­gineering Institute, 1972.

"Radiography in Modern Industry," Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N.Y., 1970.

Sharp, R. S., editor, Research Techniques in Nondestructive Testing, Academic Press, London, 1980.

Vary, A., "Nondestructive Evaluation Tech­nique Guide," National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington D.C., 1973.

MASONRY

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM)

"Standard Methods of Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay Tile," ASTM C 67, 1978.

"Standard Specification for Masonry Cement," ASTM C 91, 1978.

"Standard Specification for Ceramic Glazed Structural Clay Facing Tile, Facing Brick, and Solid Masonry Units," ASTM C 126, 1976.

"Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method," ASTM C 231, 1978.

"Standard Methods of Conducting Strength Tests of Panels for Building Construction," ASTM E 72,1977.

"Standard Test Method for Young's Modulus at Room Temperature," ASTM E 111, 1978.

"Standard Test Methods for Compressive Strength of Masonry Prisms," ASTM E 447, 1974.

"Standard Test Methods for Water Permeance of Masonry," ASTM E 514, 1974.

"Standard Test Methods for Flexural Bond Strength of Masonry," ASTM E 518, 1976.

"Standard Test Method for Diagonal Tension (Shear) in Masonry Assemblages," ASTM E 519, 1974.

Other Readings-Masonry

"Standard Specification for Portland Cement­Lime Mortar for Brick Masonry," MI-72 , Tech Note 8A, Brick Institute of America, 1972.

"The Causes and Control of Efflorescence on Brickwork," Research Report No. 15, Struc­tural Clay Products Institute (now BIA), 1969.

Snell, L. M., "Nondestructive Testing Tech­niques to Evaluate Existing Masonry Con­struction, August 1978.

CONCRETE READINGS

AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE CACI)

"Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete," ACI 318, 1977.

Erlin, B., "Methods Used in Petrographic Stud­ies in Concrete Paste," Journal of the Amer­ican Concrete Institute, Vol., 27, No. 12, June 1956.

"Guide for Making a Condition Survey of Con­crete in Service," ACI 201, 1975.

Leslie, J. and Cheeseman, w., "An Ultrasonic Method of StUdying Deterioration and Crack­ing in Concrete Structures," ACI Journal, September 1949.

Mailhot, G. and Bisaillon, A.: Carette, G. G.; Malhotra, V. M.; "In Place Concrete Strength: New Pullout Methods, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTI­TUTE, December 1979.

Malhotra, V. M., "Testing Hardened Concrete:

Nondestructive Methods," ACI Monograph No.9,1976.

"Practices for Evaluation of Concrete in Exist­ing Massive Structures for Service Condi­tions," No. ACI 207 R-79, Concrete Interna­tional, March 1979.

"Recommended Practice for Evaluation of Strength Test Results of Concrete," ACI 214, 1977.

"Recommended Practice for Concrete Inspec­tion," ACI 1975.

"Strength Evaluation of Existing Concrete Buildings," ACI 1975.

Whitehurst, E. A., "Evaluation of Concrete Properties from Sonic Test," ACI Monograph No.2,1966.

CONCRETE

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM)

"Recommended Practice for Examination and Sampling of Hardened Concrete in Construc­tion," ASTM C 823, 1975.

"Recommended Practice of Petrographic Ex­amination of Hardened Concrete," ASTM C 856, 1977.

"Recommended Practice for Petrographic Ex­amination of Aggregates for Concrete," ASTM C 295, 1965 rev. 1973.

"Recommended Practice for Microscopical De­termination of Air-Void Content and Param­eters of the Air-Void System in Hardened Concrete," ASTM C 457, 1971.

"Standard Method for Load Tests of Floors and Flat Roofs," ASTM E 196, 1974.

"Standard Method of Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of Con­crete," ASTM C 42, 1977.

"Standard Test for Rebound Number of Hard­ened Concrete," ASTM C 805, 1979.

"Standard Test for Penetration Resistance of Hardened Concrete," ASTM C 803, 1975.

"Standard Test for Cement Content of Hard­ened Portland Cement Concrete," ASTM C 85, 1966 rev. 1973.

"Standard Test for Fineness of Portland Cement by Air Permeability Apparatus," ASTM C 204, 1979.

"Standard Test for Foundamental Transverse, Longitudinal, and Torsional Frequencies of

REFERENCE SOURCES 349

Concrete Specimens," ASTM C 215, 1960 rev. 1976.

"Standard Test for Static Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson's Ratio of Concrete in Compres­sion," ASTM 469, 1965 rev. 1975.

"Standard Test for Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing," ASTM C 666, 1977.

"Standard Test for Critical Dilation of Concrete Specimens SUbjected to Freezing," ASTM C 671, 1977.

"Tentative Test Method for Pullout Strength of Hardened Concrete," ASTM C 900: 1978.

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS (NBS)

"An Infrared Technique for Measuring Heat Loss," NBSIR 78-1557, September 1977.

"Annual Report 1979," NBSIR 80-20007, 1980. "Annual Report 1978," NBSIR 78-1581, 1978. Clifton, J. R., "Nondestructive Tests to Deter-

mine Concrete Strength-A Status Report," NBSIR 75-729, July 1975.

"NDE (Nondestructive Evaluation)," LC 1080, April 1978.

Other Readings-Concrete Testing

Halmshaw, R., editor, Physics of Industrial Ra­diology, Heywood Books, London, 1966.

Halstead, P. E., "The Covermeter Apparatus for Measuring the Depth of Reinforcement

350 REFERENCE SOURCES

Below the Surface of Hardened Concrete," Technical Report No. TRA 197, Cement and Concrete Association, London, July 1955.

"Nondestructive Testing Techniques," Materi­als Evaluation, September 1970.

"Nondestructive Testing: Trends and Tech­niques," Proceedings of the Second Technol­ogy Status and Trends Symposium at the Mar­shall Space Flight Center, October 1966.

"Radar Spots Substratum Voids Without Drill­ing Slabs," Engineering News Record, Sep­tember 7, 1978.

Reiding, F. J., "A Portable Reinforcement Cov­ermeter," Report No. BI-66-26, Institut TNO Voor, Bouchomaterialen en Bouwconstruc­ties, Rijswijk (ZH), The Netherlands, March 1966.

Sevall, G. W., "Nondestructive Testing of Con­struction Materials and Operations," AD-774 847, U. S. Department of Defense, Army Construction Engineering Research Labora­tory, December 1973.

U. S. Department of the Interior, "Concrete Manual-A Water Resources Technical Pub­lication," Bureau of Reclamation, 1975 Eighth Edition.

Vary, A., "Ultrasonic Measurement of Material Properties," in "Research Techniques in Nondestructive Testing," R. S. Sharpe, edi­tor, Academic Press, London, 1980.

Wareen, C., "Proceedings of the Third Biennial Infrared Information Exchange," The AGA Corporation, August 1976.

Bibliography

Baker, M. C., Recognition of Joints in the Sys­tem: Cracks, Movements and Joints in Build­ing, National Research Council of Canada, (1972) NRC 15477.

Baker, M. C. and Hutcheon, N. B., Cracks, Movements and Joints in Buildings, National Research Council of Canada; Record of DBR Building Science Seminar, Autumn 1972; NRCC 15477 (1976).

Botsai, Elmer, Water Infiltration in Buildings (Interview and notes from unpublished man­uscript) 1981.

Brick Institute of America, Technical Notes: On Brick Construction, 1750 Old Meadow Road, McLean, Virginia 22102.

Bryant, Terry; Protecting Exterior Masonry from. Water Damage, Technology and Pres­ervation Magazine, Spring 1978, J.3, No.1.

Canadian Building Digest, Division of Building Research, National Research Council, Can­ada. ISSN 0008-3097.

Cracks, Movements and Joints in Buildings: Re­cordings No.2 NRCC 15477 Division of Build­ing Research, National Research Council Canada, 1976-Record of the DBR Building Science Seminar, Autumn 1972.

Crawford, C. B., Cracks, Movements and Joints in Buildings, National Research Council of Canada; Record of DBR Building Science Seminar, Automn 1972, NRCC 15477 (1976).

Dixon, John Morris, Recipes for Baked Earth, Progressive Architecture, Novemeber 1977.

Feld, Jacob, Failure Lessons in Concrete Con­struction: A Collection of Articles from Con­crete Construction Magazine, Addison, Illi­nois, 1978.

Fitzsimons, Neal C. E., Research Support for Building Rehabilitation Studies in the Area of Strength and Stability Evaluation, National Bureau of Standards, 1979.

Grimmer, Anne E., Dangers of Abrasive Clean-

ing to Historic Buildings: Preservation Briefs #6; Technical Preservation Services Division, Heritage Conservation and Recreation Ser­vice, U. S. Department of the Interior, Wash­ington, D.C. 20240 (1979).

Handegord, G. 0., Cracks, Movements and Joints in Buildings, National Research Coun­cil of Canada; Record of DBR Building Sci­ence Seminar, 1972; NRCC 15477 (1976).

Kelly, Joe W.; Cracks in Concrete: Causes and Prevention, A Collection of Articles from Concrete Construction Magazine, Addison, Illinois.

Kidd, Philip E., Value of Non-Residential Re­habilitation will Double by Mid-1980s, Archi­tectural Record, page 61, October 1979.

Latta, J. K., Design of Weathertight Joints: from Cracks, Movements and Joints in Buildings; Division of Building Research, National Re­search Council, Canada (1972) NRCC 15477.

Latta, J. K., Cracks, Movements and Joints in Buildings: National Council of Canada; Re­cord of DBR Building Science Seminar, Au­tumn 1972, NRCC 15477 (1976).

Lerchen, Pielert, Faison, Selected Methods for Condition Assessment of Structural, HAVAC, Plumbing and Electrical Systems in Existing Buildings; U. S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Washington D.C. (1980).

Mack, Robert C., The Cleaning and Waterproof Coating of Masonry Buildings: Preservation Briefs #1, Technical Preservation Services Division, Office Archeology and Historic Preservation/Heritage Concervation and Rec­reation Service; U. S. Department of the In­terior, Washington D.C. 20240 (1975).

Mack, Robert C., Tiller, de Teel Patterson, As­kins, James, Repointing Mortar Joints in His­toric Brick Buildings: Preservation Briefs #2, Heritage Conservation and Recreation Ser-

351

vice, Technical Preservation Services Divi­sion; U. S. Department of the Interior, Wash­ington D.C. 20243.

Metals Handbook; American Society for Met­als, Volume 11, Nondestructive Inspection and Quality Control, Metals Park, Ohio 44073.

Nelson, Lee H., Preservation Services Division, Office of Archeology and Historic Preserva­tion/Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service.

Olin, Harold, Schmidt, John, and Lewis, Wal­ter; Construction: Principles, Materials and Methods; The Institute of Financial Educa­tion, Chicago, Illinois and Interstate Printers and Publishers, Danville, Illinois (1980) (Fourth Edition).

Parker, Gay, McGuire; Materials and Methods of Architectural Construction (3rd Edition) John Wiley & Sons, New York (1958).

Plewes, W. G., Cracks, Movements and Joints in Buildings; National Research Council of Canada; Record of DBR Building Science Seminar, Autumn 1972, NRCC 15477 (1976).

Richie, T, Cleaning of the Brickwork; Canadian Building Digest Division of Building Re­search, National Research Council of Canada, April 1978 CBD 194.

Sweetser, Sarah M., Roofing for Historic Build­ings: Preservation Briefs #4, Technical Pres­ervation Services Division, Office of Arche­ology and Historic Preservation, Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service; U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240 (1978).

Tenzer, A. J. and McNeal, Ray, Building Ma-

352 BIBLIOGRAPHY

terials Research Institute N.Y.C., Progressive Architecture, October 1966 (p. 221).

Tiller, de Teel Patterson, et aI, Preservation of Historic Adobe Buildings; Preservation Briefs #5; Technical Preservation Services Division, Office of Archeology and Historic Preserva­tion/Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service; Department ofthe Interior, Washing­ton D.C. 20240 (1978).

Tiller, de Teel Patterson, The Preservation of Historic Glazed Architectural Terra-Cotta: Preservation Briefs #7; Technical Preserva­tion Services Division, Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240 (1979).

Weiss, Norman R., Exterior Cleaning of His­toric Masonry Buildings: (Draft) of paper for Heritage Conservation and Recreation Ser­vice, Office of Archeology and Historic Pres­ervation.

Wood Handbook, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory; Forest Service Agriculture Handbook No.74, U. S. Gover­ment Printing Office, Washington D.C. (1974).

U. S. Dept. of Commerce Construction Reports, Residential Alterations and Repairs, Annual 1979, issued April 1980.

USDA Forest Service, Research Paper FPL 190 (1973) U. S. Department of Agriculture, For­est Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.

Yoder, B; Dadson E. J.; Nondestructive Testing in Building Construction, Progressive Archi­tecture, September 1966.

Index

Abrasive cleaning, 274-276 mitigating its effects, 277-278

ACI Journal, 219 acoustic emission evaluation, concrete, 244-245 acoustic impact evaluation, concrete, 245 active cracks, concrete, 224 admixtures, concrete, 219 adobe, 81-88

binder, 84 clay to sand ratio, 81, 84 deterioration, 86 mortar, 84 water content, 84

aggregates concrete, 219 precast concr.ete, 263

air moisture content, 61 pollutants, 106

air leakage, 319 air test, drainage and vent systems, 314 allowable unit stresses, wood, 150 alloy steel, 183, 185 aluminum, 190

and soils, 191 concrete contact, 191

aluminum flashing, 107 American Concrete Institute (ACI), 212 American Society for Metals, 25, 335 anodic behavior, 35 architectural ceramics, 94 Architectural Record, 4 Aspidin, Joseph, 211 ASTM, 26, 31 atmosphere corrosion, 188

bacteria, wood, 159 Baker, M.C., 39-44 base of wall problems, 135 bearing walls, 131 bedrock, 51 BrA (Brick Institute of America), 88,90, 106, 107,

108 biological deterioration, 105, 106 bituminous roof membrane, 55 bleeding, concrete, 219 Botsai, Elmer, 67, 73, 326, 342-346 breathing, masonry, 104 brick

arch, cherry and salmon, 89 burning, 88-89 efflorescence, 101 freeze thaw, 100-101 suction, 99-100

brick grading, 89 brick, salvaged, 88-90 brittle materials, 44 brittleness, 23, 27, 28, 29 Brooklyn Bridge, Frontispiece 1, 3, 7, 8, 211 brown stain, 108 Bryant, Terry, 67, 103, 106 buckling, 44 Building Pathology in Paradise, 342-346

Canadian Building Digest, 280 capillary action, 103 capillary suction, 104 capillary travel, 107 carbonation, 124 carbon steel, 182, 183 casting, metal, 186 cast iron columns, 192 cast stone, 211 cavity walls, 131, 133 cement, concrete, 219 cement masonry, physical properties, 122, 125 ceramics, 22 checklist, moisture problems, 65 chemical attack, aluminum, 191 chemical cleaning, 272 chemical elements, 14 chemical properties, 34 chemical spot testing, 335 circuit analyzer, electric branch circuits, 317-318 circuit breaker and resistance testor, 318 clay

adobe, 81 brickmaking,88

clay soils, fine grained, 54 cleaning brickwork, 112-113 cleaning building surfaces, 267 cleaning masonry, 270 cold finishing metals, 187, 188 color, metals, 335 Colville, James, 138 Committee on Conservation of Historic Stone Build­

ings and Monuments, 125-138 compounds, 14

353

compression load cracks, 224 concrete, 205

aggregates, 215 failure, 6

Concrete Construction Magazine, 216, 217 concrete cracking, 42

causes and cures, 216, 218 concrete masonry strength, 122 concrete reinforcement, 55 concrete test methods-chart, 232-237 condensation, 61, 63, 103

wood,157 Construction: Principles, Materials and Methods, by

Harold Bo Olin, Joh).1 L. Schmidt, Walter Ho Lewis; The institute of Financial Education and Interstate Printers, 14, 16,35,61-65, 101, 125, 188

consolidation settlement, 52 contraction joints, concrete 218 cooked earth (adobe), 90 core drilling, concrete, 253, 254 cornice and overhang problems, 134 corrosion, 34, 35 corrosion resistance, 183

aluminum 190 coupon test, metals, 202 cover meters, concrete, 244 covalent bonding, 20 cracking, factors affecting concrete, 218 cracking process, concrete, 217 cracking restraint, 41 cracking symbols, 295 cracking under load, concrete, 224 cracks, concrete masonry, 124 Crawford, CoB., 51-54 crawl space, 157, 159, 163

water vapor, 64 crazing, cracks, 225 creep, 43

concrete, 51 creep elongation, 45 crystallization, masonry decay, 129 curing

concrete, 219 concrete masonry, 124

curtain walls, 132 cyclical movements, concrete, 2?9

damage, wood, 160 damping capacity, 32 damp-proofing, 101 decay, wood, 156, 159, 161, 162, 167

extent of 169 decay resistance, wood, 176-178 defects and decay testing, wood, 172, 173 deformation, 40, 49, 51

and potential movement, 55 foundation, 51-53

degree of wood degradation, 169, 170 dehumidification, 61

354 INDEX

delectric measurements, concrete, 242-243 density testing, wood, 172, 173 destructive and non-destructive testing, 9 destructive evaluation, metals, 201 destructive testing, 9 destructive tests, concrete, 253 diagnosis, 13

medical,13 dielectric-type moisture meter, wood, 170 differential settlement, 53, 54 dimensional change, 46-49 dirt, definition, 269-270 discharge test, drainage and vent systems, 314 discoloration, wood, 161 distintegration, concrete, 215, 216 Dixon, John Morris, 90, 93, 99 dormant cracks, concrete, 225 drying shrinkage, concrete masonry, 124 ductility, 23, 27, 28, 29 dusting, concrete, 225 dynamic tests, ultrasonic pulse velocity and resonant

frequency, concrete, 247-248

eddy-current inspection, 330 eddy current, metals, 198, 199 Eddystone Lighthouse, 211 Edison, Thomas, 212 efflorescence, 106, 108-112

concrete, 225 elastic deformation, 23 elastic limit, 25, 26, 27 electric branch circuits test, 316-317 electric co-heating, 321-322 electrical conduit, concrete, 216 electrical impedence hygrometer, 321 electrical properties, 34 electricaf resistance probe, wood, 172 electrical resistivity test, concrete, 243 electrical tests, concrete, 242 electrolyte, 34 environmental concerns, cleaning, 271 equilibrium moisture content, wood, 150 efflorescence, 129 evaluation, masonry, 121 evaporation, concrete, 219, 221 exposure, concrete, 222 extruding, 187

Faison, Thomas Ko, 10, 121, 167, 196, 237 Fathy, Hassan, 83, 84, 88 fatigue, 31 Feld, Jacob, 6, 9, 215, 216 ferrous oxide, cement, 130 fiber optics, concrete, 240 fiber saturation, wood, 150 Fitzsimons, Neal, 10, 122, 138,281-298 Hashing, 107 form scabbing, concrete, 225 freeze-thaw cycles, 115

concrete, 210

forging, 187 frost action, 105 frost testing, 334 function of joints, 301 fungi, wood, 160

galvanic corrosion, 190 aluminum, 190

galvanic series, 35 gamma ray, concrete, 246-247 "Gentlest means possible, " cleaning, 276-277 Gilder, Cornelia Brooke, 143 glazed ceramic, moisture, 104 grading rules, wood, 168 grade marks, 156 grading, wood, 153 grain direction testing, wood, 175, 176 grain slope, wood, 155 granite, 137 gravity, leaks, 68 green stain, 108 Grimmer, Ann E., 278 ground rules, concrete, 207 growth defects, wood, 147, 154, 155 GSA, 72

hardness, 31 haste and waste, precasting concrete, 265 heartwood decay resistance, wood, 176-178 heating, ventilating, air conditioning testing, 318 Herz, Norman, 138 high-energy ultrasonics, concrete, 245-246 high-strength, low-alloy, steels, 185 honeycombing, concrete, 225 Hook's Law, 43 horizontal membranes, 68 hot rolling and cold finishing, 187 humidity, 62, 64 humidity testing, 320 Hutcheon, N.B., 39-44 hydration, concrete, 221 hygroscopic materials, 64 hygroscopic properties, wood, 147 hyphae, 160

ice, 61 igneous rocks, 136 impact strangth, 32 infrared test, concrete, 249-250 inspection, concrete, 228 insulation, moisture, 64 internal discontinuitie, wood, 175-176 ionic bonding, 18 iron and steel finishes, 188 iron and steel, test methods, 192 iron in mortar corrosion, 131 isolation joint, concrete, 224

joint, construction. 57 requirements, 304

joints, 54, 56, 57 building system, consideration of, 299 control, 58 expansion, 57, 58 movement, 39 preparation, masonry, 116 survey, concrete, 239, 240 water penetration, 73, 78 weathertight, 73-78

Kelly, Joe W. 216-228 Kidd, Philip E. 9 knots, 147, 154, 155

Latta, J.K., 44-46, 54-58, 73-78 lead flashing, 107 Lewis, Walter, 14, 35, 61-65 Lerch, William, 219 Lerchen, Frank H., 10, 121, 167, 196,237 Lewin, Seymour Z., 129, 138 lime mortar, 116 limestone, 136 lintels, problem areas, 135 liquid-penetrant inspection, 328-329 load testing, concrete, 250-251 loss of toughness and hardness, wood, 162

Mack, Robert C., 116 magnetic-electrical field evaluation, concrete, 243-

244 magnetic-particle inspection, 329-340 magnetic particle testing, 200 magnetic properties, metals, 199-201, 334 malleable cast iron, 182 manganese compounds, 108 manual probing, 169 map cracks, concrete, 216 marble, 137 masonry

clay, 99, 101 preservative, 102 water penetration, 103

material incompatibilities, adobe, 87 materials

nature of, 11 properties of, 22

matter building blocks, 14 bonding, 17

McNeal, Ray, 259-266 mechanical cleaning, 272-273 mechanical flaws testing, wood, 173 mechanical properties, 23 mechanical strength testing, wood, 172, 173 megohm test, 316-317 melting tempertures, 33 Mercer, Boyd, 218 metallic bonding, 18 metals, 22, 28, 179 Metals Handbook, 25, 335

INDEX 355

metamorphic rocks, 136 methods of working, metal, 186 micro cracks, stone, 126 microwave absorption, concrete, 247 mistakes multiply, precasting, 262 modulus of elasticity, 23, 25, 43, 45 modulus of elasticity testing, wood, 172, 173 molecular materials, 17,22 molecules, 15 mold, 160 moisture

and chemical reactions, 46 dimensional change, 46 masonry, 101 penetration, brick, 102

moisture content in concrete masonry, 124 in wood, 150, 170, 171, 172, 174, 175, 176

mortar, 96 properties, 114-116 strength, 115 uneven movement, 115

movement, building materials, 55-58 movements, potential, 54 mud brick, 81-88

stabilized, 82

National Research Council of Canada, 215 National Bureau of Standards (NBS), 71 natural cement, 2 I 1 Nelson, Lee, 115, 116 neutron activation analysis, 249 neutron moisture gauges, concrete, 248-249 neutron radiography, 332 New York City, deterioration, 1 non-destructive evaluation, 9

of metals, 193 non-destructive tests, concrete, 230 nonporous materials, 47

Olin, Harold B., Schmidt, John L., Lewis, Walter H., 14,35,61-65,101,125,188,191

oven-dry test, wood, 147, 174, 175

painted surfaces, visual inspection, 278-280 parapet problems, 134 patching and repairing, adobe, 87 performance requirements, joints, 302-304 permeability, concrete, 226 permeance, 63 perms, 63 petrography, concrete, 254-256 physical inspection

of furnaces and boilers, 322-323 of plumbing components, 311-312

pick test, 162 Pielert, James H., 10, 121, 167, 196,237 pig iron, 182 pilodyn, wood tester, 169 pitch pockets, 145, 154, 155

356 INDEX

placing, concrete, 219 plastic cracking, concrete, 219 plastic deformation, 23 plastics, 22 plastics flashing, 107, 108 P1ewes, w.G., 46-51 plumbing systems, test methods, 311 polyethylene pipe, 45 polyvinyl chloride, 45 popouts, concrete, 226 porosity, 103

and permeability, stone, 128-129 porous building materials, 47 Portland cement, 6 Portland Cement Association, 212 portland cement mortars, 133 portland limestone and brick problems, 130 precast concrete panels, 259-266 preliminary steps, structural assessment, 291-292 pressure differential, 67-73 pressure differential plane, theory, 70 prestressed concrete, cracking, 224 principles of wall design, 301-302 problems checklist, concrete, 256-259 procedures for building assessment, 281 Progressive Architecture, 99, 211, 266 project dossier, structural assessment, 292-293 properties, wood, 147 protective coatings and mechanical finishes, 188 pullout text, concrete, 251-252 pulse velocity equipment-wood, 172 Prudon, Theodore, H.M., 93

radar test, concrete, 251 radiographic evaluation, concrete, 246-247 radiographic evaluation (X-ray), metals, 197-198 radiographic inspection, 330-332 radiography testing, wood, 175-176 rain penetration, 74, 103, 104 Ransome, Earnest, 212 rapid identification, metals and alloys, 334-335 rebars, 212 rebound test, concrete, 241 rehabilitation project model, 297 reinforced concrete, history, 212 reinforcing steel, 6 relative humidity, 47, 48

in building materials, 103 repointing, 113, 114 residential case study, 336-342 residual strain in structures, 192 resistance-type moisture meter, wood, 171, 172 restraint, concrete, 222 ribbed panels, 76 Richie, T., 113 rising damp, 104, 114 Robertson, Eugene C., 128, 138 Robinson, Gilbert C., 138 roofs, 71 roof drainage, 134

Roman cement, 211 Rosedale cement, 211 Roth, J. Walter, 127, 138

sandstone, 136 sandstreaks, concrete, 226 sap stain, 160 sawdust, concrete aggregate, 215 Saylor, David, 211 scaling, concrete, 226 Schmidt, Ernst, 241 Schmidt, John, 14, 35, 61-65 Schmidt, rebound hammer, concrete, 241 scove kilns, 88 sealers, 106 secondary bonding, 21 sedimentary rock, 136 Selected Methods for Condition Assessment of

Structural, HVAC, Plumbing and Electrical Sys­tems in Existing Buildings, NBSIR 80-2171 Frank H. Lerchen, James H. Pielert, Thomas K. Faison, 10, 121, 167, 196,237

shakes, 147, 154, 155 shear load cracks, 224 shingle roofs, pitch, 69 shrinkage, 40

and collapse, wood, 163 wood, 152, 163

sills, 135 sill plates, 157 site investigation procedures, 294-298 site investigation techniques, 285-286 slate, 137 Smeaton, John, 211 Smith, Baird M., 129-135, 138 soil compression, 52 soil heaving, 54 soils, 51

particle size of, 81 spalling, 106

concrete, 228 spark testing of ferrous alloys, 335 stain

air pollution, 112 wood, 160

stainless and heat-resisting steel, 185, 186 stains and uneven coloring, concrete, 228 steel in concrete, consequence of, 212, 215 stiffness, comparison, 32 stone, 125-138

bird droppings, 128 classifications of, 136 diagnosis, 126, 129-131 miscellaneous types, 137 physical properties, 128, 129 water, 128, 129

stone decay checklist, 138-143 stone staining, 128 strength, comparitive of materials, 31 strength testing, wood, 173

strength and grade, wood, 168 stress, strain, 23, 51 stress-strain relationships, 42 stress-strain test, 24, 25, 26, 27 stress-wave propagation testing, wood, 173 structural assessment, 284-285

symbols, 296 structural continuity, 57 structural evaluation, 288-289 structural properties, wood, 150 structural safety, 49 structural timber, evaluation, 153 structural shapes, 188 subflorescence, 106, 129 suction rates, concrete masonry, 123 sugar, concrete, 215 surface tension, rock, 127 surface cracks, concrete, 216 surface growths, wood, 163, 164 surveying, concrete, 239

technical building obsolescence, 7 technical notes, structural assessment, 290-291 temperature

concrete, 221 material change, 44

temperature changes, 40 tensile strength, 33 Tenzer, A.J., 259-266 terra cotta, 90-99

anchoring systems, 92 architectural, 90 common problems, 94 glaze crazing, spalling, 92, 94, 95, 96 inspection, 98 metal corrosion, 94, 95 water damage, 94, 95

testing alternatives, 286-288 concrete, 230

comparative chart, 231 concrete masonry, 123

test methods masonry, 117-121 mechanical systems, 309 metals, 193-196 synopsis, 327-328 stone, 127 timber, 164-167

thermal conditions, 57 thermal conductivity, 33

mud brick, 82 thermal expansion, 34

comparison, 33 thermal inspection, 334 thermal properties, 32, 33 thermography, 320 thermal stress in cooling concrete, 214 Tiller, de Teel Patterson, 90-99 Time & Life Books, 280

INDEX 357

top and bottom steel, concrete, 219 tracer gas, 319-320 travertine, 136 tunnel kilns, 89 types of cleaning, 271

ultimate strength, representative materials, 30 ultrasonic and impact-induced longitudinal-wave,

ultrasonic inspection, 332-333 ultrasonic pulse velocity, metals, 196 ultrasonic thickness gauging, 323 ultrasonics, masonry, 117 unfirm settlement, 51-53 U. S. Forest Products Laboratory, 172

vapor, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65 vapor barriers, 64 vapor diffusion, 48 vapor resistance, 63 vegetable, animal, mineral problems, stone, 127 visual inspection

electric branch circuits, 315-316 wood, 161, 167

visual/optical inspection, concrete, 237 visual stress grading, wood, 168, 169

walls, 61, 72 wane, 154 warpage, 40 Washington Post, I water absorption test, concrete masonry, 123 water and moisture deterioration, stone, 126, 127 water cement ratio, concrete, 209, 210 water cleaning, 272 water, concrete, 219 water head, 67

leaks, 68

358 INDEX

water-infiltration, 67-73 masonry, 103

waterproofing, 101 water-repellent and waterproof coatings, problems,

273-274 water test

drainage and vent systems, 313 water storage tank, 313 water supply lines, 312-313

water vapor, 61 weathering, aluminum, 190 webbing, terra cotta, 90 weight testing, metals, 335 Weiss, Normal R., 278 what is dirt?, 270 White, Canvass, 211 wicking action, 47 Wilkinson, William B., 212 wind erosion, adobe, 87 wind, leaks, 68 wind pressure, 75 windsor probe, concrete, 241, 242 Winkler, Erhard M., 128, 138 wood, 22 Wood Handbook, 159 Wright, Frank Lloyd, 212 wrought steel, 186

X-ray, concrete, 246, 247

Yanik, John, 326, 336-342 yield point, 26 yield strength

metals, 30 rule of thumb, 192

zinc flashing, 107