Reference Loads for the Downhole Pump Card - · PDF file4th Annual Sucker Rod Pumping ... 12,...

4th Annual Sucker Rod Pumping Workshop

Hilton North Hotel, Houston, TexasSeptember 9 – 12, 2008

Reference Loads for the Downhole Pump Card

Lynn Rowlan

Sept. 9 - 12, 2008 2008 Sucker Rod Pumping Workshop 2

0 168.0-2.50

0

2.50

5.00

7.50

10.00

12.50

15.00

17.50

20.00

22.50

156.0

Fo Max

Fo From Fluid Level

Wrf

Wrf + Fo Max

Dynamometer Card DefinitionDynamometer Card DefinitionDynamometer Card Definition1) Surface dynamometer

card is the plot of the measured rod loads at the various positions throughout a complete stroke; the load is usually displayed in pounds of force and the position is usually displayed in inches.

2) Pump dynamometer cardis a plot of the calculated loads at various positions of pump stroke and represents the fluid load the pump applies to the bottom of the rod string.

Surface CardSurface Card

Pump CardPump Card


Reference Loads for the Downhole Pump CardReference Loads for the Reference Loads for the Downhole Pump CardDownhole Pump Card

Understanding the pump card basic loads is critical to analyzing and troubleshooting downhole problems:

0 156.0-2

0

2

4

6

8

10 Fo Max Fo From Fluid Level

Zero Load


0 168.0-2.50

0

2.50

5.00

7.50

10.00

12.50

15.00

17.50

20.00

22.50

156.0

Fo Max

Fo From Fluid Level

Wrf

Wrf + Fo Max

Pump Card Reference:Pump Card Reference:Pump Card Reference:Normal Pump Card Loads:Normal Pump Card Loads:SV Open Upstroke: SV Open Upstroke:

Fo Max = (Fo Max = (PdisPdis –– 0)*Ap0)*ApFo = (Pdis Fo = (Pdis -- Pintk)*ApPintk)*Ap

TV Open Downstroke: TV Open Downstroke: Fo = 0Fo = 0

Reference Lines:Reference Lines:1.1. Fo MaxFo Max -- assumes pump intake assumes pump intake

pressure is zero, where well provides pressure is zero, where well provides no help in lifting the fluid to the surface.no help in lifting the fluid to the surface.

2.2. Fo From Fluid LevelFo From Fluid Level -- assumes assumes pump intake pressure determined from pump intake pressure determined from fluid level shot, where wellfluid level shot, where well’’s PIP s PIP provides help in lifting the fluid.provides help in lifting the fluid.

3.3. Zero Load LineZero Load Line –– assumes assumes pressure above and below the plunger pressure above and below the plunger are equal; no friction due to fluid are equal; no friction due to fluid displacing through SV on down strokedisplacing through SV on down stroke

Fluid Load Lifted by Rods

Well

Fo ~ Height of Pump Card

Zero Load Line ~ Down Stroke Zero Load Line ~ Down Stroke Fo From Fluid Level ~ Up Stroke Fo From Fluid Level ~ Up Stroke


Steps in the Pump Operation

Steps in the Steps in the Pump Pump OperationOperation

AA

BB CC

DD

Zero Load Line Zero Load Line Load Reference Line ~ Load Reference Line ~ Down StrokeDown Stroke

D) Pump discharge pressure (Pdis) equals the D) Pump discharge pressure (Pdis) equals the static tubing pressure (Pb), and the traveling static tubing pressure (Pb), and the traveling valve opens. Pdis now carried by tubing.valve opens. Pdis now carried by tubing.

D D -- A, the fluid in the A, the fluid in the pump is displaced pump is displaced through the traveling through the traveling valve into the tubing valve into the tubing and and ZEROZERO fluid load fluid load is on rods.is on rods.

SANDIA Pump CardPbPb

PdisPdis

PintkPintk

After SV Close After SV Close and TV Opens:and TV Opens:

Down Down StrokeStroke

Pb = Pdis Pb = Pdis Pb > PintkPb > Pintk

Plunger Plunger Stroke Stroke LengthLength


Steps in the Pump Operation

Steps in the Steps in the Pump Pump OperationOperation

AA

BB CC

DD

Fo From Fluid Level Fo From Fluid Level Load Reference Line on Load Reference Line on Up StrokeUp Stroke

B)B) Standing Valve opens, when rods stretch to pick Standing Valve opens, when rods stretch to pick up fluid load, Fo, from tubing.up fluid load, Fo, from tubing.

C) C) Standing valve closes. Standing valve closes.

BB--C) Plunger applies C) Plunger applies Fluid load, Fo, to the Fluid load, Fo, to the rods as well fluids are rods as well fluids are drawn into the pump. drawn into the pump.

SANDIA Pump Card

Up Up StrokeStroke

Plunger Plunger Stroke Stroke LengthLength

Fo = Fo = (Pdis(Pdis--Pintk)*Area PumpPintk)*Area Pump


Pump Intake Pressure, Pump Intake Pressure, PintkPintk

Pintk


Acoustic PIP CalculationAcoustic PIP Calculation

• Requires stabilized conditions

• Determination of Liquid Level Depth– Avg. Joint Length, Acoustic Velocity, SG Gas ….

• Measurement of casing pressure

• Tubing, Casing Size, & Pump Depth

• Oil, water and annular gas densities

• Measurement of casing pressure buildup rate (at Producing Conditions)

•• Requires stabilized conditionsRequires stabilized conditions

•• Determination of Liquid Level DepthDetermination of Liquid Level Depth–– Avg. Joint Length, Acoustic Velocity, SG Gas Avg. Joint Length, Acoustic Velocity, SG Gas ……..

•• Measurement of casing pressureMeasurement of casing pressure

•• Tubing, Casing Size, & Pump DepthTubing, Casing Size, & Pump Depth

•• Oil, water and annular gas densitiesOil, water and annular gas densities

•• Measurement of casing pressure buildup Measurement of casing pressure buildup rate (at Producing Conditions)rate (at Producing Conditions)


Pump Discharge Pressure, Pump Discharge Pressure, PdisPdis

Pdis


Pump Discharge PressurePump Discharge Pressure• Requires stabilized conditions• Measurement of tubing pressure• True Vertical Pump Depth• Oil, water and gas densities• Oil, water, and gas Production Rate• Tubing Fluid Gradient

•• Requires stabilized conditionsRequires stabilized conditions•• Measurement of tubing pressureMeasurement of tubing pressure•• True Vertical Pump DepthTrue Vertical Pump Depth•• Oil, water and gas densitiesOil, water and gas densities•• Oil, water, and gas Production RateOil, water, and gas Production Rate•• Tubing Fluid GradientTubing Fluid Gradient

Fo = (PdisFo = (Pdis--Pintk)*Area PumpPintk)*Area Pump

Sept. 9 - 12, 2008 2008 Sucker Rod Pumping Workshop 110 240.0-6.25

0

6.25

12.50

18.75

25.00

31.25

37.50

208.2

Fo Max

Fo From Fluid Level

Wrf

Wrf + Fo Max

0 240.0-6.25

0

6.25

12.50

18.75

25.00

31.25

37.50

204.8

Fo Max

Fo From Fluid Level

Wrf

Wrf + Fo Max

Damping CoefficientsDamping Coefficients

330 BOPD 37 BWPD330 BOPD 37 BWPD10 Deg API Gravity10 Deg API Gravity

0.05 Default Damping 0.05 Default Damping NOT EnoughNOT Enough

Damping = 0.22Damping = 0.22OKOK

Pump Depth = 8892 ftPump Depth = 8892 ft


Abnormal Loads Abnormal Loads –– Tight Stuffing BoxTight Stuffing Box

NormalNormal Too TightToo Tight

Extra Load from FrictionExtra Load from Friction


Tubing Fluid Gradient Tubing Fluid Gradient –– Wrf & PdisWrf & Pdis

0 144.0-2.50

0

2.50

5.00

7.50

10.00

12.50

15.00

17.50

136.5

Fo Max

Fo From Fluid Level

Wrf

Wrf + Fo Max

Kt

Grad = 0.442 psi/ftGrad = 0.442 psi/ft

0 144.0-2.50

0

2.50

5.00

7.50

10.00

12.50

15.00

17.50

136.5

Fo Max

Fo From Fluid Level

Wrf

Wrf + Fo Max

Kt

Grad = 0.221Grad = 0.221

0 144.0-2.50

0

2.50

5.00

7.50

10.00

12.50

15.00

17.50

136.5

Fo Max

Fo From Fluid Level

Wrf

Wrf + Fo Max

Kt

Grad = 0.3 psi/ftGrad = 0.3 psi/ft


Flat Pump Card Load LinesFlat Pump Card Load Lines1)1) TV Stuck OpenTV Stuck Open -- Looks like Deep Rod Part but Looks like Deep Rod Part but

you can often tag or jar the rods and knock the you can often tag or jar the rods and knock the debris out of the pump and redebris out of the pump and re--start pump action.start pump action.

2)2) Deep Rod PartDeep Rod Part –– Plots on the Zero Load Line Plots on the Zero Load Line 3)3) Shallow Rod PartShallow Rod Part –– Plots below the Zero Load Plots below the Zero Load

Line by the amount of missing rod weight in fluid Line by the amount of missing rod weight in fluid no longer attached to the polished rod. no longer attached to the polished rod.

4)4) Tubing Blown DryTubing Blown Dry –– Plots as a flat line @ a height Plots as a flat line @ a height of of WraWra--WrfWrf pounds above the zero load line.pounds above the zero load line.

5)5) SV Stuck OpenSV Stuck Open –– Plots on the Fo from the Fluid Plots on the Fo from the Fluid Level line.Level line.

6)6) Blocked IntakeBlocked Intake –– No fluid entry into pump and low No fluid entry into pump and low slippage through pump clearances slippage through pump clearances


Horse Shoe Pump CardHorse Shoe Pump CardFlat Load LinesFlat Load Lines


Lost TV LoadLost TV Load Strokes 10 seconds apart.Strokes 10 seconds apart.Is this a deep Rod Part? Is this a deep Rod Part?

Stroke 11Stroke 11 Stroke 13Stroke 13


Trash in TVTrash in TV

Trash in TVTrash in TV Notice normal appearing Surface Dynamometer Notice normal appearing Surface Dynamometer Card, on the 13Card, on the 13thth stroke TV became stuck open due to trash. stroke TV became stuck open due to trash. Same type of surface card could occur, if Pump unseated, Pull Same type of surface card could occur, if Pump unseated, Pull Rod became unscrewed or parted, or rods parted at the pump. Rod became unscrewed or parted, or rods parted at the pump.

TV Ball did Not SeatTV Ball did Not Seat


SV Sticks OpenSV Sticks Open

??

Strokes 29Strokes 29--34 SV Missing34 SV Missing


-2.50

0

2.50

5.00

7.50

10.00

12.50

15.00

17.50

100.0

Fo Max Fo From Fluid Level

Wrf

Wrf + Fo Max

SV Sticks Open ~ TV OK?

Horse Shoe Horse Shoe Load CellLoad Cell

0 104.9-5.00

-2.50

0

2.50

5.00

7.50

10.00

12.50

15.00

100.0

Fo Max Fo From Fluid Level

Wrf

Wrf + Fo Max

Polished Rod Polished Rod TransducerTransducer

PRT Pump Card Always PRT Pump Card Always on Zero Load Lineon Zero Load Line


0

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

98.8

Fo Max

Fo From Fluid Level

Wrf

Wrf + Fo Max

Kt

0 100.0-0.50

0

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

99.2

Fo Max

Fo From Fluid Level

Wrf

Wrf + Fo Max

Kt

SV Stuck Closed ~ TV OK?

Tight Clearances Tight Clearances Blocked Intake w/ No Blocked Intake w/ No

Fluid Entry; Then Fluid Entry; Then Pump Card @ Fo MaxPump Card @ Fo Max

Pump Card Between Pump Card Between Zero Load Line and Zero Load Line and Fo From Fluid LevelFo From Fluid Level


No fluid load from pump being No fluid load from pump being applied to rod string. Parted rods applied to rod string. Parted rods are overtravel cards, because are overtravel cards, because there is no loss of downhole there is no loss of downhole stroke due to the static stretch of stroke due to the static stretch of rods picking up fluid load. rods picking up fluid load. Measured surface dynamometer Measured surface dynamometer card loads are near standing card loads are near standing valve load (Wrf). valve load (Wrf).

Note that both the standing and Note that both the standing and traveling valves measured test traveling valves measured test loads are at the calculated loads are at the calculated standing valve test load.standing valve test load.

Sometimes trash in the pump Sometimes trash in the pump keeps the traveling valve ball keeps the traveling valve ball from going on seat. Tagging on from going on seat. Tagging on the down stroke before pulling, the down stroke before pulling, may knock out trash.may knock out trash.

Pull Rod UnscrewedPull Rod Unscrewed

Rods Parted at PumpRods Parted at Pump

Missing Pump Load

No Fo Applied to Rods


Missing:Missing:Wrf 3536 lbsWrf 3536 lbs

Pump Card Sets Below theZero Load LineBy Weight of Missing Rods

Missing 37 3/4" Rods Parted @ 5365'Missing 37 3/4" Rods Parted @ 5365'

SV:14555 Lbs

Missing 3536 lbsMissing 3536 lbs


Missing 37 3/4" RodsMissing 37 3/4" Rods

Adjusted RodAdjusted RodLength, then Length, then Pump CardPump Cardsets on Zero sets on Zero Load LineLoad Line

No PumpNo PumpNo Fo RodsNo Fo Rods

SV:11019 Lbs


Buoyancy Buoyancy –– Tubing Fluid GradientTubing Fluid Gradient

0 168.0-2.50

0

2.50

5.00

7.50

10.00

12.50

15.00

17.50

20.00

22.50

155.6

Fo Max

Fo From Fluid Level

Wrf

Wrf + Fo Max

TV (measured)

0 168.0-2.50

0

2.50

5.00

7.50

10.00

12.50

15.00

17.50

20.00

22.50

155.6

1042410424

Wra = 11942 Wra = 11942

Tubing Fluid Gradient = 0.432 Tubing Fluid Gradient = 0.432 Tubing Fluid Gradient = 0.0 Tubing Fluid Gradient = 0.0

Fbuoy = Wra Fbuoy = Wra -- WrfWrf

Fbuoy = 1518 Fbuoy = 1518


0

0.63

1.25

1.88

2.50

3.13

3.75

4.38

5.00

5.63

99.7

Fo Max

Fo From Fluid Level

Wrf

Wrf + Fo Max

0 128.90

2.50

5.00

7.50

10.00

12.50

15.00

17.50

20.00

22.50

120.0

Fo Max

Fo From Fluid Level

Wrf

Wrf + Fo Max

Missing Buoyancy Missing Buoyancy –– Hole in TubingHole in Tubing

Rods Lighter than Rods Lighter than Wra because Rods Wra because Rods Above Hole in Air Above Hole in Air and Rods Below and Rods Below Hole Rods in FluidHole Rods in Fluid

MissingMissing BuoyancyBuoyancy MissingMissing BuoyancyBuoyancy

Rod Loads Heavier than WrfRod Loads Heavier than Wrf


Location of Pump Card with Respect to Location of Pump Card with Respect to Basic Loads are Critical to AnalysisBasic Loads are Critical to Analysis

1) Location of Pump Load can be Used to Identify and Troubleshoot Problem in the Well.

2) Pump card that plots as a flat line could be:

3) OK Pump Card should plot between Zero Load Line and Fo from Fluid Level Line

4) If Polished Rod Transducer used to acquire dynamometer data and pump card is flatand pump card is flat• Difficult to identify problem• All of the loads plot on the zero load line.

Tubing DrySV Stuck OpenBlocked Intake

TV Stuck Open Deep Rod PartShallow Rod Part


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as directed by the Workshop Steering Committee.– Place it on a CD for distribution and/or sale as directed by the

Workshop Steering Committee.

Other uses of this presentation are prohibited without the expressed written permission of the company(ies) and/or author(s) who own it and the Workshop Steering Committee.


DisclaimerThe following disclaimer shall be included as the last page of a Technical Presentation or Continuing Education Course. A similar disclaimer is included on the front page of the Sucker Rod Pumping Web Site.The Artificial Lift Research and Development Council and its officers and trustees, and the Sucker Rod Pumping Workshop Steering Committee members, and their supporting organizations and companies (here-in-after referred to as the Sponsoring Organizations), and the author(s) of this Technical Presentation or Continuing Education Training Course and their company(ies), provide this presentation and/or training material at the Sucker Rod Pumping Workshop "as is" without any warranty of any kind, express or implied, as to the accuracy of the information or the products or services referred to by any presenter (in so far as such warranties may be excluded under any relevant law) and these members and their companies will not be liable for unlawful actions and any losses or damage that may result from use of any presentation as a consequence of any inaccuracies in, or any omission from, the information which therein may be contained.The views, opinions, and conclusions expressed in these presentations and/or training materials are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Sponsoring Organizations. The author is solely responsible for the content of the materials.The Sponsoring Organizations cannot and do not warrant the accuracy of these documents beyond the source documents, although we do make every attempt to work from authoritative sources. The Sponsoring Organizations provide these presentations and/or training materials as a service. The Sponsoring Organizations make no representations or warranties, express or implied, with respect to the presentations and/or training materials, or any part thereof, including any warrantees of title, non-infringement of copyright or patent rights of others, merchantability, or fitness or suitability for any purpose.

Reference Loads for the Downhole Pump Card - · PDF file4th Annual Sucker Rod Pumping ... 12,...

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Transcript of Reference Loads for the Downhole Pump Card - · PDF file4th Annual Sucker Rod Pumping ... 12,...