REFERENCE: Introduction to Remote Sensing. James B.

Campbell, 2007, Fourth Edition, The Guilford Press.

Platforms: Where the sensors are mounted.

Sensors: Instruments on the platforms.

ETM+

AVIRIS

GER 1500

PLATFORMS VERSUS SENSORS

MULTIPLE PLATFORMS

POLAR ORBIT SENSORS

POLAR ORBIT SENSORS

Aqua

Terra

TRMM

SeaWiFS

Aura

Meteor/

SAGE

GRACE

ICESat

Cloudsat

Jason

CALIPSO

GIFTS

SORCE

NOAA/

POES

Metop

GOES

MTSAT

MSG

TOPEX

Landsat

This computer-generated image released by the European Space Agency (ESA) on April 15, 2008 shows trackableobjects in Low Earth Orbit (LOE) around Earth. There are now more than 12,000 objects that are monitored inorbit, 11,500 pieces of which are in low Earth orbit, which is at an altitude of between 800 and 1,500 kilometres (500and 950 miles), where there are many commercial, military, scientific and navigational satellites. In low orbit, debriscan stay adrift for decades before they eventually burn up in Earth's atmosphere. Another 1,147 pieces are ingeostationary orbit, about satellite orbits in the direction of the Earth's rotation, at an altitude of approximately35,786 km (22,240 miles), where telecommunications satellites are typically deployed.

Multiple

Sensors

Looking

At Earth

Passive Sensors-measure the reflected or emitted radiation.• Aerial Cameras• Visible or Thermal

REMOTE SENSORS

Active Sensors-measure the radiation they produce.• Microwave (Radar) • Acoustic Sensors

REMOTE SENSING OFREFLECTED RADIATION

The sensor detects solar radiation that has been reflected from features at the earth’s surface.

REMOTE SENSING OFREFLECTED RADIATION

REFLECTANCE

Sample Radiation (l)

R(l) = __________________

Reference Radiation (l)

REMOTE SENSING OFEMITTED RADIATION

The sensor detects solar radiation that has been absorbed by the earth, then reemitted as thermal infrared radiation.

INFRARED (THERMAL) SENSORS

Sea Surface Temperature

ACTIVE REMOTE SENSING

The sensor illuminates the terrain with its own energy, then records the reflected energy as it has been altered by the earth’s surface.

SIDE-LOOKING AIRBORNE RADARSLAR

MULTI-SPECTRAL

SENSORS

HYPER-SPECTRAL

SENSORS

SOME HISTORY OF REMOTE SENSING

PROGRAMS FOR EARTH STUDIES

Resolutions of OLI:

Spatial=30 m, 15 pan

Spectral=8 bands

Radiometric=12 bits

Temporal=16 days

A GLOBAL EFFORT

TIROS (USA) NOAA (USA) Nimbus (USA) GOES/METEOSAT (USA/Europe) Landsat (USA) SPOT (France) JERS (Japan) ERS (European Comm.) IRS (India) RADARSAT (Canada)

REMOTE SENSING PROGRAMS FOR

EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE STUDIES

EXAMPLES OF REMOTE SENSORS FOR

EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE STUDIES

MSS (Multi-Spectral Scanner) TM (Thematic Mapper) TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor) AVHRR (Advance Very High Resolution Radiometer) SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) IKONOS (Name from the Greek term eikōn for image) HYPERION (Name of a Greek deity) AVIRIS (Airborne Visible / Infrared Imaging Spectrometer)

TOWARD A NEW CENTURYWITH HIGHER RESOLUTION

IKONOS1 METER

HYPERION220 BANDS

GENERALAPPLICATIONS

AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY TODETERMINE TEMPORAL CHANGES

La Parguera in 1936 La Parguera in the 80's

La Parguera in 2010

GOES VISIBLE IMAGE

HURRICANE FRANCES

CITIES OBSERVATIONS USING IKONOS

ATHENS

NEW YORK

SAN JUAN

VENICE

EARTH TOPOGRAPHY USING MULTISPECTRAL SCANNERS

MT. PINATUBO

MT. EVEREST

APPLICATIONS OFSYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR

Oil Spills

Topography Studies

Mineral Studies

SHUTTLE OBSERVATIONS OF EARTH TOPOGRAPHY

San Andres

San Francisco

Santa Monica

Japan

VEGETATION INDEX AND PHYTOPLANKTON DYNAMICS

USING VISIBLE SENSORS

CONDITION OF THE OZONE LAYER

CONCENTRATION OF ATMOSPHERIC GASES

DATA FROM MULTIPLE SENSORS