Reference HI Wave

8/14/2019 Reference HI Wave

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Power*Tools

for Windows

HI_WAVE Reference Manual

Electrical Engineering Analysis Software

for Windows

Copyright 2006, SKM Systems Analysis, Inc

All Rights Reserved

SKM Power*Tools for Windows


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Information in this document is subject to change without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced or

transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, without the express written consent of SKM

Systems Analysis, Inc. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein.

Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this manual, the publisher and author assume no

responsibility for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of

information contained herein. For information, address SKM Systems Analysis, Inc., PO Box 3376, Manhattan

Beach, CA 90266-1376, USA.

2006 SKM Systems Analysis, Inc. All rights reserved.

Power*Tools, CAPTOR and DAPPER are registered trademarks and HI_WAVE and I*SIM are trademarks of

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Contents

1 HI_WAVE STUDY 1-1

1.1. Introduction...........................................................................................................1-2

1.2. Prepare Static System Data..................................................................................1-4

1.2.1. Choose Harmonic Source Library Models.......................................................1-4

How HI_WAVE Calculates Load Impedance Data ...............................................1-5

1.2.2. Enter Utility Impedance Data...........................................................................1-61.2.3. Enter Transmission Line Impedance Data .......................................................1-7

1.2.4. Enter Pi Equivalent Impedance Data................................................................1-9

1.2.5. Enter Cable Impedance Data ............................................................................1-9

1.2.6. Enter Two-Winding Transformer Impedance Data........................................1-10

How Delta Connections Trap 3rd-Order Harmonics............................................1-10

How Transformer Phase Shift Reduces Certain Harmonic Orders......................1-11

1.2.7. Model Capacitor Banks, Resistors, and Reactors on One-Line Diagram.......1-14

Capacitor Banks ...................................................................................................1-14

1.2.8. Resistors and Reactors ...................................................................................1-16

1.3. Open the HI_WAVE Study Manager................................................................1-16

1.3.1. Introduction to the HI_WAVE Study Manager .............................................1-17

1.3.2. Choose Components.......................................................................................1-19

1.4. Run Harmonic Simulation to Produce Data .....................................................1-21

1.4.1. Setup Options .................................................................................................1-23

Fundamental Frequency .......................................................................................1-23

Max Harmonic Order ...........................................................................................1-24

Model Transformer Tap and Phase Shift..............................................................1-24

Including Triplet Harmonics Path ........................................................................1-24

Load Specification................................................................................................1-24

Frequency Scan Setup ..........................................................................................1-25

Distortion Setup....................................................................................................1-25

Report Option.......................................................................................................1-25

Fundamental Solution...........................................................................................1-25

1.4.2. LF Setup Options ...........................................................................................1-26

Load Specification................................................................................................1-26Solution Criteria ...................................................................................................1-27

Generation Acceleration Factor, Load Acceleration Factor .............................1-27

Bus Voltage Drop, Branch Voltage Drop ........................................................1-27

1.4.3. Automatically-Generated Reports ..................................................................1-27

Input Report .........................................................................................................1-28

Load Flow Report.................................................................................................1-28

HI_WAVE Report................................................................................................1-28

1.5. View Waveforms .................................................................................................1-37



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HI_WAVE ii Reference Manual

1.5.1. Distortion waveform for buses ...................................................................... 1-421.5.2. Distortion waveform for branches ................................................................. 1-431.5.3. Distortion Spectrum for buses and branches ................................................. 1-441.1.1. Taking Components to the Component Editor .............................................. 1-441.1.2. Finding all the Components that have Harmonic Source Models Assigned to

Them........................................................................................................................ 1-44

1.1.3. Taking Components to a One-Line Diagram................................................. 1-451.1.4. Zooming In and Out....................................................................................... 1-451.1.5. Adding Annotations to a plot ......................................................................... 1-451.1.6. Exporting a plot as text or as a graphic.......................................................... 1-471.1.7. Changing Colors and Sizes............................................................................ 1-481.1.8. Printing Plots ................................................................................................. 1-51

1.6. Add Filters to Reduce Harmonics ..................................................................... 1-521.6.1. Single-Tuned Filter........................................................................................ 1-531.6.2. High-Pass Filter ............................................................................................. 1-55

1.7. Technical Information........................................................................................ 1-561.7.1. Harmonic Definition...................................................................................... 1-561.7.2. Fundamentals of Harmonic Domain Analysis and Wave Forms................... 1-58

1.8. Examples.............................................................................................................. 1-641.8.1. Frequency Scan example ............................................................................... 1-641.8.2. Transformer Phase Shift and Filters .............................................................. 1-66

Case 1: Transformer with Capacitor, Modeled without Phase Shifting............... 1-66Case 2: Transformer with Capacitor, Modeled with Phase Shifting.................... 1-70Case 3: Transformers with Filter ......................................................................... 1-73

2 USING HI_WAVES LIBRARY 2-1

2.1. General Library Usage......................................................................................... 2-22.1.1. Editing an Existing Model ............................................................................... 2-22.1.2. Adding a New Model....................................................................................... 2-32.1.3. Copying an Existing Model ............................................................................. 2-32.1.4. Metric Units..................................................................................................... 2-4

2.2. Harmonic Source Models..................................................................................... 2-42.2.1. Creating Custom Harmonic Sources................................................................ 2-42.2.2. Build-In Typical Data Models ......................................................................... 2-52.2.3. Six Pulse Converter ......................................................................................... 2-62.2.4. Twelve Pulse Converter................................................................................. 2-12

Index HI_WAVE i

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HI_WAVE 1-2 Reference Manual

1.1. Introduction

Distortion of the sinusoidal wave form is not a new problem. It was first noted in the1920s with the development of rectifiers. In the 1960s dc transmission systems added

harmonics to the power system on a new scale. In modern power systems, theintroduction of solid state devices for power supplies, variable speed motor controlsystems, and all types of electronic equipment have increased the distortion of thesinusoidal wave to the point where they threaten the safe operation of the power system.

Using HI_WAVE, you can determine which portions of your electrical system are causingthese harmonic disturbances and where you should install filters to reduce thedisturbances, thereby smoothing out your systems sinusoidal wave form. The moreaccurately you model the harmonic sources, of course, the more reliable the results will be.HI_WAVE conforms to the IEEE 519 Standard (IEEE Std 519), which specifiesacceptable levels of voltage distortion.

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HI_WAVE Study HI_WAVE 1-3

Flowchart of the steps in a HI_WAVE Study

Plot Harmonic Waveforms

View harmonic waveforms for components.

Prepare Data

Enter static system data (cables, transformers, loads, motors, andso on).

Assign harmonic source models to motors and loads in theComponent Editor.

Add capacitor banks to One-Line Diagram.

Assign transmission line models to transmission lines in theComponent Editor (if you don't use a model, be sure to enterpositive-, negative-, and zero-sequence impedance data in theComponent Editor).

Run Harmonic Simulation to Produce Data

Run the Simulation to generate harmonic waveforms for the

components in the Case.

Create Cases

Create or select a Study.

Create or select a Case.

Select buses and branches to be included in the Case.

Return to theComponent Editor andOne-Line Diagram tomodify the staticportion of the system inorder to reduce

harmonics; this usuallyinvolves adding filtersto the One-LineDiagram.



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1.2. Prepare Static System Data

Before you open the HI_WAVE Study Manager, you must be sure that the electricalsystem is complete. By complete, we mean that all the necessary elements of your

electrical system are in place and that the appropriate Studies have been run. Take thefollowing steps to ensure the system is complete:

Assign a harmonic source model to at least one induction motor, synchronousmotor, or non-motor load component (theres no point in running a harmonicstudy if theres nothing in the system to generate harmonics);

Connect all components;

Connect at least one swing bus to every isolated portion of the electrical system.In PTW, a swing bus is one of two things: 1) a utility component; 2) a generatorcomponent whose Schedule type (found on the first subview of the ComponentEditor) is set to Volts & Angle (SB).

Enter sizes in the Component Editor for all the cables, transformers, motors, and

non-motor loads.

If the electrical system is not complete, HI_WAVE will report an error and will not run.

1.2.1. Choose Harmonic Source Library ModelsBecause HI_WAVE analyzes the dynamic portion of the electrical system, we need tosupply HI_WAVE with additional information about the harmonic characteristics of theinduction motor, synchronous motor, and non-motor load components. These models arecrucial because they tell HI_WAVE what kind of harmonics that component contributes tothe system. (If you didnt apply any harmonic source models to any components, thedistortion waveform that HI_WAVE generates would be a perfectly smooth sine wave.)To apply these models, we use the Harmonic Source subview of the Component Editor:

Fig. 1-1. The Harmonic Source subview of the Component Editor (this subviewexists for induction motors, synchronous moto rs, and non-motor loads).

When you click the Library button, the Select a Device dialog box appears, which opensthe HI_WAVE Library in read-only form and allows us to peer into it and retrieve data

Click here tochoose aHarmonic Sourcemodel from theHI_WAVELibrary.

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from it without accidentally editing the data. (To edit the Library, you must open it, asdiscussed in Chapter 2.)

To open the Select a Device dialog box

1. Click the Library button.

The Select a Device dialog box appears. Now highlight the Harmonic Source categoryand the devices will appear. To apply a harmonic source model, select it and click theApply button or double-click the model itself.

Click the Close button to close the Selecta Device dialog box.

Click the Deselect button to remove a modelyou have applied to a component.

Click the Apply button or double-clickon the name to apply the harmonicsource model to the component.

Note: A single Library harmonic source model may be applied to as manycomponents as you want, because Library models merely provide a per-unittemplate of harmonic characteristics. The per-unit values are converted to realvalues based on the size of the component. If you want to edit a Library model, youhave to open the Library by clicking the Document>Library command. SeeChapter 2, Using HI_WAVEs Library, for more information about editing theLibrary.

For those induction motors, synchronous motors, and non-motor loads that dont haveharmonic source models applied to them, HI_WAVE lumps these loads together by theirtotal kVA and power factor and calculates their equivalent R+jX and modifies X linearlyas the frequency increases.

How HI_WAVE Calculates Load Impedance Data

The synchronous motors have their positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence impedancedata calculated based on the data in the ANSI Contribution subview (or the IECContribution subview if the Application options are set to IEC) of the Component Editor.

The induction motors and non-motor loads, which dont have sequence impedance data inthe Component Editor, have their positive- and negative-sequence impedance datacalculated by

Z (order n) = R + ( jX n )

where

n is a non-triplet order1, 2, 4, 5, 7, etc.

R is resistance, which never changes.



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The induction motors and non-motor loads have their zero-sequence impedance set equalto the negative-sequence impedance data (that is, Z0 = Z1) at each order if you turn on theIncluding Triplet Harmonics Path options described on page 1-24:

Z (order n) = R+j (X n)

where

n=3, 6, 9, etc.

If these options arent turned on, induction motors and non-motor loads have their zero-sequence impedance set to infinite (Z0 = Infinite).

For those non-motor loads and induction motors which dont have harmonic sourcemodels applied to them, HI_WAVE determines their zero-sequence impedance data basedon the Including Triplet Harmonics Pathcheckboxes, which are Study Setup options(see Setup Options on page 1-23 for a list of the Study Setup options). If these optionsare checked, HI_WAVE sets the zero-sequence impedance equal to the positive-sequenceimpedance, whereas if these options are unchecked, HI_WAVE sets the zero-sequenceimpedance to infinite. Typically its best to leave these options unchecked.

1.2.2. Enter Utility Impedance Data

Note: Typically you wont need to change the data on this subview because PTWcalculates the values for you. You should only enter your own values if you haveaccess to data that is more precise than PTWs estimates.

Just as the loads in a system contribute to harmonics, so do the utility sources that providethe power. Utilities have their positive- and negative-sequence impedance data calculatedby


where

R is the positive-sequence resistance entered on the first subview of the Component Editor

and

X is the positive-sequence reactance entered on the first subview of the Component Editor

andn is a non-triplet harmonic order 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, etc.

Utilities have their zero-sequence impedance data calculated by


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except that R is thezero-sequenceresistance entered on the first subview of the

Component Editor

and

X is thezero-sequencereactance entered on the first subview of the Component Editor

and

n is a triplet harmonic order 3, 6, 9, etc.

For example, the first-order factor is 1 0.1999 = 0.1999, the second-order factor is 2

0.1999 = 0.3998, and the third-order factor is 3 0.3006 = 0.9018 . You can see thesecalculated results on the Harmonic Impedance subview, as shown in Fig. 1-2.

To enter your own data, select the User-Defined option (when set to Linear fromBase, PTW generates its estimates):

Fig. 1-2. The Harmonic Impedance subview for Util ities.

Select the User-Defined optionto enter your own data instead

of using PTW's estimates.

1.2.3. Enter Transmission Line Impedance Data

You can model the transmission line impedance using one of two methods:

1. By entering positive- and zero-sequence resistance and reactance values;

2. By using a Transmission Line Library model.



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where

G and B come from the first subview of the Component Editor.

Of the two methods, the Library model provides more accurate modeling, particularly ifthe transmission line spans more than 50 miles. This is because HI_WAVE can calculateimpedance data non-linearly if you use the Library model, whereas if you dont use the

Library model HI_WAVE must calculate the impedance data by multiplying the samesequence values by each harmonic order, resulting in a linear model.

1.2.4. Enter Pi Equivalent Impedance DataHI_WAVE calculates these exactly the same as the transmission lines without a modelapplied. See Enter Transmission Line Impedance Data on page 1-7.

1.2.5. Enter Cable Impedance DataHI_WAVE calculates the impedance data for cables using the data on the first subview ofthe Component Editor (if you are using a Cable Library Model, this data comes from the

Library; otherwise, you must enter it yourself). Cables have their positive- and negative-sequence impedance data calculated by


where

R is the positive-sequence resistance entered on the first subview of the Component Editor

and


and

n is a non-triplet harmonic order 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, etc.

Cables have their zero-sequence impedance data calculated by



Component Editor

and




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and

n is a triplet harmonic order 3, 6, 9, etc.

. Enter Two-Winding Transformer Impedance Dataa for two-winding transformers using the data on

the Component Editor (if you are using aTransformer Library Model, this data comes from the Library; otherwise, you must enter it

ce

stance entered on the first subview of the Component Editor

1.2.6HI_WAVE calculates the impedance dat

the Transformer Impedance subview of

yourself). Two-winding transformers have their positive- and negative-sequenimpedance data calculated by


where

R is the positive-sequence resi

and


and

n is a non-triplet harmonic order 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, etc.

winding transformers have their zero-sequence impedance data calculated by

(order n) = R + ( jX n )


Component Edito

Two-

Z

r

and


andn is a triplet harmonic order 3, 6, 9, etc.

Delta Connections Trap 3rd-Order Harmonics

let harmonic orders in the system. As shown in

How

Transformers significantly impact the tripthe following figure,

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Connection

Two-Winding Transformer Equivalent Circuits

Positive- and Negative-

Sequence ImpedanceZero-

Sequence Impedance

h3030

h3030

h3030

Fig. 1-5. Equivalent circuit modeling for transformer connections.

non-triplet harmonics pass directly through delta connections. For the triplet harmonics,though, delta connections act as an open circuit and prevents these harmonics from

f ter for triplet6th, 9th, etc. orders

hase Shift option in the HI_WAVE setup dialog box (shown onpage 1-23).

h r for two-winding

passing through the transformer. Thus, the transformer acts as a naturalharmonics, so the distortion spectrum and distortion waveform for 3rd,

il

for buses downstream of delta-wye transformers will be smooththe one drawback to thisbehavior is that the transformer generates more heat and may have to be sized larger tohandle the additional heat. Pay attention to the K-factor in the HI_WAVE report to keeptabs on this behavior.

How Transformer Phase Shift Reduces Certain Harmonic Orders

Two-winding transformer impedance includes the phase shift if you check the ModelTransformer Tap and P

HI_WAVE calculates the two-winding transformer phase shift by

(for positive-sequence) Phase Shift = Phase Shift (order-1)

(for negative-sequence) Phase Shift = Phase Shift (order+1)

where

Phase Shift comes from t e first subview of the Component Editotransformers.



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You should understand the phase shifting that occurs between the primary and the

secondary of the transformer, particularly for /and /connected transformers. Forase,the positive mode, the phase shift is a function of the harmonic order and the basic ph

as shown:

p = order basic basic

where

basic 30for a /or connected transformer.

ive modal phase shift can be described as:

/

The negat

n +er basic basic

q. 1-1.

= ord

E

simple example. Consider thesample system shown in Fig. 1-6:The relevance of phase shifting can be illustrated in a

Utility

2

3 4

i (h)1

i (h)2

1000 kVAR1000 kVAR

13800/480 V13800/480 V

6% 6%

69000/13800 V

6%

i(h)

1

Fig. 1-6. Sample system to illustrate phase shifting .

Assume the two harmonic sources and the two transformers to be identical, except for theconnection of the transformers. For the 5th harmonic order, the current on the primary

side of the /transformer is shifted according to Eq. 1-1:

5 30+ 30= 180

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For the /connected transformer, the phase shift is calculated also according to Eq. 1-1:

5 0+ 0= 0

Therefore, the sum of the 5th order of harmonic current flowing from the transformers intothe utility is zero, as shown:

If the phase shifting is not taken into consideration, the 5th harmonics from the two

/ / /

Fig. 1-7a shows the harmonic spe in frequency domain and demonstrates themagnitude spectrum currents. Fig. 1-7b shows the harmonic current waveform in time

I I I5 5 5 0Utility = + = / /

transformers would be in phase, and two currents would be added together to calculate thetotal harmonic current:

I I I I5 5 5 52Utility = + =

For the 7th, 17th, and 19th harmonics the results are the same. For other positive andnegative-sequence orders, the harmonics from both transformers also will be partiallycanceled out.

ctrum

domain and demonstrates the phase and magnitude cancellation.

a. H armonic current spectrum. b. H armonic current waveform.

Fig. 1-7. Harmonic current spectrum and waveform of sample system showing theeffects of transformer phase shift modeling.

Fig. 1-7 indicates that the 5th, 7th, 17th and 19th harmonic currents from the twotransformers cancel out one another. The utility current sees only the reduced 11th and

13th harmonic currents. The positive- and negative-sequence currents either can utcel ocompletely or are reduced by using the /and /transformer configuration; the zero-

sequence harmonic current is trapped by the or the ungrounded connectiontransformer.



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Note: HI_WAVE represents an ideal case regarding transformer phase shiftcancellation, whereby identical size drives shifted by 30 degrees cancel 100 percentof the 5th, 7th, 17thand 19thharmonics. In reality, less than 100 percent cancellationwill be achieved due to firing angle variations between the drives. In most cases theideal representation is adequate. However, if you need more conservativeapproximations, you can manually adjust the phase angles for the harmonic sources

or the phase shift for the transformers.

.2.7. Model Capacitor Banks, Resistors, and Reactors on One-

Line Diagrame

1

In order to factor in the harmonics caused by capacitor banks, resistors, and reactors, bsure to model them on the One-Line Diagram.

Capacitor Banks

Engineers typically add capacitor banks to a system to improve (increase) the powerfact as a byproduct, though, capacitor banks affect the harmonics of the system,som times reducing the harmonics but oftentimes increasing them.

or;e

C

Fig. 1-8. Equivalent circuit for capacitor bank.

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Enter the harmonic order you want to tune to, and the capacitor banks size in micro-farads. If you dont know the micro-farads, click the Filter Designbutton to use thecalculator:

1P

Q

Q2

Q c

Fig. 1-9. Power factor correction.

This example explains how you can determine the capacitor banks size. In Fig. 1-9, the

goal is to raise the power factor from cosine to cosine 1 by applying a capacitor bank.The required capacitor bank VAR can be found using:

Qc=Q - Q2

where

Q2 desired reactive power after implementation of the capacitor (to calculate, use

Q2=tan1 P, where P is real power);

Q reactive power before the implementation of the capacitor;

Qc capacitor reactive power in vars.

After determining Qc, divide it by 1,000 to convert it to kvars, then enter it in theCapacitor Sizebox.


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1.2.8. Resistors and Reactors Resistor

Reactor

These increase impedance in the system. For resistors, enter positive-sequence and zero-

sequence ohms. For reactors, enter positive-sequence and zero-sequence henries.

Fig. 1-10. Resistor data entry.

Fig. 1-11. Reactor data entry.

1.3. Open the HI_WAVE Study Manager

Now that you have a complete electrical system (discussed in Prepare Static System

Data above), you can open the HI_WAVE Study Manager to begin analysis.

To open the HI_WAVE Study Manager

1. To begin, do one of the following:

Click the Run>Harmonic Analysis (HI_WAVE)command.

Click HI_WAVE toolbar button.

2. The HI_WAVE Study Manager will appear.

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The first thing you may have noticed is the three distinct panes, or views, in theHI_WAVE Study Manager.

Parts of the HI_WAVE Study Manager:

The Study-Case View keeps track of the Cases you set up.

The Plot-Graph Views display the waveforms for the selected components.

1.3.1. Introduction to the HI_WAVE Study ManagerLets begin with the Study-Case View (the left pane). When you first open HI_WAVE,you will just see a single folder called Study1 underneath HI_WAVE. You maywonder, why is my Study-Case View so empty? Actually, its not completely emptyHI_WAVE has a Case ready for you, hiding under Study1. To display the Case, click thebox next to folder Study1, like this:

Click the box next to Study1. . . to display the Case.

Although you can run HI_WAVE using just one Case, you will find it beneficial to createlots of Cases, because, as we will demonstrate, Cases provide the real power ofHI_WAVE.

First, though, you need to understand how HI_WAVE handles data. When you runHI_WAVE for a Case, HI_WAVE takes a snapshot of the Projects harmonics and storesthe results in the Case. The Project itself doesnt change. However, just becauseHI_WAVEdoesnt change the Project doesnt meanyou shouldnton the contrary, you

should try to change the electrical system frequently in order to compare the system underdifferent operating conditions. If you just run HI_WAVE once, all you get is yoursystems harmonics for the present moment in time, but by modifying the electrical systemand re-running HI_WAVE for a different Case, you can analyze your system underdifferent operating conditions.

To let you organize these different what-if scenarios, HI_WAVE uses containers calledCases. Think of a Case as a snapshot of the systems harmonics. At the moment you tellHI_WAVE (by clicking the Run button) to take the snapshot, HI_WAVE looks at the



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electrical system and calculates the harmonics for the components you have put in the

Case. Now, Cases are not linked to one anothereach Case represents a distinctsnapshot; however, if you never flip back to the Component Editor or the One-LineDiagram and change the system, every snapshot will be identical, because the electricalsystem has never changed. The key to using Cases effectively is to run HI_WAVE for oneCase, then flip back to the Component Editor or One-Line Diagram and make a change,

then return to HI_WAVE and run another Case. (With regard to Studies, they merelyprovide a way for you to organize the Cases; Studies have nothing to do with the harmonicsnapshots. Within a Study you may have multiple Cases, or you may create a new Studyfor every Case. Whether you place all your Cases in one Study or every Case in a separateStudy doesnt affect the Cases at all.)

For example, lets say your factory takes most of its loads off-line at night, and you wantto compare the daytime harmonics to the nighttime harmonics. To analyze this inHI_WAVE, you would first create a Case named Daytime, and run HI_WAVE for thatCase with all the loads in service to represent the daytime operating condition. Next, youwould flip to the Component Editor and take the loads out of service to represent thenighttime operating condition, then return to HI_WAVE and create a Case calledNighttime, and re-run the Harmonic Simulation for this new Case. You can nowcompare the waveforms in the Daytime Case to the waveforms in the Nighttime Case.

You can also speculate about ways to reduce the systems harmonics. Lets say youreconsidering installing a harmonics filter in your system, but youre not sure whether toplace it downstairs next to the motor, or outside by the warehouse. First switch to theOne-Line Diagram and add the filter in one location, then return to HI_WAVE and run theHarmonic Simulation for a Case named Downstairs Location. Next, switch back to theOne-Line Diagram and move the filter to the second location, then return to HI_WAVEand re-run the simulation for a different Case, one named Warehouse Location. Youcan now compare the waveforms in the Downstairs Location Case to the waveforms inthe Warehouse Location Case.

To create a new Case

1. With a folder highlighted, click the Case>New Casecommand or click the New Casetoolbar button . A new Case will appear.

Once you click the New Case command. . . a new Case will appear.

To move a Case to a different Study

1. With a Case highlighted, click the Edit>Cutcommand, then highlight a differentStudy and click the Edit>Pastecommand. You can also drag the Case to a differentStudy. (When you move a Case, the Case wont retain the harmonic waveforms, soyoull have to re-run the Harmonic Simulation for that Case.)

To copy a Case

1. With a Case highlighted, click the Edit>Copycommand, then highlight a differentStudy and click the Edit>Pastecommand. You may paste Cases to the same Study or

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to a different Study. (When you copy a Case, the copied Case wont retain theharmonic waveforms, so youll have to re-run the Harmonic Simulation for the copiedCase.)

To rename a Case

1. Highlight a Case by single-clicking it with the left mouse button. With the Casehighlighted, click the Case>Renamecommand.

2. When the cursor appears, type a new name.

3. Click the mouse button elsewhere to lock in the new name.

To delete a Case

1. With a Case highlighted, hit the DELkey.

To create a new Study

1. With HiWave highlighted, click the Case>New Studycommand. A new Studywill appear.

Once you click the New Studycommand. . . a new Study will appear.

To rename a Study

1. Highlight a Study by single-clicking it with the left mouse button. With the Studyhighlighted, click the Case>Renamecommand.

2. When the cursor appears, type a new name.

3. Click the mouse button elsewhere to lock in the new name.

To delete a Study

1. With a Study highlighted, hit the DELkey.

1.3.2. Choose ComponentsFor a given Case, your first step is to add the branches (cables, two-winding transformers,pi impedances, and transformer lines) and buses that you want to analyze for that Case.You dont choose the motors and non-motor loads that have harmonic source modelsapplied to them because you wont be viewing waveforms for them; rather, you choose thebuses and branches because this is where the harmonic distortions are felt.



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To add components to a Case

1. With a Case highlighted, click the Case>Select Components command from the

Case menu, or click the Select Componentstoolbar button . The Select

Components dialog box will appear.

2. In the Select Components dialog box, choose the components for this Case. You

select components of different types by switching to the appropriate tab (for example,to add a transmission line, switch to the Branchtab).

Click on the arrow button or double-click on thecomponents name itself. . .

and the selected components are added to theCase.

Tip: You can also use the Window>Go to HI_WAVEcommand to takecomponents from a One-Line Diagram or the Component Editor to HI_WAVE.When youre on a One-Line Diagram, the selected (that is, highlighted) componentswill be taken to HI_WAVE, whereas when youre in the Component Editor, all the

components currently shown will be taken to HI_WAVE. You can then create anew Study and Case or pick an existing Study and Case in which to place thecomponents.

When finished, click the OK button. Note that the components you selected now appearunder the Case, as shown in Fig. 1-12:

Fig. 1-12. Selected components appear in the Case.

Important: If you add any components that are Out of Service, data will not begenerated for them.

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You can tell which components are out of service in two ways: by the Status indicator,which reads In Service or Out of Service, and by the color of the component icon,which appears grey if Out of Service:

In Service component Out of Service Component

Iconcolor

Statusindicator

To remove components from a Case

1. With a Case highlighted, click the Case>Select Components command from the

Case menu, or click the Select Componentstoolbar button . The Select

Components dialog box will appear.

2. In the Select Components dialog box, choose the components on the right, then click

the left arrow button (or simply double-click the components themselves) to removethem.

1.4. Run Harmonic Simulation to Produce Data

The final step is to run the Harmonic Simulation to produce waveforms and reports. Thisprocess takes place internally; that is, it takes place behind the scenes.

When you run the Harmonic Simulation, HI_WAVE actually performs three Studies:

Load Flow study (similar to DAPPERs Load Flow) to prepare the data;

Frequency Scan study;

Harmonic Distortion study.

You can select to skip any of these three studies, but generally you should run all three togive yourself all the available data.

Be sure you have the correct Case highlighted when you click the Run button. HI_WAVEcalculates data for the Case that is highlighted (if you have a component withina Case



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Fig. 1-13. The Study Messages dialog box as HI_WAVE runs.

1.4.1. Setup OptionsUse the Study Setup dialog box to choose how you want the Frequency Scan andHarmonic Distortion portions of the HI_WAVE Harmonic Simulation to create data.

Fig. 1-14. The Study Setup dialog box.

Fundamental Frequency

The frequency is determined by the Engineering Standard chosen in the ApplicationOptions. If the Engineering Standard is ANSI, then the Fundamental Frequency = 60 Hz.Conversely, if the Engineering Standard is IEC, then the Fundamental Frequency = 50 Hz.

The frequency at each order is determined by Order Fundamental Frequency, so at thefirst order the frequency is (in ANSI) 60 Hz, at the second order the frequency is 120 Hz,and so on.



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Max Harmonic Order

This is the maximum harmonic order that HI_WAVE will calculate for the harmonicmagnitude and the angle spectrum. Keep in mind that HI_WAVE will only calculate tothe highest order that the harmonic source models have been modeled to, unlessHI_WAVE reaches the Max Harmonic Order first. In other words, if you have theMax Harmonic Order set to 64, but the harmonic source models that you are using have

only been modeled to 25 orders, HI_WAVE will only plot through the 25th order.Similarly, if the harmonic source models that you are using have been modeled to 50orders, but you have set the Max Harmonic Order to 30, HI_WAVE will only plotthrough the 30th order.

Model Transformer Tap and Phase Shift

When unchecked, all transformers appear without the effect on any taps, and the pre-faultvoltage is relative to the swing bus voltage and the transformer phase shift angle remainsat 0. When checked, HI_WAVE calculates the system pre-fault no-load voltage profilebased on the swing bus voltage and transformer tap settings. You must check this box toanalyze transformer off-nominal voltages properly.

Including Triplet Harmonics Path

Note: These options only affect the non-motor loads and induction motors whichdonthave harmonic source models applied to them, because HI_WAVE needssome method to determine their zero-sequence impedance data. Since synchronousmotors already have zero-sequence impedance data in the Component Editor,HI_WAVE needs no special consideration for them.

Chances are you wont apply harmonic source models to every induction motor and non-motor load in the system. For those that dont have harmonic source models applied tothem you can select whether you want to include the zero-sequence impedance data(which is modeled in the third-order harmonics, or as HI_WAVE calls them, in theGround Mode) in the Harmonic Simulation. If these options are checked, HI_WAVEsets the zero-sequence impedance equal to the positive-sequence impedance (for

information on how the negative-sequence impedance is calculated, see How HI_WAVECalculates Load Impedance Data on page 1-5).

Typically its best to leave these options unchecked, in which case HI_WAVE sets thezero-sequence impedance to infinite. Also, if you uncheck the Model Ground Modeoptions, these checkboxes are irrelevant because HI_WAVE wont be calculating third-order harmonics (the zero-sequence ones) anyway.

Load Specification

This choice determines how HI_WAVE calculates the loads at each harmonic order.

When the Connected Loadoption button is selected, HI_WAVE calculates the loads

without considering any load or demand factors. If motor loads are identified, and ifmultiple motors are modeled in a single motor load object, the total motor connected loadis the number of motors multiplied by the motors rated size. Otherwise, the load ratedsize is the connected load value. Motors expressed in horsepower and kW output areconverted to electrical units by dividing by the efficiency.

When the 1st Level Demand or Energy Factoroption button is selected, HI_WAVEcalculates the loads using the first level demand factors or energy audit load factors, asappropriate. If a non-motor load has an energy audit load factor or a demand loadcategory (in the Component Editor), then the Study will use the energy audit load factor or

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the first level demand load factor multiplied by the loads rated size in the ComponentEditor. For motor loads, the load is calculated as the number of motors multiplied by themotor rated size multiplied by the motor load factor. Load diversity resulting fromidentifying multiple levels of demand load factors is not taken into consideration.

Frequency Scan Setup

These options determine how HI_WAVE runs the Frequency Scan portion of theHarmonic Simulation. (If you unchecked the Run Frequency Scan box in the Run Studydialog box, these options are irrelevant because HI_WAVE wont run the Frequency Scananyway.) To run the Frequency Scan, HI_WAVE applies a one-per-unit current at eachbus for every order up to the Max Harmonic Order you specified in the setup dialog box.You dont have to have any harmonic sources in the system to see these results.

The Ground Mode plots triplet orders (that is, the orders that are multiples of 3, such as 3,6, 9, and so on) while the Aerial Mode plots non-triplet orders (that is, the orders that arenot multiples of 3, such as 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and so on).

The Bus Equivalent Impedance option determines whether or not the HI_WAVE reportsthe Thevenin impedance looking into the bus-to-ground for each bus in the system. This

data only appears in the reportit doesnt appear in the waveform plots. Because the busequivalent impedance section can generate a lot of report pages (every bus is reported atevery frequency, often spanning 80 pages or more), you can choose not to report busequivalent impedance by unchecking this option. If this option is unchecked, HI_WAVEwill still generate data for the Plots. For more information about the reports, seeAutomatically-Generated Reports on page 1-27.

Distortion Setup

These options determine how HI_WAVE runs the Harmonic Distortion portion of theHarmonic Simulation. (If you unchecked the Run Harmonic Distortion box in the RunStudy dialog box, these options are irrelevant because HI_WAVE wont run the HarmonicDistortion anyway.) As with the Frequency Scan portion of the Harmonic Simulation, theGround Mode plots triplet harmonic, or orders that are multiples of 3 (3, 6, 9, etc.). The

Aerial Mode plots orders that are not multiples of 3 (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, etc.). A total systemanalysis requires the use of both modes to specify the system properly.

Report Option

This option determines what distortion data you want HI_WAVE to report. If you chooseBoth, HI_WAVE generates tables showing the voltage and current distortion data for allthe buses in the system, then generates tables showing only the buses which violate theIEEE 519 standard. If you have a small system consisting of 50 or 60 buses, the Bothoption will work just fine. However, if you have a large system consisting of 1,000 ormore buses, you may want to use the Violations Only option because the tables showingthe voltage and current distortion data for all the buses in the system will be extremelylong. For more information about the reports, see Automatically-Generated Reports onpage 1-27.

Fundamental Solution

The Fundamental Solution option determines whether HI_WAVE will use the results fromits running of the Load Flow Study or to apply a standard 1-per-unit voltage to the voltageresults (the current results always use the load flow results).



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1.4.2. LF Setup OptionsUse the LF Study Setup dialog box to choose how you want the Load Flow portion of theHarmonic Simulation to create data. (If you unchecked the Run Load Flow box in theRun Study dialog box, these options are irrelevant because HI_WAVE wont run the LoadFlow study anyway. If HI_WAVE doesnt run the Load Flow study, it uses the resultsfrom the last run of the Load Flow study for the distortion calculations.)

Fig. 1-15. The Load Flow Study Setup dialog box.

These are the same setup options as those for DAPPERs Load Flow Study.

It is recommended that you run the Study using the Exact (Iterative) Solution method first.This is because the solution method usually converges on most power systems. In theunlikely event that the steady-state load flow solution does not converge, you should re-run the Study using the Approximate Solution method. If it does not converge, a messagein the Study Message dialog box will notify you of the problem. When the ApproximateSolution method is selected, PTW temporarily converts all loads to constant impedancetype characteristics, making these system losses smaller than if constant kVA type loadswere modeled. An output report is then written, and data is sent to the database. Althoughit is an approximate solution (since the load characteristic is approximated), this solutionmethod may help to identify the reasons for the non-convergence.

If you have a non-convergent solution, examine the Load Flow Reports bus voltagemismatch values and bus mismatch location, as there may be a data input problem that hascaused the non-convergence. Check specifically for excessive voltage drop and multiplePV generators separated by small impedance values. If the voltage drops are within areasonable range, try adjusting the Solution Criteria. See Solution Criteria, following.

Load Specification

When either of the Directly Connected Loads options is selected, the load flow solutioncalculates the load at each bus, then solves the steady state load flow equation

P jQ

[V]*[Y][V]

LNM

OQP =

b g. Neither of these options uses results from the Demand Load Study,

so HI_WAVE runs the Load Flow Study but doesnt use the results from the last time youran the Demand Load Study.

When the Connected Load option button is selected, the HI_WAVE Harmonic Simulationcalculates the loads without considering any load or demand factors. If motor loads are

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identified, and if multiple motors are modeled in a single motor load object, the totalmotor connected load is the number of motors multiplied by the motors rated size.Otherwise, the load rated size is the connected load value. Motors expressed in kW outputare converted to kVA units by dividing by the efficiency, power factor, etc.

When the 1stLevel Demand or Energy Factor option button is selected, the HI_WAVEHarmonic Simulation calculates the loads using the first level demand factors or energyaudit load factors, as appropriate. If a non-motor load is identified with both an energyaudit load factor and a demand load category, then the Study will use the energy audit loadfactor or the first level demand load factor (depending on the choice in the ComponentEditor) multiplied by the loads rated size. For motor loads, the load is calculated as thenumber of motors multiplied by the motor rated size multiplied by the motor load factor.Load diversity resulting from identifying multiple levels of demand load factors is nottaken into consideration.

Solution Criteria

These options control the solution data.

Generation Acceleration Factor, Load Acceleration Factor

The two Acceleration Factor text boxes allow you to control how the HI_WAVEHarmonic Simulation converges upon the solution. Generally, the Acceleration Factors donot need to be changed from their default values. However, if a non-convergent solutionoccurs, even after an Approximate Solution method has been run, try changing theGeneration Acceleration Factor and/or the Load Acceleration Factor from their default of1.0 to a factor between 0.1 and 1.0. The smaller the factor, the smaller the step changeused in the iteration solution.

Bus Voltage Drop, Branch Voltage Drop

These provide a quick method to flag excessive voltage drops in the output report. In thereport, PTW flags with a dollar sign ($) any bus or branch voltage drop value that exceedsthe limits set in these text boxes. Upon creating a new Project, the default values are a 5%bus voltage drop, and a 3% branch voltage drop. However, you can change these

percentages by typing a percent value in the appropriate text box.

1.4.3. Automatically-Generated ReportsHI_WAVE generates a number of reports when it runs:

Input ReportContains static system data (that is, the data you enter in theComponent Editor and the One-Line Diagram).

Load Flow ReportContains results of the Load Flow Study that HI_WAVEruns.

HI_WAVE ReportContains harmonic setup data.

Each of these Reports will be discussed in detail.

To Open a Repor t

1. Either click the Document>Reportcommand or click the Report toolbar button .

2. In the Open Report dialog box, choose the name of the HI_WAVE report you created.



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Input Report

The Input Report contains a detailed breakdown of each components structural, or static,data, such as the components it connects to, its voltage, and its size (in essence, the InputReport contains all the data that you have input using the Component Editor and One-LineDiagram).

The following example shows part of a typical Input Report:

FEEDER INPUT DATA

FEEDER FROM FEEDER TO QTY VOLTS LENGTH FEEDER DESCRIPTIONNAME NAME /PH L-L SIZE TYPE DUCT INSUL

003-HV SWGR 004-TX B PRI 1 13800 200.0 FT 6 C N XLP+/- Impedance: 0.5100 + J 0.0636 OHMS/M Length 0.0536 + J 0.0067 PUZ0 Impedance: 0.8108 + J 0.1618 OHMS/M Length 0.0851 + J 0.0170 PU

TRANSFORMER INPUT DATA

PRIMARY RECORD VOLTS * SECONDARY RECORD VOLTS FULL-LOAD NOMINAL NO NAME L-LNO NAME L-L KVA KVA===========================================================================002-TX A PRI D 69000.0 003-HV SWGR YG 12900.0 25000.0 20000.0Pos. Seq. Z%: 0.140 + J 0.410 0.007 + j 0.020 PUZero Seq. Z%: 0.140 + J 0.410 0.007 + j 0.020 PUTaps Pri. -4.99 % Sec. 0.000 % Phase Shift (Pri. Leading Sec.): 30.00 Deg.

Load Flow Report

The Load Flow Report lists the results of the running of the Load Flow Study, whichcalculates the voltage drop through each branch impedance component, and the associatedvoltages at each bus or node in the electrical system.

The following example shows part of a typical Load Flow Report:

BALANCED VOLTAGE DROP AND LOAD FLOW ANALYSISVOLTAGE EFFECT ON LOADS MODELEDVOLTAGE DROP CRITERIA: BRANCH = 3.00 % BUS = 5.00

==== BUS: 028-BUS 28 DESIGN VOLTS: 480 BUS VOLTS: 439 %VD: 8.59$======================= PU BUS VOLTAGE: 0.914 ANGLE: -2.8 DEGREES**** PQ TYPE MACHINE:IND-028 -800.0 KW -600.0 KVARLOAD FROM: 027-TX B PRI FEEDER AMPS:1315.7 VOLTAGE DROP: 9. %VD: 1.81PROJECTED POWER FLOW: 800.0 KW 600.0 KVAR 1000.0 KVA PF: 0.80 LAGGINGLOSSES THRU FEEDER: 13.3 KW 15.3 KVAR 20.3 KVA

HI_WAVE Report

Note: The HI_WAVE Report does not contain the graphical data points used in thewaveforms; you view the waveforms on the Plots, as discussed in ViewWaveforms on page 1-37.

The HI_WAVE Report lists the results of the Harmonic Distortion and Frequency Scanstudies. (If you unchecked the Run Harmonic Distortion box and the Run FrequencyScan box in the Run Study dialog box, these options are irrelevant because HI_WAVEwont run the Studies.)

Study Criteria section. This section lists the setup criteria you have entered (the setupoptions are described in Setup Options on page 1-23 and LF Setup Options on page1-26).

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S T U D Y C R I T E R I A

Studies Selected To Run:Load Flow: YesFrequency Scan: YesHarmonic Distortion: Yes

Load Flow Study Setup OptionsUtility Impedance: YesTransformer Phase Shift: YesSolution Method: ExactLoad Specification: 1st Level Demand or Energy AuditGeneration Acceleration Factor: 1.00Load Acceleration Factor: 1.00Bus Voltage Drop: 5.00Branch Voltage Drop: 3.00

HI_WAVE Study Setup OptionsFundamental Frequency: 60 HzMax. Harmonic Order: 50Model Transformer Tap and Phase Shift: YesInclude Triplet Harmonics Path (Static Load): NoInclude Triplet Harmonics Path (Ind. Motor): NoLoad Specification: 1st Level Demand or Energy Audit

Model Aerial Mode (for Frequency Scan): YesModel Ground Mode (for Frequency Scan): YesReport Bus Equivalent Impedance: No

Model Aerial Mode (for Distortion): YesModel Ground Mode (for Distortion): YesFundamental Solution: Use Load Flow ResultReport Option: All Distortions and Violations

Harmonic Source section. This section first lists all the components which haveharmonic source models, then lists the harmonic orders for each one, then lists all theharmonic orders that have at least harmonic disturbance on them.

LOADS AND MOTORS WITH HARMONIC SOURCE MODELS Bus Name Voltage Component Name LF Current Harmonic Library

B3 480 M1 624.2 SKM Six Pulse B4 480 L1 624.2 SKM Six Pulse C2 B3 480 C2 M1 624.4 SKM Six Pulse C2 B4 480 C2 L1 624.4 SKM Six Pulse C3 B3 480 C3 M1 620.1 SKM Six Pulse C3 B4 480 C3 L1 620.1 SKM Six Pulse

HARMONIC SOURCE SKM Six Pulse Order Magnitude Angle (%) (Degrees) 1 100.000 -12.60

5 37.660 107.40 7 12.550 -126.90 11 7.110 -93.20 13 3.350 -50.20 17 2.930 15.90 19 1.670 45.00



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H A R M O N I C S O U R C E I N D E X T A B L E HARMONIC SOURCES HAVE BEEN FOUND AND INJECTED FOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING HARMONIC ORDERS 5 7 11 13 17 19

Filter section. This section all the filters in the Project.

P A S S I V E F I L T E R D A T A Filter Bus Bus Rated Connect Filter CapacitorTuned R L C Name Name Voltage Voltage Type KVAR Order Q M () (H) (F) C2 CAP C2 B2 4160 4160 WYE_G Capacitor 400.0 999999.0 0.0000 61.3115 999999.0 0.0000 61.3115Filter B2 4160 7205 WYESingleTuned 400.0 10 50 0.2496 0.0032 20.4372 0.2496 0.0032 20.4372FLTR1 C3 B2 4160 4160 WYE_GSingleTuned 400.0 2 20 1.0816 0.0287 61.3115 1.0816 0.0287 61.3115

Utility, Generator, and Motor Data section. This section lists all the utilities,generators, and motors in the Project.

U L T I L I T Y , G E N E R A T O R A N D M O T O R D A T A Component Component Bus Bus Base Base R1 X1 Name Type Name Voltage Voltage KVA R2 X2 R0 X0 C1 UTIL UTILITY B1 13800 13800 100000 0.2217 3.3260 0.2217 3.3260 0.2217 3.3260C2 UTIL UTILITY C2 B1 13800 13800 100000 0.2217 3.3260 0.2217 3.3260 0.2217 3.3260C3 UTIL UTILITY C3 B1 13800 13800 100000 0.2217 3.3260 0.2217 3.3260 0.2217 3.3260

Bus Equivalent Impedance section. Because this section can generate a lot ofreport pages (every bus is reported at every frequency, often spanning 80 pages or more),you can choose not to report bus equivalent impedance by unchecking the followingcheckbox which appears in the Study Setup dialog box (described in Setup Options on

page 1-23):

B U S E Q U I V A L E N T I M P E D A N C E R E P O R T Bus Name Voltage Frequency R (PU) JX (PU) Z (PU) Angle 003-HV SWGR 13800 50 0.0309 0.0041 0.0312 7.6

Voltage and Current Distort ion section. This sections contents depends on theoption selected in the Study Setup dialog box (described in Setup Options on page 1-23):

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You choose to exclude the Total Voltage Distortion table and the Total CurrentDistortion table by selecting Violations Only. If you have a small system consisting of50 or 60 buses, the Both option will work just fine. However, if you have a large systemconsisting of 1,000 or more buses, you may want to use the Violations Only optionbecause the tables showing the voltage and current distortion data for all the buses in thesystem will be extremely long.

T O T A L V O L T A G E D I S T O R T I O N Bus Name Voltage V_RMS(V) V_TIF V_THD(%) IEEE-519 028-MTR 28 A 480 469.40 0.5752 0.1932 5.0028-MTR 28 B 480 469.40 0.5596 0.1707 5.0029-TX D SEC 4160 4124.06 0.5170 0.0869 5.0BLDG 115 SERV 4160 4124.06 0.5422 0.1407 5.0LV DISTRIB 480 479.16 191.5442 5.1322> 5.0:

HI_WAVE marks the violations with a > symbol (shown circled), then puts the violatorsinto the following summary table (the IEEE Standard 519 tables are listed in the THDdescription section after these sample tables):

V O L T A G E D I S T O R T I O N S U M M A R Y Bus Name Voltage V_RMS(V) V_TIF V_THD(%) IEEE-519 LV DISTRIB 480 479.16 191.5442 5.1322> 5.0

The Current Distortion tables operate the same way as the Voltage Distortion tables.

T O T A L C U R R E N T D I S T O R T I O N Bus Name Bus Name Load Name Voltage Voltage I_RMS(A) IT K I_THD(%) IEEE-519 (From) (To) (From) (To) 026-TX G PRI 027-DSB 3 TX G 4160 480 151.19 86.27 1.00 0.19 027-DSB 3 028-MTR 28 A C13 A 480 480 588.13 341.98 1.00 0.20 027-DSB 3 028-MTR 28 B C13 B 480 480 588.13 341.98 1.00 0.20 029-TX D SEC BLDG 115 SERV C19 4160 4160 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 BLDG 115 SERV 025-MTR 25 C11 4160 4160 268.47 147.46 1.00 0.16 BLDG 115 SERV 026-TX G PRI C10 4160 4160 151.19 80.46 1.00 0.13 LV DISTRIB 015-MCC 1A C14 480 480 301.96 154.64 1.00 0.08 LV DISTRIB 016-H2A C16 480 480 166.04 85.14 1.00 0.08 LV DISTRIB 017-H1A C17 480 480 73.90 37.43 1.00 0.06

C U R R E N T D I S T O R T I O N S U M M A R Y

Bus Name Bus Name Load Name Voltage Voltage I_RMS(A) IT K I_THD(%) IEEE-519 (From) (To) (From) (To) NO VIOLATION

For the buses you selected, the following data will appear in the Report (explanations ofthese data types follow):

V_THDTotal voltage distortion.



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The IEEE Standard 5191defines maximum values of distortion for voltage and current asfollows:

Table 10.3

Current Distortion Limits for General Distribution Systems

(120 V through 69,000 V)

Maximum Harmonic Current Distortion in percent of IL

Individual Harmonic Order (Odd Harmonics)

ISC / IL


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Table 10.4

Current Distortion Limits for General Subtransmission Systems

(69,001 V through 161,000 V)

Maximum Harmonic Current Distortion in percent of IL

Individual Harmonic Order (Odd Harmonics)

ISC / IL


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Table 11.1

Voltage Distortion Limits

Bus Voltage at PCC Individual Voltage Distortion

(%)

Total Voltage Distortion

THD (%)

69 kV and below 3.0 5.0

69.001 kV through 161 kV 1.5 2.5

161.001 kV and above 1.0 1.5

Note: High-voltage systems can have up to 2.0 % THD where the cause is an HVDC terminal thatwill attenuate by the time it is tapped for a user.

The utility industry has defined a Telephone Influence Factor (TIF) as a dimensionlessquantity which is used to describe the influence of a transmission line on a telephone line.A weighting method known as the C-message weighting curve is used in the calculationof the following equation. These weighting factors are automatically supplied byHI_WAVE in the TIF calculations; the TIF value is a voltage related value:

V_ =TIFV W

V

h f

rms

b ge j212LNM

OQP

where

W the weighting factor from the C-message curve corresponding to each frequency;

h1,2,3... maximum harmonic order.

Vrms rms voltage.

A similar value can be calculated for current influence. This factor is referred to as

current-telephone (IT).

The IT product is the rms of the current and the weighting factor. It gives an estimate ofthe influence from the current:

IT I Wh fh

n

=FHG

IKJ

L

NMM

O

QPP=

b g2

1

1

2

where

W0 the weighting factor from the C-message curve corresponding to each frequency;

h1,2,3... maximum harmonic order.

The ANSI/IEEE C57.110-1986 standard offers a recommended procedure for determiningthe capability of transformers to supply non-sinusoidal load currents without losing normallife expectancy. This recommendation suggests that the capability of a transformer with agiven non-sinusoidal load should be operated at a certain percentage of its sinusoidal loadcapability.

The K-factor takes the opposite approach by calculating the total harmonic influence onthe transformer. This allows you to take the harmonic distortion into account during the



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design phase, and to specify the transformer so that it operates at a sinusoidal load currentcapability even when the load current is non-sinusoidal.

HI_WAVE calculates and reports the K-factor for all branches in the system. The K-Factor applied to transformers can typically be used to choose K rated transformers.

Mathematically, the K-factor is defined as:

K

I h

I

h

h

N

h

h

N= =

=

2 2

1

2

1

where

h harmonic order;

N maximum harmonic order;

Ih harmonic current.

The above equation illustrates that the K-Factor is related to Ih2and h2, meaning that it is

also directly related to losses; h2suggests that a higher order harmonic current has moreinfluence than the lower harmonic current. For example at the 2nd harmonic

h2= 4, but at the 25th harmonic, h2= 252= 625. Therefore, higher harmonic currentsmay contribute greater losses in some circumstances, and should be kept in mind whendesigning the K-Factor transformer.

Voltage and Current Spectrum Reports section. This section lists the voltage andcurrent spectrum results.

HARMONIC VOLTAGE SPECTRUM REPORT Bus: 003-HV SWGR (13800V) Harmonic Harmonic Phase Distortion IEEE-519 Order Voltages Angle Percent Limit 1 13643.167 -6.94 3 0.000 0.00 0.000 3.000 5 7.720 81.07 0.057 3.000 7 0.717 -44.83 0.005 3.000 9 0.000 0.00 0.000 3.000 Voltage: 13800.0 V_RMS: 13643.17 V_THD(%): 0.06 IEEE-519 LIMIT: 5.0

HARMONIC CURRENT SPECTRUM REPORT Device Name: TXL1

From: 001-UTILITY CO (69000V) To: 002-TX A PRI (69000V) Connected to a utility as a PCC. (Isc/Ilf = 4752.662 Harmonic Harmonic Phase Distortion IEEE-519 Order Amperes Angle Percent Limit 1 135.046 -0.00 5 1.504 132.26 1.113 15.000 7 0.366 144.26 0.271 15.000 Voltage: 69000.0 I_RMS: 21.80 I_THD(%): 1.36 I_K: 1.01 IEEE-519 LIMIT: 20.0

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Filter Spectrum Report section. This section lists the filter spectrum results.

F I L T E R S P E C T R U M R E P O R T Filter Name: FLTR-0007 (Reactor) Bus Name: (0V)

Harmonic IR IL IC R L C R L C Order (Amp) (Amp) (Amp) (kW) (kVAR) (kVAR) (V) (V) (V) 1 13.74190

1.5. View Waveforms

Once you have run the Harmonic Simulation, you can view the waveforms for the Cases.The two panes in the right half of the HI_WAVE Study Manager together show the activePlot.

Fig. 1-16. HI_WAVE Study Manager show ing w aveforms.

You may create as many plots as you want, but only one plot will be displayed at a time.Dont be confused into thinking the dual panes display two different plotsthey bothshow the same plot. So whats the point in having two panes if they show the same plot?You have two panes because each plot contains four waveformtypes, so having two paneslets you see two waveform types at a time instead of just one.

Here are the waveforms types that each plot can display:

This pane shows any one of thefour waveforms.

The two pantogether shoactive plot.

This pane shows another of thefour waveforms.

Distortion waveform (displayed for buses and branches) Distortion spectrum (displayed for buses and branches; wont show if theres no

distortion in the system)

Scan magnitude (displays for buses)

Scan angle (displays for buses)

Since there are two panes, you may view any two of the plots four waveforms at a singletime.



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Fig. 1-17. The four data types plotted in HI_WAVE.

Important: A plot is not linked to any particular Case, but is merely a place todisplay harmonic data. This means that you may display curves from multiple

Cases in a single plot.

Think of the plot as a bulletin board to which you add or remove a components

waveforms (when you add or remove a component, HI_WAVE automatically displays .

all the components waveformsdistortion waveform and distortion spectrum for

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branches, or distortion waveform, distortion spectrum, scan magnitude, and scan angle forbuses). For example, in the following picture, we have added the distortion waveforms forcomponents from two different cases:

Fig. 1-18. Plot showing waveforms for the same component from two dif ferentcases.

As you can see, the Plot merely provides a place to display the waveformsit has no linkto any specific Case.

You can also remove curves if you wish. Keep in mind, though, that once you add a curveto a plot, it will remain there until you remove it; it will still be displayed even if youswitch to another Case which doesnt have any curves displayed.

To add a components waveforms to the plot, double-click the check box next to thecomponent:



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To add a component'swaveforms to the plot,

double-click the check boxnext to the component

name...

and all of thecomponent's waveforms

appear. We have shownall four panes for

illustration only; you willactually see two at a time

(one in each pane), andcan browse through them

by clicking the Graphbutton.

Note: The Graph button flips through the four different waveform

types for the activepane. To choose which pane you want active (that is, to choosewhich pane you want to show a different waveform), make the pane active by

clicking on it.

It is important to understand that bothpanes show data for the samePlot. In fact, we canintentionally set both panes to the same waveform to prove that each pane derives its datafrom the same plot (you wouldnt do this in standard practice because its redundant):

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Fig. 1-19. Example showing that both panes use data from the same plot.

You can also tell that both panes show data for the same plot by looking at their titles,which both say Plot1.

To create a new Plot

1. Click the Case>Plot command or click the button.

2. Type a name for the new Plot and click the New button.

To open an existing Plot


2. Select an existing Plot and click the Open button.

To rename an existing Plot


2. Highlight a Plot and click the Rename button. (Note: You cannot rename a Plot whenit is open. If only one Plot exists, that Plot will always be open, since HI_WAVE

always displays a Plot. Therefore, if only one Plot exists and you want to rename it,

create a new Plot by clicking the New button, at which point you can rename the

previous Plot.)

3. Type a new name for the Plot. You may use more than 8 characters and includespaces in the name if you want.

To delete a Plot




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2. Highlight a Plot and click the Delete button. (Note: You cannot delete a Plot when itis open. If only one Plot exists, that Plot will always be open, since HI_WAVE always

displays a Plot. Therefore, if only one Plot exists and you want to delete it, create a

new Plot by clicking the New button, at which point you can delete the previous Plot.)

1.5.1. Distortion waveform for buses

Fig. 1-20. Distort ion waveform for buses.

The voltage waveform is a very clear way to view the bus voltage distortion since eachharmonic source spectrum is injected into the system in harmonic spectrum form. It iseasy to visualize a spectrum series in a two dimensional array:

( V1, V2,V3,V4,V5,V6,V7,V8,V9,V10. . . Vn)

( f 1,f 2,f3,f4,f5,f6,f7,f8,f9,f10. . . fn)

Graphically, the series can be displayed in spectrum form as in Fig. 1-20. It can also bedisplayed in time domain by inverse Fourier Transformation:

u V i t Bt ii

n

i=

=

1

1sin b g+

where

i 1, 2, 3,...... n ;

n maximum harmonic order;

ut instantaneous voltage;

t instantaneous time;

Vi magnitude spectrum of harmonic voltage;

Bi phase spectrum of harmonic voltage;

1 2 fundamental frequency .

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1.5.2. Distortion waveform for branches

Fig. 1-21. Distort ion waveform for branches.

As with the distortion waveform for buses, the solution for each harmonic source spectruminjected into the system is given in harmonic spectrum form, so that the branch current isalso in spectrum format in frequency domain. The sources can be seen as a spectrum seriesin a two dimensional array:

( I1, I2 ,I3,I4,I5,I6,I7,I8,I9,I10......In )

( f1,f2,f3,f4,f5,f6,f7,f8,f9,f10.......fn )

Using an inverse Fourier Transformation, the sources can be described mathematically intime domain:

i I i tt ii

n

i=

=

1

1sin b gB+

where

i 1, 2, 3, ...... n ;

n maximum harmonic order;

it instantaneous voltage;

t instantaneous time;

| Ii | magnitude spectrum of harmonic current;

Bi phase spectrum of harmonic current;

1 2fundamental frequency.



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1.5.3. Distortion Spectrum for buses and branches

Fig. 1-22. Distorti on spectrum for buses and branches.

Note: The frequency at each order is determined by Order Base Frequency =Frequency, where Base Frequency is 60 Hz if the Engineering Standard in theApplication Options is set to ANSI, or 50 Hz if the Engineering Standard in theApplication Options is set to IEC.

In harmonic studies, it is convenient to represent harmonic sources in the frequencyspectrum as shown in Fig. 1-22. A bar chart is usually used to display these sourcesbecause it provides a clear method on evaluating data.

1.1.1. Taking Components to the Component EditorYou may use the Go to Component Editor command to quickly take the components in

a case to the Component Editor (this command will only be active when a case or acomponent is highlighted).

To take the components in a case to the Component Editor

1. With a component or a case highlighted, do one of the following:

Click the Go to Component Editor toolbar button .

Click the Window>Go to Component Editorcommand.

1.1.2. Finding all the Components that have Harmonic Source

Models Assigned to ThemYou may use the Window>Go to Component Editor with Harmonic Sources commandto view all the components in the system that have Harmonic Source models assigned tothem.

To find all Components that have Harmonic Source Models Assigned to

Them

1. Click the Window>Go to Component Editor with Harmonic Sourcescommand.

The Component Editor will open showing all the motors and non-motor loads that haveharmonic source models assigned to them.

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1.1.3. Taking Components to a One-Line DiagramYou may use the Go to One-Line Diagram command to quickly take the components in

a case to the associated One-Line Diagram (this command will only be active when a caseor a component is highlighted). To change which One-Line is associated with the Case,use the Case>Associate One-Line Diagram command.

To take the components in a case to a One-Line Diagram

1. With a component or a case highlighted, either click the Go to One-Line Diagram

button or click the Window>Go to One-Line Diagram command.

1.1.4. Zooming In and OutYou can magnify an area of the plot using the same Zoom tools that you use on a One-Line Diagram.

To magnify an area of the plo t

1. Either click the Zoom Areatoolbar button or click the View>Zoom Area

command. Next, while holding down the mouse button, draw a box around the area

you want to magnify.

To zoom out after magnifying an area of the plo t

1. Either click the Zoom Alltoolbar button or click the View>Zoom Allcommand.

To maximize the plot to the entire size of the screen

1. Click the Plot>Maximizecommand.

1.1.5. Adding Annotations to a plotAnnotations provide a way to put text next to each curve. You are not limited to just oneannotation per curve; you may put as many annotations as you want on the plot. You musthave at least one curve displayed, however, in order to create and display annotations,since annotations are tied to axes.

Lets say you want to put the words Waveform without Filteron the Plot, as shown:



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To begin, click the Plot>Edit Annotations command. The following dialog box willappear:

Next, click the Newbutton to create a new annotation. (The New button will not beavailable if no curves are displayed on the plot.) The following dialog box will appear:

When an axis disappears because all curves of its type are removed, all annotations thatare associated with that axis will disappear, too. The annotation will also disappear from

the Edit Annotation dialog box when the axis is not visible, but the annotation still exists.In fact, when the annotations axis reappears, the annotation will reappear, too. Once youhave created an annotation, it becomes linked to its axis and will always appear with the

axis unless you delete the annotation by clicking the Delete button in the Edit Annotation

dialog box. If you want to delete the annotation, be sure that the curve is displayed so theannotations name will appear in the Edit Annotation dialog box; if its name does notappear, you cannot highlight it and click the Delete button.

Waveform without Filter

Click hereto create anewannotation.

Type the coordinates for theannotation based on its axis. Type the text for the annotation here.

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Annotations are specific to a plot. Therefore, in our example, the Waveform WithoutFilterannotation we created is only linked to the Bus Distortion Voltage Waveform (pu)axis for that particular plot. If we create a new plot for this same case, then display theBus Distortion Voltage Waveform (pu)waveform, the same curve will appear, but theannotation will not, since it is only linked to the Bus Distortion Voltage Waveform (pu)axis in the other plot, not in all plots.

To hide all the annotations on a plot, use the Plot>Show Annotations command from thePlot menu, which toggles them on or off.

To control the font size for the Annotations, use the Font>Graph Fontscommand(discussed in Section 1.1.7, Changing Colors and Sizes).

Tip: You may want to wait until you are ready to print to create Annotations. Thatway, you can minimize having to move them around.

1.1.6. Exporting a plot as text or as a graphicYou can export the plot to a Windows Metafile (WMF) or a Bitmap (BMP), or as text.

To export a plot

1. Click the Plot>Exportcommand.

2. Choose whether you want to export as a Windows Metafile (WMF), as a Bitmap

(BMP), or as text. Because the Windows Metafile is vector-based, as opposed to the

Bitmap, which is raster-based, the Windows Metafile will produce much crisper

curves when it is printed, particularly if you stretch it to a larger size. However, if

you want to edit the exported plot picture in a painting program, you will need to use

the Bitmap format. If you export as text, be sure that you have set the number of

decimals places you want using the Numeric Precisioncommand from the Case

menu.3. Choose a Destination. If you choose Clipboard, a picture of the plot will be placed on

the Windows Clipboard. You can then switch to another program to paste the plot

picture. (When you export to the Clipboard, you are not saving to a file, but merely

placing the plot picture in temporary memory.) If you choose File, select a location

and name for the file. The extension will automatically be set as WMF, BMP, or

DAT depending on your selection for the Export option.

4. Choose an Object Size. In most cases you neednt modify these settings, and in fact

you may compromise the quality of the graphic by doing so. Also, since Windows

Metafiles are vector-based, they may be resized with no loss of sharpness anyway, so

there is no need to type a different size. For Bitmaps, though, sharpness will be lost if

they are resized, so if you know the size that the graphic must be, and you must use a

Bitmap, you can type a size in pixels. If you do so, though, be sure to maintain theratio of width to height (for example, if the default is 300 points width and 100 points

height, and you change the width to 900 points, be sure to change the height to 300

points to maintain the 3:1 width-to-height ratio).

5. Click the Exportbutton.



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1.1.7. Changing Colors and SizesHI_WAVE provides virtually limitless ways to change the plot windows colors, styles,and fonts. The most significant way to change how the Plot looks, though, is to change theViewing Style.

The Case>Viewing Stylecommand determines how the plot curves will be drawn and

whether the background will be color or monochrome (that is, black-and-white). If youwill be printing to a black-and-white printer and the plot has less than four curves shown,the Monochrome setting will work well; however, if the plot has four or more curvesshown, you should use the Monochrome with Symbols mode to help distinguish thecurves.

Which style you should use depends on the line style you prefer for the curves andwhether you prefer color or monochrome (that is, black-and-white):

ColorThis mode displays the curves and the plot window using user-definablecolors. For the Line and Spline curve styles, this viewing style uses more pointsto draw the curve so it appears brighter. For the other line styles, however, thisviewing style inundates the curve with points, transforming the curve into an

excessively thick line.

Color with Fewer PointsAs with the Color Viewing Style, this Viewing Stylealso displays the curves and the plot window using user-definable colors.However, less points are used to draw the curves. For the Line and Spline styles,the Color with Fewer Points Viewing Style uses less points to draw the curve andthe curve appears faint. For the other line styles, however, this viewing styleallows the individual points to be seen more clearly.

MonochromeThis mode displays the curves and the plot window in black-and-white.

Monochrome with SymbolsThis mode also displays the curves and the plotwindow in black-and-white, but adds identifying symbols to the curves to help

distinguish them from one another (if only one curve is displayed, no symbols areused, and the single curve will look like the Monochrome style).

To change the colors of the curves and their accompanying axes, and to change the curvestyles, click the Plot>Curve Colors and Styles command. Here are the available styles:

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Points+LineWhen viewing in color, this stylelooks better with the Color with Fewer PointsViewing Style instead of the Color Viewing

Style.

BarWhen viewing in color, this style looksbetter with the Color with Fewer Points ViewingStyle instead of the Color Viewing Style. The

Data Shadows command works with this style.

AreaWhen viewing in color, this style looksbetter with the Color with Fewer Points ViewingStyle instead of the Color Viewing Style. TheMark Data Points command and the DataShadows command work with this style.

StickWhen viewing in color, this stylelooks better with the Color with FewerPoints Viewing Style instead of the ColorViewing Style. The Mark Data Pointscommand works with this style.

Points+Best Fit LineWhen viewing in color,this style looks better with the Color with FewerPoints Viewing Style instead of the ColorViewing Style.

Points+Best Fit CurveWhen viewing incolor, this style looks better with the Color withFewer Points Viewing Style instead of the ColorViewing Style.

Points+SplineWhen viewing in color, thisstyle looks better with the Color with FewerPoints Viewing Style instead of the ColorViewing Style.

SplineWhen viewing in color, this style looksbetter with the Color Viewing Style instead ofthe Color with Fewer Points Viewing Style. TheMark Data Points command works with thisstyle.


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Reference HI Wave

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