Reference Guide

STUDENT SERVICES

Referencing

A Student’s Guide to Harvard Style

Third edition

Please note: This booklet outlines when and how you can include references in your writing. It is not an exhaustive guide to every aspect or all the styles of referencing and you are encouraged to consult a range of texts to aid your development in this area. In particular the Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, published by the Wiley & Sons, is highly recommended.

For more self-help information on academic writing visit the USC Portal.

Under My Organisation click onto Academic Skills.

Student Services Referencing Harvard Style Page 1

� Contents

1. Introduction............................................................................................................................ 2

2. Referencing quotations.......................................................................................................... 2

3. Using paraphrases and summaries .................................................................................... 3-5

4. Avoiding plagiarism................................................................................................................ 5

5. Ten tips for summarising and paraphrasing........................................................................... 6

6. Emphasis: author vs. idea...................................................................................................... 7

7. In-text referencing: paper-based sources ........................................................................... 7-9

8. In-text referencing: electronic sources ................................................................................... 9

9. List of references for paper-based sources..................................................................... 10-14

10. List of references for electronic sources ......................................................................... 15-16

11. Abbreviations commonly used in citations ........................................................................... 16

12. Sample list of references ..................................................................................................... 17

This booklet outlines when and how you can include references in your writing. It is not an exhaustive guide to every aspect or all the styles of referencing and you are encouraged to consult a range of texts to aid your development in this area. In particular the Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6

th edn, published by the Australian Government Publishing Service, is highly

recommended.

.

Acknowledgements

This guide, originally compiled by Lyn Benn, Learning Support Co-ordinator, Student Services, University of the Sunshine Coast and changes/amendments made by Dr. James Bell, on exchange from University of Northern BC, Canada, has been revised by Margot Reeh, Academic Skills Adviser, University of the Sunshine Coast. Non-original materials contained in this guide have been used with permission:

Excerpts from Summarising and Paraphrasing by Pam Mort available on www.macarthur.uws.edu.au/ssd/ldc/summpara.html. [1997]

Excerpts from Referencing APA Style by Janice Catterall and Pam Mort available on www.macarthur.uws.edu.au/ssd/ldc/quotref.html. [1997]

Excerpts from Referencing Resource Sheet (APA) Style by Reynolds, Bligh and Nines available on www.macarthur.uws.edu.au/ssd/ldc/refhlth.html. [1997]

Excerpts from OWL (On-line Writing Lab), a project of the Purdue University Writing Lab, funded by the School of Liberal Arts at Purdue available at World Wide Web site owl.english.purdue.edu


1. Introduction

Understanding and using referencing systems is an important part of your academic reading and writing. Referencing can be defined as acknowledging the author or source of information in a text. Referencing is a valuable tool for any academic writer because

� understanding referencing can help you to find additional information for your research.

� it gives credibility to your interpretations because you can demonstrate how they fit into the field of knowledge about which you are writing.

� it enables you to acknowledge your sources and avoid charges of plagiarism.

Please read the University’s policy on Academic Integrity and Plagiarism (http://www.usc.edu.au/University/AbouttheUniversity/Governance/Policies/StudentRelated/IntegrityPlagiarism.htm).

The reference system used on these pages is based on the Harvard Style of referencing as presented in the Style manual for authors, editors and printers,6

th edn, published by Wiley & Sons,

and often referred to as ‘the AGPS Style Manual’. It is the most popular ‘author-date’ system in Australia.

You use referencing in your assignment writing when you refer to quotations and ideas from your sources of information (in-text referencing). The sources of information that you take your references from are listed in your Reference List at the end of your assignment. The textual references you make within your assignment must be consistent with the information in the Reference List.

Make an in-text reference when

� you directly quote a source

� you want to support and validate your argument

� you are using ideas from a particular source

� you need to demonstrate that you have researched the subject adequately

In-text references-called citations-require the author’s surname and the year of publication.

Page numbers are always shown for direct quotations. In some disciplines, page numbers are shown for paraphrases. Always check with your lecturer.

2. Referencing quotations

The in-text citations direct the reader to the reference list for the source material. Quotations are the exact words taken from any published or unpublished material. If a direct quote, it

receives single quotation marks. Short quotations are written within the text.


For example:

Health research is an important concept for the health profession. However, for health research to be acceptable ‘the health researcher must use considerable ingenuity in designing valid investigations, while maintaining ethical values’ (Polgar & Thomas 1995, p. 35). As Polgar and Thomas indicate, ethical considerations play a definite role in research planning.

When quoting about 30 words or more you need to use a free-standing, indented, single line block and omit the quotation marks. Start the block quotation on a new line:

For example: Polgar and Thomas (1995, p. 35) state that:

A responsible investigator is required to take into consideration ethical principles and to plan research projects accordingly, so that no harm is caused. Therefore, the health researcher must use considerable ingenuity in designing valid investigations, while maintaining ethical values. One of the roles of ethics committees is to guide investigators on complex issues, and to ensure that research is conducted in accordance with accepted community principles.

Quotations can be used to give a definition of technical and key words or concepts you will use in your assignments. Usually definitions appear early in the assignment in the introduction or first few paragraphs. A definition may be quoted either using the idea first or referring to the authority first.

For example: Culture is defined as ‘non-biological phenomena that are acquired after birth, shared with others and learned during social interaction in society’ (Short, Sharman & Speedy 1993, p. 7).

or

Short, Sharman and Speedy (1993, p. 7) define culture as ‘non-biological phenomena that are acquired after birth, shared with others and learned during social interaction in society’.

Quotations and paraphrases can also be used to restate or elaborate on a main idea or generalisation. Usually these are placed in the middle or near the end of a paragraph.

For example: Other outside factors, such as the government’s decision on routes and fuel costs, and economic factors such as recession, would hit airlines hard. ‘The sobering fact was that an airline could be extremely well managed and still not make money’ (O'Brien 1995, p. 72).

You can also illustrate your generalisations with examples. These may be in the form of quotations or a summary.

For example: Language is much deeper and wider than the spoken or written word. It includes ‘gestures, facial expressions and other body language’ (Pease 1992, p. 155).

3. Using paraphrases and summaries

Paraphrases and summaries contain the original meaning but have been reduced (summarised) or reworded (paraphrased) and do not require the use of quotation marks. As with direct quotations, summarised or paraphrased versions of the original must be acknowledged. Use a combination of direct quotations, paraphrases, and summaries so your work appears more mature and more interesting to read.

Let us take some ideas from the book entitled Body language: how to read others’ thoughts by their gestures, by Allan Pease, page 155:


A direct quotation would appear as:

‘Smoking is an outward manifestation of an inner turmoil or conflict and has little to do with nicotine addiction’ (Pease 1992, p. 155).

or

Pease (1992, p. 155) points out that ‘smoking is an outward manifestation of an inner turmoil or conflict and has little to do with nicotine addiction’.

When paraphrased, the ideas could be written as:

Smoking is not totally a result of nicotine addiction, but could be a sign of inner feelings (Pease 1992, p. 155).

or

Pease (1992, p. 155) points out that smoking is not totally a result of nicotine addiction, but could be a sign of inner feelings.

If the information comes from more than one page, the pages are abbreviated as follows: pp. 24-26.

The following examples of referencing are taken from the Trade Union section in Australian Encyclopaedia on ‘Problems and Change’ pp. 2892-2893.

Quoting directly from the section will look like this:

In recent years, unions ‘have not sought increased wages to the exclusion of all else’ (Ross, Gollan & Davis 1988, pp. 2892-3).

or

Ross, Gollan and Davis (1988, pp. 2892-3) comment that in recent years, unions ‘have not sought increased wages to the exclusion of all else’.

or, you could paraphrase the points and refer to the source.

In recent years, unions have taken on broader interests, restructured their organisations, and involved more women in unions (Ross, Gollan & Davis 1988, pp. 2892-3).

or

Ross, Gollan and Davis (1988, pp. 2892-3) have stated that in recent years unions have taken on broader interests, restructured their organisations and involved more women in unions.

Summaries

A summary relates only the key points of the information you are citing. A summary is a spoken or written account of an event, text, section of text, or visual in which the main idea is given, but details, examples and formalities are left out.

Compare the following text and its summary.

Original text

From Peters, P 1985, Strategies for student writers: a guide to writing essays, tutorial papers, exam papers and reports, Wiley, Brisbane, p. 88.


‘The evaluative connotations of words are of considerable importance as you develop an argument or put forth an interpretation of some facts. Just a few are enough to signal your perspective in an otherwise neutral presentation of data. By introducing someone’s proposition with the work “claim” or “assert”, you imply a real possibility of challenging it and invite the reader to reserve judgement about it, if not to view it sceptically. (Such words are unfortunate if you really mean to endorse the proposition.) But appropriately used they prepare the reader for your counter arguments long before you get to them. By describing a set of predictions in passing as either “optimistic” or “gloomy”, you can very simply indicate both your criticism of them and the direction in which you think they err. The connotations of words can provide an interim commentary in a discussion before you communicate the ultimate evaluation or argument.’

Example summary

According to Peters (1985, p. 88), words not only carry meaning but they also carry a positive or negative tone. She also explains how this aspect can be exploited by the writer to signal a judgement or opinion about the data or source material. It can also assist in laying the ground work for the upcoming arguments by acting as a preliminary discussion.

Analysis of the example summary

In the first sentence the source and main idea of the original text has been restated. The second sentence simplifies the original second and third sentence by omitting the examples and detailed explanations. While the last three sentences of the original text have been condensed by leaving out examples and simplifying detailed explanations, an important point is retained in the final sentence. The writer has used a variety of synonymous words and phrases to keep the original meaning (evaluative connotation = a positive or negative tone) and to accurately reflect the relationships between ideas (not only, but also, also).

4. Avoiding plagiarism

If you are going to include a summary or paraphrase in an assignment, there are two ways to ensure you do not plagiarise or misinterpret the original text:

1. Remember to acknowledge the source as you are presenting another author's idea.

2. Do not rely on just changing one or two words, as the text will result in an inaccurate, plagiarised version. Moreover such a narrow approach to your thinking and writing will guarantee little development or demonstration of your understanding of the information.

Original text From Peters, P 1985, Strategies for student writers: a guide to writing essays, tutorial papers, exam papers and reports, Wiley, Brisbane, p. 88.

‘The connotations of a word are aspects of its meaning that are implied in its use as distinct from the word’s core meaning. This is its denotation, what it denotes, or refers to.’

An example of an incorrect, plagiarised paraphrase The connotations of a lexical item are views of its meaning that are suggested in its use, and is different from its central meaning. This is called denotation, what it describes, or indicates.


Analysis of incorrect, plagiarised paraphrase There are a number of problems with this paraphrase: The sentence structure is virtually identical, the synonymous words are not appropriate and result in an unclear statement, and there is no reference acknowledging the source of information. Perhaps because the original text is rather abstract, a better paraphrase would be longer so as to include a more detailed explanation of the concept ‘connotation’.

5. Ten tips for summarising and paraphrasing

If you find the underlying pattern used by the author, you can usually unravel the main idea, and by following these 10 points and practising the advice, you will increase your understanding of a written text and be able to write an effective summary or paraphrase.

1. Identify the purpose of the summary/paraphrase: Is it for your notes, for a critical review, or to include as evidence supporting your understanding of a topic?

2. Read the original carefully. Check the meanings of words you are unfamiliar with. Read the text at least twice or until you are certain you understand it.

3. Select the important idea/s and information by highlighting the original or taking separate notes. Select important definitions of key terms that you may need to include.

4. Select the main claim/thesis of the text to be summarised/paraphrased. Even if this is not explicitly expressed, try to write your own understanding of the author's claim.

5. Gather groups of details, examples, and minor ideas under more general terms, a phrase, or single word.

6. Do not include repeated ideas/information from the original.

7. Include the attitude of the authors. Are they critical, praising, certain, or uncertain?

8. After writing a summary or paraphrase check that the meaning and attitude of the original text is unaltered.

9. Use quotation marks (‘ ’) for unique/specialist phrases you have retained from the original.

10. Always keep accurate bibliographic details for citations and your reference list.

While you will spend most of your study time alone (reading, re-reading, taking notes forming interpretations, writing, and re-writing), do not neglect opportunities in tutorials and after classes to talk about your ideas or raise questions about the course material. Being able to verbalise ideas and their relationships improves your understanding of the course material, which will make the task of summarising and paraphrasing much easier.

(Adapted from: Pam Mort 1997)


6. Emphasis: author vs. idea

Depending on where you position the author in a sentence, you can place emphasis on the author or on the information/idea.

This is a choice each writer makes whenever including evidence from sources. This will depend on where and how the evidence fits into what has already been written and what will come after. Notice how journal and textbook writers in your discipline/field use quotations and references.

If you want to place emphasis on the author, then place the author at or near the beginning of the sentence.

For example:

Gifford (1990, p. 13) states that the development of a disease in healthy individuals is not necessarily a culturally shared concept.

If you want strong emphasis on the information then place the author, the year and pages inside brackets and closer to the end of the sentence. Now the focus will be on the information rather than the author.

For example:

Competition may well lead to higher costs in the form of duplication of facilities, heavy advertising outlay and other selling costs (Donaldson 1992, p. 148).

7. In-text referencing: paper-based sources

An in-text reference includes:

• the author’s surname,

• the year the text was published

• the page number (s) if a quotation is used. (Inclusion of page numbers may be required for all cited information in some faculties. Check your Course Outline and/or ask your lecturer.)

In-text referencing: no author

If the author of a work is not known, the title of the work is used in its place, in italics.

Examples:

This was apparently not good enough for Casanova (Strangers and more strangers 1801).

Australia’s immigration program could be halved from its 1991/2 level 110,000 to a core of 53,000 (Population Issues and Australia's Future 1992).


In-text referencing: one author

When citing one author, use the family name of the author and the year of the text’s publication without any punctuation between the two items.

Example:

Collerson (1994, p. 82) states that ‘nominalisation can be a very useful tool’ but that bureaucratic, legal and technical writers often overuse this technique. The result is that writing becomes contextually dense and hard to understand unless you are a specialist in the field.

or

‘Nominalisation can be a very useful tool’ (Collerson 1994, p. 82).

(Note that the full stop is placed after the parentheses (brackets), not at the end of the sentence.)

In-text referencing: two or three authors

An ampersand, ‘&’, is used to separate the authors’ surnames where two authors are used. Where the names are incorporated in the text, the ampersand is replaced by ‘and’.

Example:

Health research is an important concept for the health profession. However, for health research to be acceptable the concept of ethics and how researchers go about obtaining participants must be thought through carefully (Polgar & Thomas 1995). As Polgar and Thomas indicate, ethical considerations play a definite role in research planning.

In-text referencing: more than three authors

When more than three authors wrote the item, use only the first author followed by 'et al.'

Example:

If an article was written by Graham, Brown, Nguyen, Shah, and Lam in 1992, you would cite it as Graham et al. (1992).

In-text referencing: two or more authors at one point in the text

If two or more works by different authors are cited at one point, a semi-colon is used to separate them.

Example:

Fragments and run-on sentences are among the most common errors in writing (Glazier 1982; Bate & Sharpe 1996).


In-text referencing: citations from secondary sources

If citing the work of one author as cited in another author’s work, provide both authors’ names and ensure that details of the author doing the citing are listed in the reference list.

Example:

Facial expressions communicate ‘bewilderment and determination’ (Leathers, cited in DeVito 1999, p. 122).

Leathers (cited in DeVito 1999) states…

In text referencing: more than one work by the same author

Arrange the citation in chronological order by date of publication, beginning with the earliest, when referring to more than one work by the same author.

Example:

(Krause 2005, 2006)

Place a semi-colon after a page number reference to separate it from the date that follows.

(Krause 2005, p. 5; 2006, p. 11)

In-text referencing: personal communications

Incorporate the details of the personal communication in the text, but do not include the details in the reference list.

Example:

In an interview conducted on 28 February, Mr A. Smith stated...

In-text referencing: Acts

For citation purposes, use the short formal title given to most Acts. The first reference to an Act should cite this short title and year in italics. Subsequent references can be shown in roman type with the date omitted.

Example:

Anti-Discrimination Act 1991…. the Anti-discrimination Act…

8. In-text referencing: electronic sources

Treat electronic sources in the same manner as paper-based sources; that is, cite the author and year of publication. If the author is unknown, cite the title of the article, or the name of the sponsoring organisation along with the year.

In-text referencing: a document within a web site

Include the name of the author, editor or compiler and the date the document was created or last revised.


Examples:

‘Cognitive and humanistic research pointed more and more towards the importance of experience’ (Kelly 1997).

‘A literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers’ (University of Toronto 2002).

In-text referencing: a database

If citing a periodical (journal, magazine, newspaper) from a database, include the author’s surname along with the year.

Example:

ASIO, FBI and anti-terrorist police have combined forces to capture an Iraqi refugee (McPhedran 2004).

In-text referencing: films, videos, and television and radio programs

Include the title and date of production when acknowledging films, videos, and television and radio programs. Example: …(Thanks for the memory 1989).

9. List of references for paper-based sources

A reference list is the list of sources you have actually used in your assignment. A reference list allows the reader to verify the information you used. In contrast, a bibliography acknowledges all sources of information you have consulted on the topic, whether or not you have actually referred to them in your text. In most assignments you will be required to supply a reference list, not a bibliography. Punctuation is very important when compiling a reference list. It is important to be consistent and follow the recommended format.

All elements in the citation are separated by commas, except between the author’s initials and the year of publication. No full stops and no spaces are used with people’s initials. Minimal capitalisation is used in titles except with titles of journals, periodicals, magazines and newspapers. Each citation ends with a full stop.

As a general guide, you can refer to the following examples of bibliographic entries, which show the correct format and punctuation for a range of works.

Book: one author

Saville-Troike, M 1982, The ethnography of communication, Basil Blackwell, Oxford UK.


Book: two authors

Windschuttle, K & Elliot, E 1994, Writing, researching, communicating, McGraw Hill, Sydney.

Book: three authors

Matthews, J, Bowen, J & Matthews, R 1996, Successful scientific writing, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Book: more than three authors

Kotler, P, Chandler, P, Gibbs, R & McColl, R 1989, Marketing in Australia, 2nd

edn, Prentice Hall, New York.

Book: edition other than the first

Rose, C 1986, Accelerated learning, 2nd

edn, Topaz Publishing, England.

Book: author/s unknown

Brisbane street directory 1993, 37th edn, Universal Press, South Brisbane.

Book: editor, no authors

Wilson, P (ed.) 1986, The essentials of business problem solving, Butterworths, Sydney.

Book: more than one work by the same author

Start with the earliest publication date.

Krause, K 2005, ‘Serious thoughts about dropping out in first year: trends, patterns and implication for higher education.’, Studies in Learning Evaluation, Innovation and Development, vol. 2, no. 3, pp.55-67.

Krause, K 2006, Student voices in borderless higher education: The Australian

experience. London: Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, viewed 15 November 2007, <http://www.obhe.ac.uk/products/reports>.

OR

Use the 2-em rule with the second citation:

Krause, K 2005, ‘Serious thoughts about dropping out in first year: trends, patterns and implication for higher education.’, Studies in Learning Evaluation, Innovation and Development, vol. 2, no. 3, pp.55-67.


______2006, Student voices in borderless higher education: The Australian experience.

London: Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, viewed 15 November 2007, <http://www.obhe.ac.uk/products/reports>.

Book: sponsored by an institute, corporation or organisation

1. Non government body

Australian Conservation Foundation 1989, Environmental issues and their effect on small business, Foundation Printers, Parkville, Victoria.

2. Government department

Women’s Bureau, Department of Employment, Education and Training 1989, Australian women’s employment strategy 1988-89 Report, AGPS, Canberra.

3. If the book is sponsored by an institute, but lists the name of an author on its title

page, the author is acknowledged

Centre for Learning Studies 1988, Learning and language, by AB Smith, Studies Publication, Sydney.

Book: chapter or component of a book edited or compiled by another

Knight, R 1989, ‘The First Fleet - its state and preparation 1786-1787’, in J Hardy & A Frost (eds), Studies from Terra Australis to Australia, Australian Academy of the Humanities, Canberra.

Article from an encyclopaedia

Part of a book with contributions from several authors.

1. Signed article

Hornsby, A 1990, ‘Black Americans’, in The world book encyclopaedia, vol. 2, World Book Inc., Chicago, pp. 386-401.

2. Unsigned article

‘History of economic thought’ 1969, in Everyman’s encyclopaedia, 5th edn, vol. 4, Dent,

London, pp. 582-585.

Book: forms part of a series

The name of the series comes after the title (no italics or quotation marks) and is separated

from it by a comma.

Brown, C 1988, Employment trends, Social and economic issues in Australia, no. 3, Economic Publications, Sydney.


Published proceedings

Published proceedings are a collection of papers presented at conferences, seminars and

meetings.

Arthur, P 1990, ‘Child care in the nineties’, Proceedings of the third annual conference of the Australian Family Affairs Association Brisbane, AGPS, Canberra, pp. 42-49.

Unpublished material

Unpublished material includes papers presented at conferences, seminars, meetings, as well as manuscripts and theses which are not available as published proceedings. Present the title of the document in roman type and in quotation marks. Other details will vary according to the nature of the document.

Smythe, J 1990, ‘A study of the software requirement of small business in the Maryborough district’, Associate Diploma of Business Project, Maryborough College of TAFE.

Thomson, B 1942, ‘Photo-history of the Darling Downs’, Toowoomba City Council Heritage Library.

Include the location details of manuscripts.

Maladay, G 1925, ‘My recollections of Glenbury’, in possession of F.D. Maladay, Toowoomba.

A thesis citation should include the university under whose supervision the study was undertaken.

Blaquet, F 1988, ‘Working class conditions in Brisbane, 1855-1900’, PhD thesis, University of Queensland.

Government publications

Child Care Act 1991, AGPS, Canberra.

Commission of Inquiry into Poverty 1975, Poverty in Australia, First Main Report (Prof. RF Henderson, Chairman), AGPS, Canberra.

Industries Assistance Commission 1978, Wheat stabilisation, Report no. 175, AGPS, Canberra.

Periodicals: Journal, magazine or newspaper articles

The following items are usually provided for articles in periodicals:

Author, initial year, ‘article title’, Periodical Title, issue details, page reference.

Commas are used to separate each item in the citation. Minimal capitalisation is used for the titles of articles whereas maximum capitalisation is used for titles of journals.


Journals

1. Author known

Harris, C 1985, ‘How the new banking regulations will kill small business’, The New Economist, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 264-271.

Roberts, J 1996, ‘Best practice guide to reading instruction’, Journal of Adult Literacy, vol. 22, October - December, pp. 101-121.

2. Author unknown

‘These bars are bull’ 1994, Choice, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 6-7.

or

‘These bars are bull’ 1994, Choice, vol. 35, June, pp. 6-7.

In many scientific works the titles of journals are often abbreviated using the most recently published bibliographic index in the relevant subject field, such as the Index medicus.

Magazines

Use the same procedure for citing a magazine article as for citing a journal. However, replace the volume and issue with the date – day and month or other identifier.

Beale, B 2004, ‘Dam busted’, Bulletin, 12 July, p. 30.

Newspapers

If the author of the newspaper article is known, follow the same procedure as for magazines.

1. Author known

Birt, D 1989, ‘Breakthrough in the battle for heritage status’, Chronicle, (Maryborough), 14 November, p. 2.

2. Author unknown

There is no need for an entry in the reference list if the author is unknown as all details should be provided in the in-text citation. For example:

(Courier Mail 11 February 2002, p. 32)

in the Courier Mail (11 February 2002, p.32)

Personal Communications

Personal communications should not be included in a list of references but must be cited in the text. It is important to first gain permission from the person being referred to.

In a telephone conversation held on 30 October 2003, Mr. J Brown stated that...

It has been confirmed that the present site of the IGA supermarket was once the site of the first primary school in the district (J Brown [former student] 2003, pers.comm., 30 October).


10. List of references for electronic sources

Citing electronic sources may be difficult for the following reasons:

• the Style Manual does not have a definitive guide for citing databases

• some citation elements may not be listed, for example, on web pages

• electronic information can be transient

Clarity, accuracy and a description of the path to the source are as relevant to the citation of electronic sources as they are to the citation of paper-based material. It is also important to maintain as much consistency as possible between the referencing system used for paper-based texts and electronic based texts.

Always check with your lecturer to see which particular style is preferred.

Electronic: databases

Follow the format appropriate for the work viewed, and add a viewing statement that gives the date viewed and the name of the database. An identifier or item number may also be included at the end of the citation. Check the requirements with your lecturer.

Journals

Riezman, R 1999, ‘Can bilateral trade agreements help to induce free trade?’, Canadian Journal of Economics, vol. 32, no.3, p.751,viewed 20 July 2004, ABI/Inform Global, 43025606.

Newspapers

McPhedran, I 2004, ‘Counter terror squads swoop on former Iraqi’, Courier Mail, 17 July, p.7, viewed 20 July 2004, Proquest 5000, 665448231.

Electronic: document within a web site Documents within web sites are considered in the same way as published documents or books; that is, follow the format appropriate for the work viewed and add a viewing statement that includes the viewing date, and the URL in angled brackets(<>). Jones, CB 2003, ‘Foundations of ethics and practice in Chinese Pure Land Buddhism’, Journal of Buddhist Ethics, vol.10, viewed 20 July 2004< http://www.jbe.gold.ac.uk/10/current10.html>.

Stewart, C & McKinnan, M 2004, ‘Radioactive fears at defence base’, Australian, 22 July, viewed 22 July 2004,<http://www.theaustralian.new.com.au/common/story_page>.

Tuckey, W 2003, Federal assistance to local government reaches $1.3 billion, media release, 13 May, Department of Transport and Regional Services, Canberra, viewed 20 February 2004, <http://www.dotrs.gov.au/dept/budget/0203/media.html>.

Electronic: video recording, films, and television and radio programs

Provide the following details in a reference list: title, date of recording, format, publisher, place of recording.

Any other information that might be useful can be noted after the citation.


Casting a cylinder block 1980, video recording, Adelaide College of TAFE, Adelaide. Distributed by South Australian Film Corporation.

Quantum, 2004, television program, ABC television, Brisbane, 3 March.

PM, 2003, radio program, ABC Radio, Brisbane, 11 March.

Electronic: CD-ROMs

The following citation elements are required:

Title Date, Format, Publisher, Place.

Example:

Dangerous creatures 1994, CD-ROM, Microsoft Corporation.

Electronic: discussion list messages

Include author’s name, author’s identifying details (usually an email address), date of posting, title of posting in inverted commas, description of posting, name of list owner, date of viewing and URL in angled brackets.

Reed, K <[email protected]> 2001, ‘Top ten rules of film criticism’, list server, 11 April, Discussions On All Forms of Cinema, viewed 29 April, <http://listserv.american.edu/archives/cinema-l.html>.

Electronic: personal electronic communications (E-mail)

Basic forms:

Sender Year, format, day month, sender's E-mail address in angled brackets.

Example:

Day, M 1995, email, 30July, [email protected].

11. Abbreviations commonly used in citations

ch. chapter ed., eds editor (s) edn edition et al and others fig., figs figure (s) n.d. no date p., pp. page (s) vol., vols volume (s)


12. Sample reference list

Here is an example of how to reference texts, articles, and electronic sources in a reference list, which should appear at the end of your written assignments. References are listed in alphabetical order.

List of references

Ballard, B & Clanchy, J 1991, Essay writing for students, Longman, Melbourne

Bate, D & Sharpe, P 1990, Student writer’s handbook: How to write better essays, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Sydney.

Child Care Act 1991, AGPS, Canberra.

Commission of Inquiry into Poverty 1975, Poverty in Australia, First Main Report (Prof. R. F. Henderson, Chairman), AGPS, Canberra.

Gawith, G 1992, Power learning, Longman, Brisbane.

Germov, J 1996, Get great marks for your essays, Allen & Unwin, St Leonards, NSW.

Halliday, M 1968, ‘Notes on transitivity and theme in English’, Journal of Linguistics, vol. 4, pp.3-21.

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