Reflections On Context And Episodic Memorystanford.edu/~gbower/2014/GBower's_Final.pdf ·...
Transcript of Reflections On Context And Episodic Memorystanford.edu/~gbower/2014/GBower's_Final.pdf ·...
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Reflections On Context And Episodic Memory"
Gordon Bower"
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Reflections on Context & Episodic Memory Gordon Bower; CEM Conference; Philadelphia, 5/8/2014
1. Aspects of context people can remember!
2. Context learning as paired associates of items to contexts (correspondence to neuroscience approach) !!
3. ! !Implications of the paired-associate view:! ! ! !!
!A) Inter-list confusions; source misidentifications,! !! !B) Interference among multiple context associations, ! ! ! !!!C) Context changes may underlay item recency judgments !!!D) Context changes may support item-frequency judgments !
4. Context associations support explicit but not implicit memory.!! ! Independent strengthening of associations; MTL injuries!
5. Increasing emphasis on internal vs external sources of context; !! Mental sets – drugs, moods, feeling states!
! ! ! ! ! !!
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Memory Records Of Word(adapted from Anderson & Bower 1972)
A!
B!
C!
M1!
M2!
M3!
M4!
M5!
E1, E2!LIST 1!E3, E4!E5, E6!E7, E8!
LIST 2!E10, E11!E1, E3!E2, E9!
LIST 3!E5, E17!E3, E12!
Word A in !List 1!
Word B in Lists 1 & 2!
Word C twice in !List 3
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The Prefrontal Cortex As The Seat Of Temporal Context
(Polyn & Kahana 2007)!
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Memory Records Of Word(adapted from Anderson & Bower 1972)
A!
B!
C!
M1!
M2!
M3!
M4!
M5!
E1, E2!LIST 1!E3, E4!E5, E6!E7, E8!
LIST 2!E10, E11!E1, E3!E2, E9!
LIST 3!E5, E17!E3, E12!
Word A in !List 1!
Word B in Lists 1 & 2!
Word C twice in !List 3
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Overlap of Two Sets of Context Stimuli Producing Generalization Between Them"
Illustration of two overlapping sets of context stimulus elements (e.g., List 1 & List 2). Solid dots represent elements associated to a particular memory. The index of stimulus generalization is provided by the proportion of elements that a given set shares with another, e.g., 6 out of 16 here.!
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l-‐ω l-‐ω ω2
(l-‐ω)2
ω(l-ω) ω(l-ω)
Overlap of Context Elements In Three Successive Lists Of Items, Each Context Sharing %ω Elements With Its Neighbor"
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Inter-List Confusions Among Three Successive Lists: Middle List Has Most Confusion Errors "
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Patterns of Appearances (+) And Non-Appearances (-) of Items Across 3 Lists"
List 1 !List 2 !List 3!
• n items ! ! !+ ! ! !+ ! ! !+!• n items ! ! !+ ! ! !+ ! ! !_!• n items ! ! !+ ! ! !_ ! ! !+!• n items ! ! !+ ! ! !_ ! ! !_!• n items ! ! !_ ! ! !+ ! ! !+!• n items ! ! !_ ! ! !+ ! ! !_!• n items ! ! !_ ! ! !_ ! ! !+!• n items ! ! !_ ! ! !_ ! ! !_!
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Inter-List Generalization In a 4-List and a 5-List Experiment"
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List Discrimination Worsens The More Lists In Which An Item Appears (A&B 1974)"
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Fluctuating Availability of Contextual Elements Over Time"
t = 0!
Diffusion!Exchanges!
t = 1! t = x!
Temporarily! Unavailable! Context! Elements!
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Overlapping sets of context stimulus elements for NOW versus those retrieved by the test item (S1) presented earlier. Solid dots represent elements associated to a particular memory. The index of stimulus generalization is provided by the proportion of elements that a given set shares with another set. e.g. 6 out of 16 here. !
Overlap Of Retrieved Context (S1) Used To Index Time Back From NOW"
NOW
NOW
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Direct Recency Judgments Within A Continuous Stream Of Unrelated Items"
• Recency judgments (“How far back in series”?)!! ! !TIME !
…x p t z b [recency of p?] m j [recency of m?]..!! “p is 4 back” ! ! “m is 2 back”!
!Judgments can be expressed in “LAG”, or !number of intervening items since earlier !presentation of the target item being judged!
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Overlapping sets of context stimulus elements for NOW versus those retrieved by the test item (S1) presented earlier. Solid dots represent elements associated to a particular memory. The index of stimulus generalization is provided by the proportion of elements that a given set shares with another set. e.g. 6 out of 16 here. !
Overlap Of Retrieved Context (S1) Used To Index Time Back From NOW"
NOW
NOW
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Recency (“Lag”) Judgments When Actual Lags were 1 to 9, But Different Subjects Were Misinformed That Lag-Maxs
Would Be 6, 9, or 12. (Hinrichs, ʼ70)"
Mean judgment of recency for three groups told that the maximum lag was 6, 9, or 12. The actual lags were 1 to 9 for all subjects. !
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Comparative Recency Judgments (Yntema & Trask, 1963)"
• Which item occurred more recently?!
k n p s b x m t j k [Is B or N More Recent?] fywc..!
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Percent Choice That an Item At Lag (n) Is Judged More Recent Than An Item At Lag (n + k)"
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Memory Records Of Word
A!
B!
C!
M1!
M2!
M3!
M4!
M5!
E1, E2!LIST 1!E3, E4!E5, E6!E7, E8!
LIST 2!E10, E11!E1, E3!E2, E9!
LIST 3!E5, E17!E3, E12!
Word A in !List 1!
Word B in Lists 1 & 2!
Word C twice in !List 3
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Judged Frequency Is Log (F + .7)For F = 0,1,2,4,6,10 (Hintzman, 1969)"
Median frequency judgments from memory (black dots, right vertical) plotted against log of presented item-frequencies of 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 10 in a long list. !
Aaaaaa
aaa
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How Repeating An Item (“A” here) Can Make It Appear a bit More Recent Than It Should"
16 Back ! 13 Back 10 Back!
PAST! NOW!
0!- .3!- .6!
… A ..B… .61 .61
A … ..B… .64 .65
A B …B… .77 .77
B A ..B… .69 .71
A A ..B… .54 .48
!Pr (B more recent)!!Obsʼd Predict!
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Associative Connections From Visual Features To Letters To Words"
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Phonemic Priming & Disambiguation Of Homonyms (Hare vs. Hair)"
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“Hare” Associated To Its Context Of Presentation (In Study List)"
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Evolving Ideas About Context"
• Changing emphasis moving from External stimuli (e.g., lab rooms) to Internal stimuli --mental sets, moods, feelings!
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20 Pegwords Used By Bower & Reitman (1971)"
Table 1 Mnemonic Number Rhymes for 1-‐20
One is a gun! Eleven is “penny-one,” hotdog bun!
Two is a shoe! Twelve is “penny-two,” airplane glue!
Three is a tree! Thirteen is “penny-three,” bumble bee!
Four is a door! Fourteen is “penny-four,” grocery store!
Five is knives! Fifteen is “penny-five,” big bee hive!
Six is sticks! Sixteen is “penny-six,” magic tricks!
Seven is oven! Seventeen is “penny-seven,” go to heaven!
Eight is plate! Eighteen is “penny-eight,” golden gate!
Nine is wine! Nineteen is “penny-nine,” ball of twine!
Ten is hen! Twenty is “penny-ten,” ball point pen!
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Physiological States as Contexts (State-‐dependent Memory)
• PsychoacEve Drug States -‐-‐-‐ alcohol, marijuana, heroin, meth, sedaEves, etc.
• DissociaEve States -‐-‐ mulEple personality, fugue states, deep hypnoEc amnesia, etc.
• State-‐dependency revealed in free recall memory but not in implicit memory.
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Individual-participant relation between event recall and ratings of subjective similarity:
Eich, E. (1995). Mood as a mediator of place dependent memory. "Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 111(3), 193-308. "
Experiments 1, 2, and 3 (upper, center, and lower panels, respectively). !I = inside; O =equals; outside. + = positive mood induction; − = negative mood induction!
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Similarity Of Subjective Feelings Mediates Transfer Between Contexts (Eich 1995)"
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Reflections on Context & Episodic Memory Gordon Bower; CEM Conference; Philadelphia, 5/8/2014
1. Aspects of context people can remember!
2. Context learning as paired associates of items to contexts (correspondence to neuroscience approach) !!
3. ! !Implications of the paired-associate view:! ! ! !!
!A) Inter-list confusions; source misidentifications,! !! !B) Interference among multiple context associations, ! ! ! !!!C) Context changes may underlay item recency judgments !!!D) Context changes may support item-frequency judgments !
4. Context associations support explicit but not implicit memory.!! ! Independent strengthening of associations; MTL injuries!
5. Increasing emphasis on internal vs external sources of context; !! Mental sets – drugs, moods, feeling states!
! ! ! ! ! !!
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Thank You For Your Attention!"
For details of Bowerʼs papers, go to!!www.Stanford.edu/~gbower!
or through the departmental website!!https://Psychology.Stanford.edu/gbower!