REEC7295_09_TB_chapter46.doc

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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.)

Chapter 46 Animal Reproduction

Most of the questions in Chapter 46 ensure that students have a firm grasp of the important principles ofanimal reproduction. Some art questions require students to label various parts of the human female and

male reproductive systems. A few higher-level questions require students to piece together information

to determine an appropriate response.

Multiple-Choice uestions

!" #egeneration$ the regrowth of lost body parts$ normally followsA" all types of ase%ual reproduction.

&" all types of se%ual reproduction.

C" fission.'" fragmentation.

(" parthenogenesis.

Answer) '*opic) Concept 46.!

S+ill) Application,Analysis

" ne of the evolutionary /enigmas$/ or unsolved pu00les$ of se%ual reproduction is thatA" se%ual reproduction allows for more rapid population growth than does ase%ual reproduction.

&" only half of the offspring from se%ually reproducing females are also females.

C" ase%ual reproduction produces offspring of greater genetic variety.'" se%ual reproduction is completed more rapidly than ase%ual reproduction.

(" ase%ual reproduction is better suited to environments with e%tremely varying conditions.

Answer) &*opic) Concept 46.!


1" An advantage of ase%ual reproduction is that

A" ase%ual reproduction allows the species to endure long periods of unstable environmental conditions.

&" ase%ual reproduction enhances genetic variability in the species.

C" ase%ual reproduction enables the species to rapidly coloni0e habitats that are favorable to that species.'" ase%ual reproduction produces offspring that respond effectively to new pathogens.

(" ase%ual reproduction allows a species to easily rid itself of harmful mutations.

Answer) C*opic) Concept 46.!

S+ill) 2nowledge,Comprehension

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4" 7enetic mutations in ase%ually reproducing organisms lead to more evolutionary change than do

genetic mutations in se%ually reproducing ones becauseA" ase%ually reproducing organisms$ but not se%ually reproducing organisms$ pass all mutations on to

their offspring.

&" ase%ually reproducing organisms devote more time and energy to the process of reproduction than dose%ually reproducing organisms.

C" se%ually reproducing organisms can produce more offspring in a given time than can se%ually

reproducing organisms.

'" more genetic variation is present in organisms that reproduce ase%ually than is present in those thatreproduce se%ually.

(" ase%ually reproducing organisms have more dominant genes than organisms that reproduce se%ually.

Answer) A*opic) Concept 46.!


8" Ase%ual reproduction results in greater reproductive success than does se%ual reproduction when

A" pathogens are rapidly diversifying.

&" a species has accumulated numerous deleterious mutations.C" there is some potential for rapid overpopulation.

'" a species is e%panding into diverse geographic settings.(" a species is in stable and favorable environments.

Answer) (*opic) Concept 46.!

S+ill) Synthesis,(valuation

6" Se%ual reproduction patterns include the e%ample of

A" fragmentation.

&" budding.C" hermaphroditism.

'" parthenogenesis.

(" fission.Answer) C

*opic) Concept 46.!


9" Se%ual reproduction

A" allows animals to conserve resources and reproduce only during optimal conditions.&" can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing

environment.

C" yields more numerous offspring more rapidly than is possible with ase%ual reproduction.'" enables males and females to remain isolated from each other while rapidly coloni0ing habitats.

(" guarantees that both parents will provide care for each offspring.Answer) &

*opic) Concept 46.!S+ill) 2nowledge,Comprehension

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:" (nvironmental cues that influence the timing of reproduction generally do so by

A" increasing the body temperature.&" providing access to water for e%ternal fertili0ation.

C" increasing ambient temperature to that which is comfortable for se%.

'" direct effects on gonadal structures.(" direct effects on hormonal control mechanisms.

Answer) (

*opic) Concept 46.!


;"


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!" >i+e many other fishes$ bluehead wrasses utili0e harem mating as they reproduce se%ually. ?owever$

unli+e most fishes$A" they are simultaneous hermaphrodites.

&" they function without any signaling by steroid hormones.

C" they undergo a prolonged diapause during low tide.'" their offspring can be either haploid or diploid.

(" large females morph into reproductively competent males.

Answer) (

*opic) Concept 46.!S+ill) 2nowledge,Comprehension

!1" @hich of the following patterns of reproduction are found only among invertebrate animalsA" se%ual and ase%ual reproduction

&" e%ternal and internal fertili0ation

C" hermaphroditism and parthenogenesis'" pheromonal and hormonal coordination

(" fission and budding

Answer) (*opic) Concept 46.!


!4" Animals with reproduction dependent on internal fertili0ation need not haveA" any copulatory organs.

&" a receptacle that receives sperm.

C" behavioral interaction between males and females.'" internal development of embryos.

(" haploid gametes.

Answer) '*opic) Concept 46.


!8" n close comparisons$ e%ternal fertili0ation often yields more offspring than does internal

fertili0ation. ?owever$ internal fertili0ation offers the advantage that

A" it is the only way to ensure the survival of the species.&" it requires less time and energy to be devoted to reproduction.

C" the smaller number of offspring produced often receive a greater amount of parental investment.

'" it permits the most rapid population increase.(" it requires e%pression of fewer genes and ma%imi0es genetic stability.

Answer) C

*opic) Concept 46.S+ill) 2nowledge,Comprehension

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!6" nternal and e%ternal fertili0ation both

A" produce single-celled 0ygotes.&" occur only among invertebrates.

C" occur only among terrestrial animals.

'" depend on the use of intromittent copulatory organs.(" occur only among birds.

Answer) A

*opic) Concept 46.


!9" rganisms with a reproductive pattern that produces shelled amniotic eggs generally

A" end up having a higher embryo mortality rate than do organisms with unprotected embryos.&" invest most of their reproductive energy in the embryonic and early postnatal development of their

offspring.

C" invest more energy in parenting than do placental animals.'" produce more gametes than do those animals with e%ternal fertili0ation and development.

(" lower their embryo mortality rate to less than one in a thousand.

Answer) &*opic) Concept 46.


!:" Among nonmammalian vertebrates$ the cloaca is an anatomical structure that functions asA" a speciali0ed sperm-transfer device produced only by males.

&" a shared pathway for the digestive$ e%cretory$ and reproductive systems.

C" a region bordered by the labia minora and clitoris in females.'" a source of nutrients for developing sperm in the testes.

(" a gland that secretes mucus to lubricate the vaginal opening.

Answer) &*opic) Concept 46.


!;" (%ternal chemical signals that coordinate potential reproductive partners are called

A" hormones.

&" pheromones.C" paracrine signals.

'" cyto+ines.

(" gametes.Answer) &

*opic) Concept 46.




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4" *he Bunction of the upper vagina and the uterus is called the

A" fallopian tube.&" clitoris.

C" oviduct.

'" labia maBora.(" cervi%.

Answer) (

*opic) Concept 46.1


8" n humans$ the follicular cells that remain behind in the ovary following ovulation become

A" the ovarian endometrium that is shed at the time of the menses.&" a steroid-hormone synthesi0ing structure called the corpus luteum.

C" the thic+ened portion of the uterine wall.

'" swept into the fallopian tube.(" the placenta$ which secretes cervical mucus.

Answer) &

*opic) Concept 46.1S+ill) 2nowledge,Comprehension

6" Among mammals$ the male and female genital structures that consist mostly of erectile tissue

include theA" penis and clitoris.

&" vas deferens and oviduct.

C" testes and ovaries.'" seminiferous tubules and hymen.

(" prostate and ovaries.

Answer) A*opic) Concept 46.1


9" *estosterone is synthesi0ed primarily by the

A" sperm cells.

&" hypothalamus.C" >eydig cells.

'" anterior pituitary gland.

(" seminiferous tubules.Answer) C

*opic) Concept 46.1


:" Sperm cells are stored within human males in theA" urethra.

&" prostate.C" epididymis.

'" seminal vesicles.

(" bulbourethral gland.Answer) C

*opic) Concept 46.1




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;" Among human males$ both semen and urine normally travel along theA" vas deferens.

&" urinary bladder.

C" seminal vesicle.'" urethra.

(" ureter.

Answer) '


1" ?uman sperm cells first arise in theA" prostate gland.

&" vas deferens.

C" seminiferous tubules.'" epididymis.

(" Sertoli cells.

Answer) C*opic) Concept 46.1


1!" *he surgical removal of the seminal vesicles would li+ely

A" cause sterility because sperm would not be produced.

&" cause sterility because sperm would not be able to e%it the body.C" greatly reduce the volume of semen.

'" enhance the fertili0ation potency of sperm in the uterus.

(" cause the testes to migrate bac+ into the abdominal cavity.Answer) C

*opic) Concept 46.1


1" Most of the noncellular fluid in eBaculated human semen is composed of

A" the secretions of the seminiferous tubules.

&" the secretions of the bulbourethral glands.C" the secretions of the seminal vesicles.

'" the secretions of the prostate gland.

(" anticoagulant en0ymes.Answer) C

*opic) Concept 46.1


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11" ncreasing the temperature of the human scrotum by C Di.e.$ near the normal body core

temperature" and holding it there wouldA" reduce the fertility of the man by impairing the production of gonadal steroid hormones.

&" reduce the fertility of the man by impairing spermatogenesis.

C" reduce the man=s se%ual interest.'" increase the fertility of the affected man by enhancing the rate of steroidogenesis.

(" have no effect on male reproductive processes.

Answer) &

*opic) Concept 46.1S+ill) Synthesis,(valuation

14" 'uring human heterose%ual Dmutual" e%citement$ vasocongestionA" occurs only in the penis.

&" occurs only in the testes.

C" occurs only in the clitoris.'" occurs only in the upper vagina.

(" occurs in the clitoris$ vagina$ and penis.

Answer) (*opic) Concept 46.1


18" *he moment of orgasm is characteri0ed by

A" the ovulation of the oocyte from the ovary.

&" the release of sperm from the seminiferous tubules.C" rhythmic contraction of many parts of the reproductive system.

'" increased synthesis and release of ovarian steroid hormones.

(" increased synthesis and release of testicular steroid hormones.Answer) C

*opic) Concept 46.1


16" At the time of fertili0ation$ the complete maturation of each oogonium has resulted in

A" one secondary oocyte.

&" two primary oocytes.C" four secondary oocytes.

'" four primary oocytes.

(" four 0ygotes.Answer) A

*opic) Concept 46.4


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19" n vertebrate animals$ spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ in that

A" oogenesis begins at the onset of se%ual maturity$ whereas spermatogenesis begins during embryonicdevelopment.

&" oogenesis produces four haploid cells$ whereas spermatogenesis produces only one functional

spermato0oon.C" cyto+inesis is unequal in oogenesis$ whereas it is equal in spermatogenesis.

'" oogenesis ends at menopause$ whereas spermatogenesis is finished before birth.

(" spermatogenesis is not completed until after fertili0ation occurs$ but oogenesis is completed by the

time a girl is born.Answer) C

*opic) Concept 46.4


1:" Mature human sperm and ova are similar in that

A" they both have the same number of chromosomes.&" they are appro%imately the same si0e.

C" they each have a flagellum that provides motility.

'" they are produced from puberty until death.(" they are formed before birth.



1;" A male=s /primary/ se% characteristics includeA" deepening of the voice at puberty.

&" embryonic differentiation of the seminal vesicles.

C" growth of s+eletal muscle.'" elongation of the s+eleton prior to puberty.

(" onset of growth of facial hair at puberty.

Answer) &


4" *he primary difference between estrous and menstrual cycles is thatA" the endometrium shed by the uterus during the estrous cycle is reabsorbed$ whereas the shed

endometrium of menstrual cycles is e%creted from the body.

&" behavioral changes during estrous cycles are much less apparent than those of menstrual cycles.C" season and climate have less pronounced effects on estrous cycles than they do on menstrual cycles.

'" copulation normally occurs across the estrous cycle$ whereas in menstrual cycles copulation only

occurs during the period surrounding ovulation.(" most estrous cycles are of much longer duration compared to menstrual cycles.





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4!" At the end of a nonpregnant ovarian cycle$ the brea+down and discharge of the soft uterine tissues is

calledA" menstruation.

&" lactation.

C" fertili0ation.'" menopause.

(" ovulation.

Answer) A


4" n correct chronological order$ the three phases of the human ovarian cycle areA" menstrual E ovulation E luteal.

&" follicular E luteal E secretory.

C" menstrual E proliferative E secretory.'" follicular E ovulation E luteal.

(" proliferative E luteal E ovulation.

Answer) '*opic) Concept 46.4


41" n correct chronological order$ the three phases of the human uterine cycle are

A" menstrual E ovulation E luteal.

&" follicular E luteal E secretory.C" menstrual E proliferative E secretory.

'" follicular E ovulation E luteal.

(" proliferative E luteal E ovulation.Answer) C

*opic) Concept 46.4


44" A contraceptive pill that continuously inhibits the release of 7n#? from the hypothalamus will

A" increase the production of estrogen and progesterone by the ovaries.

&" initiate ovulation.C" reduce the secretion of gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary gland.

'" stimulate the secretion of >? and


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46" A primary response by the >eydig cells in the testes to the presence of luteini0ing hormone is anincrease in the synthesis and secretion of

A" inhibin.

&" testosterone.C" o%ytocin.

'" prolactin.

(" progesterone.

Answer) &*opic) Concept 46.8


49" A reproductive hormone that is secreted directly from a structure in the brain is

A" testosterone.&" estradiol.

C" progesterone.

'" follicle-stimulating hormone.(" gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

Answer) (

*opic) Concept 46.8S+ill) Synthesis,(valuation

4:" *he primary function of the corpus luteum is to

A" nourish and protect the egg cell.&" produce prolactin in the alveoli.

C" maintain progesterone and estrogen synthesis after ovulation has occurred.

'" stimulate the development of the mammary glands.(" support pregnancy in the second and third trimesters.

Answer) C

*opic) Concept 46.8


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8" vulation is the follicular response to a burst of secretion of

A" >?.&" progesterone.

C" inhibin.

'" prolactin.(" estradiol.

Answer) A

*opic) Concept 46.8


8!" 5rior to ovulation$ the primary steroid hormone secreted by the growing follicle isA" >?.

&"


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6" A high rate of metabolic activity is maintained in the pregnant uterus byA" inhibin.

&" testosterone.

C" o%ytocin.'" prolactin.

(" progesterone.

Answer) (


6!" *he secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary gland is reduced byA" inhibin.

&" luteini0ing hormone.

C" o%ytocin.'" prolactin.

(" vasopressin.



6" *he drug #F-4:6 functions byA" inhibiting release of gonadotropins from the pituitary.

&" bloc+ing progesterone receptors in the uterus.

C" preventing release of the secondary oocyte from the ovary.'" reducing se%ual interest.

(" prolonging the endurance of the corpus luteum.



61" ?uman fertility drugs ta+en by women increase the chance of multiple births$ probably because they

A" enhance implantation opportunities.

&" stimulate the development of many ovarian follicles.C" mimic progesterone action in the uterus.

'" stimulate steroidogenesis.

(" delay parturition.Answer) &

*opic) Concept 46.8


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64" *he thin layer of the developing embryo which secretes a hormone that +eeps the corpus luteum

functioning is theA" cervi%.

&" endometrium.

C" amnion.'" plasma membrane.

(" chorion.

Answer) (


68" n e%creted urine$ a reliable /mar+er/ that a pregnancy has initiated isA" progesterone.

&" estrogen.

C" follicle-stimulating hormone.'" chorionic gonadotropin.

(" hypothalamic-releasing hormones.



66" *he /immunotolerance/ of a pregnant woman toward her unborn child is the result of A" the tenacity with which the unborn child=s immune system counteracts the woman=s immune system.

&" the relative quiescence of a pregnant woman=s immune system compared to when she was not

pregnant.C" the complete physical separation of her cells from those of the unborn child.

'" the unborn child having enough of the woman=s identity so as to escape detection as foreign.

(" modern medical intervention during every pregnancy.Answer) &

*opic) Concept 46.6


69" Among these contraception methods$ the highest ris+ of accidental pregnancy accompanies

A" the use of a diaphragm.&" the use of a condom.

C" the practice of coitus interruptus.

'" a verified vasectomy.(" the practice of the /rhythm method./

Answer) C




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6:" *he use of birth control pills Doral contraceptives"

A" reduces the incidence of ovulation.&" prevents fertili0ation by +eeping the sperm and egg physically separated by a mechanical barrier.

C" prevents implantation of an embryo.

'" prevents sperm from e%iting the male urethra.(" prevents oocytes from entering the uterus.

Answer) A

*opic) Concept 46.6


6;" *wo contraceptive methods that are generally irreversible and which bloc+ the gametes from moving

to a site where fertili0ation can occur areA" the male condom and female condom.

&" the male condom and oral contraceptives.

C" vasectomy and tubal ligation.'" coitus interruptus and rhythm method.

(" the diaphragm and subcutaneous progesterone implant.



9" *ubal ligationA" reduces the incidence of ovulation.

&" prevents fertili0ation by preventing sperm from entering the uterus.

C" prevents implantation of an embryo.'" prevents sperm from e%iting the male urethra.

(" prevents oocytes from entering the uterus.

Answer) (*opic) Concept 46.6


9!" A vasectomy

A" eliminates spermatogenesis.

&" eliminates testosterone synthesis.C" prevents implantation of an embryo.

'" prevents sperm from e%iting the male urethra.

(" prevents oocytes from entering the uterus.Answer) '

*opic) Concept 46.6


9" *ime-release progesterone implants function in contraception byA" increasing the frequency of ovulation.

&" thic+ening the cervical and uterine mucus to impair sperm movement.C" increasing gonadotropin secretion to abnormally high levels.

'" reducing libido.

(" activating inflammation responses in the uterus.Answer) &

*opic) Concept 46.6




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Art uestions

#efer to the following figure$ which diagrams the reproductive anatomy of the human female$ to answer

the following questions.

98" n the above figure$ which letter points to the corpus luteumA" A

&" &

C" C'" '

(" (



96" n the above figure$ which letter points to the oviductA" A

&" &

C" C'" '

(" (



99" n the above figure$ which letter points to the cervi%

A" A&" &

C" C'" '

(" (



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9:" n the above figure$ which letter points to the uterus

A" A&" &

C" C

'" '(" (

Answer) A

*opic) Concept 46.1


9;" n the above figure$ which letter points to the endometrium

A" A&" &

C" C

'" '(" (

Answer) (




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#efer to the following figure$ which diagrams the reproductive anatomy of the human male$ to answer

the following questions.

:" n the above figure$ which letter points to the scrotum

A" A&" &

C" C

'" '

(" (Answer) C


:!" n the above figure$ which letter points to the testis

A" A&" &

C" C

'" '

(" (Answer) A

*opic) Concept 46.1




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:" n the above figure$ which letter points to the urethra

A" A&" &

C" C

'" '(" (

Answer) (

*opic) Concept 46.1


:1" n the above figure$ which letter points to the prostate gland

A" A&" &

C" C

'" '(" (

Answer) &


:4" n the above figure$ which letter points to the vas deferens

A" A&" &

C" C

'" '(" (

Answer) '




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Scenario uestions

:8" Gou observe vertebrate organisms with parthenogenetic reproduction$ internal development of

embryos$ and the lac+ of parental care for its young. &ased on this information$ you should categori0e

these organisms asA" earthworms.

&" li0ards.

C" birds.

'" frogs.(" mammals.

Answer) &

*opic) Concept 46.!S+ill) Synthesis,(valuation

:6" magine that a woman is in the final wee+ of her pregnancy. ?er doctor gives her an inBection of

o%ytocin. *he li+ely result of this is that the pregnant woman would

A" undergo the loss of o%ytocin receptors from her uterine smooth muscle cells.&" stop secreting prostaglandins from the placenta.

C" undergo vigorous contractions of her uterine muscles.

'" increase the synthesis and secretion of progesterone.(" be prevented from lactation.Answer) C

*opic) Concept 46.6

S+ill) Synthesis,(valuation

(nd-of-Chapter uestions

*he following questions are from the end-of-chapter H*est Gour FnderstandingI section in Chapter 46 of

the te%tboo+.

:9" @hich of the following characteri0es parthenogenesisA" An individual may change its se% during its lifetime.

&" Speciali0ed groups of cells grow into new individuals.

C" An organism is first a male and then a female.'" An egg develops without being fertili0ed.

(" &oth mates have male and female reproductive organs.

Answer) '*opic) (nd-of-Chapter uestions


::" n male mammals$ e%cretory and reproductive systems share

A" the testes.&" the urethra.

C" the seminal vesicle.'" the vas deferens.

(" the prostate.

Answer) &*opic) (nd-of-Chapter uestions




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:;" @hich of the following is not properly paired

A" seminiferous tubulecervi%

&" Sertoli cellsfollicle cells

C" testosteroneestradiol

'" scrotumlabia maBora

(" vas deferensoviduct

Answer) A*opic) (nd-of-Chapter uestions


;" 5ea+s of >? and


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;4" @hich statement about human reproduction is false

A"

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