Reducing Phantom Energy Waste in Residential Houses: The Inter-Quadrangle Energy Competition

Independent Project on Campus or Community Sustainability

Esther J. Kwon EVS 300 5/6/11

Smith College

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Reducing Phantom Energy Waste in Residential Houses: The Inter-Quadrangle Energy Competition

ESTHER KWON

Environmental Science and Policy Seminar, Smith College, Northampton MA

Abstract

The previous methods of reducing electricity usage within residential houses in colleges isolated the students from the process by overwhelming them with choices and decisions to make to contribute to the carbon reduction. This project examines that isolation and attempts to bring more student participation by concentrating on students to reduce energy that they are not using actively—i.e., phantom energy, or standby loads—by developing the framework within the idea of an energy competition sponsored by Lucid Design Group. Surveys of student behaviors and support for such competition was examined and compared to the amount of energy students could eliminate just by being more conscious of the energy that is being used while the appliances are plugged in and not in use. The report supports the reasoning behind the planning of the competition and installation of better metering equipment in the quadrangle dorms over the summer, and a quadrangle-wide energy competition is planned to be implemented for Spring, 2012.

Introduction

Energy security and economic problems are important issues that are not only affecting

us today, but will also determine our standard of living in the near future. In normal residential

areas such as houses and apartments, the electricity bills are great economic incentives for people

to reduce their electricity rate. However, in residential houses and dormitories in colleges, it is

difficult to understand how much energy we are using and how much electricity we can reduce

by simple actions because individual rooms are not measured and we are not billed as

consequences of our actions.

Smith College spent 22.8 million kWh (kilowatt-hours) for electricity usage in building

management last fiscal year (FY 2009)1, contributing to the 23,800 MT (metric-tons) of CO2

produced by Smith College last year on building management (which includes energy needed for

                                                        1 Smith College Sustainability and Climate Action Management Plan (SCAMP). Committee on Sustainability, Smith College. March 15, 2010: 26

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heating, cooling, and electricity)2. Students constitute the largest number of occupants on

campus, and yet the isolation of students electricity use from the process of how energy is

produced and paid for on campus contribute to the great loss both students and the school is

paying for. The college has been doing a lot work to reduce its carbon footprint mainly by

purchasing greener energy [Figure 1], and although the effort to use renewable energy is very

helpful and highly regarded, the key to moving forward is reducing, not more purchasing. In

other words, educating students through campus-wide initiatives and producing more

environmentally conscious students into the world instead of dealing with the consequences

seems to be the more efficient and helpful direction the school sustainability effort should

consider.

Figure 1. Smith College Renewable Energy Credit Purchase3

Relevant background

Smith College, in its recent SCAMP report, asserted that the school would try to reduce

1.3 million kWh in Energy conservation. This includes house energy competition and education

on building energy use and other electrical conservation by 2015-2030 [Figure 2]. I believe that                                                         2 Smith College Sustainability and Climate Action Management Plan (SCAMP). Committee on Sustainability, Smith College. March 15, 2010: 25 3 Ibid.: 37. Graph 7.4: Renewable Energy Credit Purchases Past and Future 2005-2011

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through an accelerated application of meters in residential houses during the summer of 2011 and

an advertisement of a house competition and baseline calculation during the fall semester of

2011, a proper competitive energy challenge will be able to be implemented by spring of 2012

and reach the goals the SCAMP report lightly presented.

Figure 2. Smith College Energy Conservation Goals for 2015 – 20304

Smith College has recently committed to purchase an agreement with the Lucid Design

Group as the model for data presentation, and Deirdre Manning—from the Center for the

Environment, Ecological Design and Sustainability (CEEDS)—is hoping that they will be able to

connect the existing new meters with the program this summer. There is also a plan to put 8

more meters in the existing buildings without new metering systems this summer, and a proposal

to put priority for residential houses in the quadrangle is being considered through CEEDS. The

Lucid Design Group data will not only be able to be accessed through an online link, but also a

plan to project some information in Ford Hall and the Campus Center is being considered. In

order to make the most out of the Dashboard products and the new “real-time” metering, I found

there to be a need for research and implementation of a concrete plan.

                                                        4 Ibid.: 30. Table 6.3: Buildings and Energy Strategy.

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Specific objectives of the research

From February 2011 to May 2011, I have collected data to organize the best plan for a

successful energy conservation challenge for Smith College. The research consisted mostly of

surveys of students—on issues regarding the knowledge of campus electricity use, interest in a

quad-wide energy competition, average use of appliances in the room, and behavioral analysis on

how best students can be motivated to make small changes in their daily lives—, data collection

through the SCAMP report and meetings with Professor Smith and Deirdre Manning from

CEEDS on Smith College’s sustainability efforts and metering status possible energy

competition, research on competitions of similar natures on other college campuses5, closed

experiments on how much energy can be reduced through specific changes within a residential

single room, and advertising experiments for the fall 2011 semester.

Methodology How the information was gathered

Student Survey 1

I asked 100 people with a random door-to-door method (from 7:30-9:00pm on April 1

and April 3) within quad dorms (62 Wilson House, 20 Morrow House, 10 Jordan House, 3

Emerson House, 3 Cushing House, 2 Gardner House) the following questions in this particular

order:

1) Do you know how much Smith College pays for electricity each fiscal year? If the answer is no, would you like to give an estimate? 2) Did you know that some appliances use up electricity even when you think they are off [i.e., phantom energy]? 3) Do you think students will be able to get into a quad-wide energy competition and reduce a significant of electricity use?

                                                        5 "Lucid Design Group - Customers - Case Studies." Lucid Design Group - Building Dashboard® - Making Energy and Water Use Visible in Real Time on the Web. Web. 01 May 2011. <http://www.luciddesigngroup.com/casestudies.php>.

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While analyzing the answers to these questions, I realized I wanted to ask a follow-up question

regarding student choices and action, and so I asked 50 students (all of whom were among the

original group of 100 in the aforementioned survey) for an additional question:

4) Do you think students often do less because they feel overwhelmed by the responsibilities and choices they need to make to be environmentally conscious? 5) What do you think about this layout (referring to the images of Lucid Design Group: [Figure 3 & 4])?

There was no deliberate selection of the students to participate in the survey, but there may have

been some bias in the fact that I chose a specific time to carry-on the surveys, and that the survey

was heavily carried on in Wilson House and Morrow House in comparison to the other

quadrangle houses.

Student Survey 2

For the second survey, I created a table so that I could collect data on average electricity

use and average phantom energy use in single rooms in the Quad. I sent this “Sample Phantom

Energy Survey” to 12 students and received 10 responses. This survey was particularly difficult

to find a larger sample size for because I was asking for a full analysis of electricity usage

through appliances for 24 hours, which was a larger commitment than most surveys. The survey

consisted of a list of appliances and boxes for “Hours of Actual Use,” “Hours of Phantom Use,”

“Product Type,” and “Other Notes on Efficiency” [Figure 5].

There was no particular bias in the survey sample because the survey was evenly

distributed to the different houses: Wilson House (3 students), Morrow House (3 students),

Jordan House (2 students), and Emerson House (2 students).

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Figure 3. Lucid Design Group Dashboard Product: Competition6

Figure 4. Lucid Design Group Design Product: Comparison7

                                                        6 "Lucid Design Group - Building Dashboard® Network - Apps." Lucid Design Group - Building Dashboard® - Making Energy and Water Use Visible in Real Time on the Web. Web. 01 May 2011. <http://www.luciddesigngroup.com/network/apps.php>. 7 "Lucid Design Group - Building Dashboard® Network - Features." Lucid Design Group - Building Dashboard® - Making Energy and Water Use Visible in Real Time on the Web. Web. 01 May 2011. <http://www.luciddesigngroup.com/network/features.php>.

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Energy Use Checklist Hours of Actual

Use Hours of Phantom Use (plugged in but not in direct use)

Product Type (Energy Star, CFC, etc.?)

Other Note on Efficiency

General Light N/A N/A Lamp (1) Lamp (2) Lamp (3) Other lights (Christmas lights, closet light etc.)

TV DVD player Mini Fridge Size: Microwave Laptop Computer

Cell-Phone charger

I-pod Charger Hair Dryer Speakers Other Devices Other Devices

Figure 5. Sample Phantom Energy Survey

Metering Information The Information on the new metering device installation status was collected from the

Master Building List8, which was sent to me from Deirdre Manning [Appendix 1]. The excel

chart consisted of all building information and its individual square footage, with a color

coordinated Legend to signify buildings with “existing metering,” “metering part of renovation,”

buildings that are “candidates [for metering devices] due to large size,” buildings with “pricing

received for installation,” and a general indication of “larger residence.”

                                                        8 Master Building List 8-4-10-2.xlsx, see Appendix 1

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Results and Findings

Student Survey 1

For the first question—“[d]o you know how much Smith College pays for electricity each

fiscal year?”—100% of the surveyed students answered no, and the estimates for the cost varied

from $ 5,000 to $ 20,000,000. The results for the second and third question were more equally

divided than the first one: 62% answered affirmative to knowing what “phantom energy” was,

and the other 38% answered negatively, whereas for the third question regarding the success of a

quad-wide energy competition, 56% answered yes, 10% answered no, and 34% answered maybe,

asserting that their answers would depend heavily on the kind of prize that would be given to the

winning house and how well advertised the event will be.

The second round of questions for the first survey (sample size of 50 people) consisted of

more interactive answers along with the initial yes or no answers. For the question on whether or

not students are overwhelmed by the responsibilities on environmental issues, 74% answered yes

and 26% answered no. Some of the student responses were as followed:

‐ Steph Strenta’11, Wilson House o “I consider myself sustainable compared to most people in the house, but it is

true that targeted environmental efforts by the sustainability reps reach me better. I love the shower things [referring to new initiative by the sustainability representatives using the sand clocks and note on water usage] because I know exactly what to do, which is to take shorter showers.”

‐ Hannah Bargon ‘13, CT, Jordan House: o “I have been seeing a lot of ads on TV about the ways to reduce waste and

electricity [referring to NBC’s “The More You Know” campaign], and those have been helpful I think because they are like 5 second long ads with one point. Sometimes when I watch a documentary or learn about different ways to change my wasteful ways in class, I just don’t remember to go back to the list and pick what is useful at various times.”

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‐ Katherine Finnerty ’12, NY, Wilson House: o “I just can’t walk around campus thinking constantly about what I can do to

be sustainable. I’d rather be told specifically to do one thing. Maybe we can all have different things to do so that we can divide the labor.”

‐ Evelyn Krunden ’13, MA, Morrow House: o “I don’t think we are asked too much to do. It’s just inconvenient to change

the way you have been living at Smith.” For the last item in Survey 1, most people (98%) answered that the layout of the Lucid Design

Group product was extremely appealing and looked easy to navigate, and one person (2%)

answered that the design seemed too cluttered, but could see how students would want to go

online and check the data.

Student Survey 2

Based on the information from the electricity usage survey from 10 students, the average

numbers of appliances used by students are 11, and the most overlapped appliances were laptop

computers, desk lamps, and phone charger (100% overlap), the second most overlapped

appliances were speakers, Television (and DVD set), refrigerators, i-pod charger, and printers

(50%-80%), and the least common appliances were microwaves, hair dryers, and additional

laptop screens (10%-40%). The average usage of electricity while appliances were turned “on”

was highest with light appliances, laptop chargers, and phone chargers, whereas the average

spending of “phantom energy” was highest with devices that were “off” most of the time, such as

the television set, speakers, printers, and alarm clocks. [Figure 6] shows a sample survey filled

by a student.

Metering Information

There are currently 10 houses with newly installed metering systems, and there are

currently 6 buildings that are being considered for metering for the summer, 2011 [table 1].

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Figure 6. Completed Sample of the Phantom Energy Survey

Table 1. Building Metering Status. Information from Master Building List was summarized based on the current metering status and official candidates for metering over the summer (with square footage) Buildings with Metering Status as of Fall 2011 (and Square Footage)

Existing Metering Sabin-Reed Hall, Ford Hall, Campus Center, Chapin House, Hopkins House, Lawrence House, Morris House, Park House, Park Annex, Tenney House

Official Candidates for Metering

Mendenhall CPA (122,900), Fine Arts Center (165,000), ITT facility (65,558), Neilson Library (205,836), Bass Hall (62,000), Ainsworth Gym (77,940)

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Survey 2 was used to better understand the amount of energy used in an average single in

the quad through appliances. I used this information to calculate the “average” use of electricity

and “average” loss of energy through phantom loads in order to accurately understand whether or

not reducing phantom energy usage in the rooms will be able to contribute significantly enough

to the full reduction Smith College wants to achieve. Furthermore, in order to calculate the

extreme versions of electricity use and phantom loads, I used the information from

http://standby.lbl.gov/ and from a kill-a-watt assessment of appliances from my room to figure

out the extent to which phantom energy is lost while appliances were not being used.

Question 4 was more of an interactive question and the answers were very revealing and

interesting. In an article from Green Media News, writer Evan Kopelson argued that “the biggest

obstacles to reaching a global deal on climate change are the massive overwhelm and emotional

disconnect that stop climate change issues from becoming part of the national discourse.”9 This

seemed to be the case in point with the majority student opinion within the surveyed group for

Discussion

The major findings in my research was that a) students will be willing to make a change

in behavior when motivated through competition or incentives, and b) students waste a

significant amount of energy while not directly using them (and here I define “directly” as when

the appliance is fully being engaged in use). Although Survey 1 exposed an extreme lack of

understanding or gauge of how much electricity costs and how much Smith College pays for

electricity each year, it also strongly suggested that students are willing to make behavioral

changes when rightly motivated and given specific direction to.

                                                        9 Kopelson, Evan. "The Biggest Obstacles to a Climate Deal Are Overwhelm and Emotional Disconnect." Green Media News. Web. <http://greenmedianews.com/the-biggest-obstacles-to-a-climate-deal-are-overwhelm-and-emotional-disconnect/>.

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From Survey 2, I counted and derived that the average number of devices that used

electricity (plugged in) was 11. Within the varying hours of use from 3 minutes (hair dryer) to 10

hours (laptop computer/charger, I pod charger), almost none of these devices were plugged off

when they were not in use. It does seem like an extra step to unplug the devices from their

sockets when they are not in use, but considering most of the students used multi-outlet power

strips with on/off switches on them, it would be less difficult to turn off these devices. Among

the devices, the top six phantom energy users were personal computers, LCD screens for

computers, TV, and speakers [Figure 7].

Figure 7. Greatest energy vampires in residential college rooms10

Considering that most students probably do not take the effort to unplug or turn off the power

strips before they leave the dorm for classes and at night before going to bed, the energy waste

that these phantom hours of use produce get high very quickly.

                                                        10 Calculation from data on Standby Power. Web. 06 May 2011. <http://standby.lbl.gov/>.

Gretest Energy Vampires

Laptop computer

LCD Computer Moniter

TV

Speakers

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The quad seemed like the best place to start an energy competition because of the close

nature of communities that form around the houses and because more students will be directly

influenced by the data due to large size of the dorms and many hours students spend in these

buildings. Therefore, I added an additional box derived from my findings on the metering

information on the metering status of buildings and the current candidates [Table 2]:

Table 2: Buildings with Metering Status as of Fall 2011 (and Square Footage). The bolded houses are the first priorities and the italicized ones are the second. These dorms were selected from consideration of how competitive these dorms were in the general historic and social scene in the quadrangle. Buildings with Metering Status as of Fall 2011 (and Square Footage)

Existing Metering Sabin-Reed Hal, Ford Hall, Campus Center, Chapin House, Hopkins House, Lawrence House, Morris House, Park House, Park Annex, Tenney House

Official Candidates for Metering

Mendenhall CPA (122,900), Fine Arts Center (165,000), ITT facility (65,558), Neilson Library (205,836), Bass Hall (62,000), Ainsworth Gym (77,940)

Candidates that I think should be Considered

Wilson House (43,819), Emerson House (47,234), Morrow House (35,461), Jordan House (32,400), Gardiner House (35,030), Cushing House (34,200), Comstock House (43,304), Wilder House (43,819), King House (41,260), Scales House (41,210)

The metering and reduction of energy use would be beneficial for the college, despite the

initial cost to update the metering, because it will reduce energy cost, first and foremost. In “Sub-

Metering Energy Use in Colleges and Universities: Incentives and Challenges” the results

collected from various campuses that had these competitions in the past, a clear vision of how

successful this type of competition would be could be found, especially in a small, liberal arts

college setting:

Small, liberal arts colleges without significant research programs (and the accounting systems that must accompany them) benefit from sub-metering if it forms part of an

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energy/cost improvement program: the metered data identifies buildings with high energy use, and renovation programs follow to bring costs down.11

For example, in UCLA, the college saved “52,980 kilowatt hours of electricity and saved up to

$4,400 of utility costs”12 in one year, and other colleges showed similar performance

improvements. Since the college is planning on putting four more meters in buildings this

summer anyway, instead of targeting the larger facilities such as the Neilson library and the gym,

the school should put the meters in the quad dorms where the metering could be put in good use

by the community. Another successful case with energy competition is the Green Cup Challenge.

The Green Cup Challenge started as a measure to support sustainability among the boarding

schools in 2006, and the objectives were to “measure and reduce campus electricity use and

greenhouse gas emissions, and support campus greening efforts including recycling and water

conservation.”13

As Professor Smith summarizes in the Independent Project on Campus or Community

Sustainability project introduction, David Orr argues his book The Nature of Design: Ecology,

Culture, and Human Intention14 that educational institutions should play a bigger role in

society’s sustainability efforts by “(1) educating their students to be ecologically literate; (2)

conducting campus operations and improving campus infrastructure in an environmentally

responsible fashion; and (3) connecting academics to real-world problems locally, nationally,

and internationally.”15 The competition and collaboration with the Dashboard products by the

                                                        11 “Sub-Metering Energy Use in Colleges and Universities: Incentives and Challenges.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s ENERGY STAR. Dec. 2002. Web: 9 12 Yonzon, Neil. "Students "Do It In the Dark", UCLA Climate Change Portal." UCLA Climate Change Portal. Web. 06 May 2011. <http://www.climate.ucla.edu/news/article.asp?parentid=10451>. 13 "About the Green Cup Challenge." Green Cup Challenge - A Student Driven Energy Challenge. Web. 26 Feb. 2011. <http://greencupchallenge.net/about.html>. 14 Orr, D.W. 2002. The Nature of Design: Ecology, Culture, and Human Intention. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. 15 Smith, David. Environmental Science and Policy Independent Project on Campus or Community Sustainability. Smith College, Spring 2011

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Lucid Design Group would be able to sufficiently satisfy all three points: first, by educating

students through motivation to learn how to reduce phantom energy use in rooms, second, by

putting the power and responsibility to make change in residential houses on the students and by

making campus operation easier with the upgraded “real-time” energy meters, and third, by

putting into perspective the local, national, and international ripple of the daily choices students

make.

Recommendations

Based on my findings, I derived the following recommendations for the college:

(1) Starting from the fall next year, series of advertisement to build up some strength for this competition

(2) Expand the scope of competition to all dorms, and then using Lucid Design Group somehow build up energy or a larger competition

(3) Would like to be able to figure out a way one could personalize the use of electricity in dorms.

(4) Encourage purchase of Energy Star products and possibly the Smart Power Strips [Figure 8] that will easily turn off the power supply when motion is not detected for a certain amount of time.

Figure 8. Smart Power Strip,16

                                                        16 "HowStuffWorks "Smart Power Strip Basics"" Howstuffworks "Science" Web. 06 May 2011. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-tech/sustainable/smart-power-strip1.htm>. The Watt Stopper IDP-3050 comes with a motion sensor.

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(5) Promotional Posters [Figure 8]—in conjunction with Amy Shmania’s project on advertising at the campus center, and Kelsea Thornton’s project on bringing more students to ES&P events.

Figure 8. Promotional Poster using Vampire Satire

As for the competition, I will be working closely with the Environmental Sustainability

Committee in the Student Government and with Deirdre Manning on pursuing this project for the

2012 spring semester. Because most of the Lucid Design Group products will be installed with

the building with the new meters, my main objective would be to advertise for the competition

and make sure students who live in the quadrangle dorms will be able to get interested in the

challenge. In the fall, I am planning on having a survey on facebook or at the campus center for

people to vote for the type of incentive (i.e., prize) they would like to receive for winning the

Green challenge. As Deirdre Manning pointed-out, the prizes can range from an actually “green

cup” or support a local field trip with coupons (in conjunction with the place). Regardless of the

outcome, having a survey will help jump-start interest by getting students interested in choosing

the prize they might win, and also get student input in the process. There will also be

promotional posters—some from the Lucid Design Group website, but mostly creative ones as

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the one above which I made—handed out or placed in public spaces so that students will be able

to learn about the competition. To grab attention, the posters will be in the nature of vampires or

the Lucid Design Group issue.

Closing Remarks

Today, there is a great disconnect between the students on campus and the administration

regarding conservation efforts today because the past initiatives to reduce CO2 emission and

electricity costs have been solely done by the school. For example, electricity consumption in

campus buildings has decreased greatly from 2004 to 2008 with an approximately 9% reduction

(SCAMP, 26) [Figure 9]. However, other than the Green Team effort to help students turn off

their computers at night to reduce energy, this electrical efficiency was made possible through

mostly through administrative initiatives to change lighting installations in 18 campus buildings

and generate more efficient Cogeneration plants (SCAMP, 26-27).

Figure 9. Smith College Energy Consumption trend from 2004 – 200917

                                                        17 Smith College Sustainability and Climate Action Management Plan (SCAMP). Committee on Sustainability, Smith College. March 15, 2010: 26, Graph 6.1: Electricity Consumption 2004-2009 

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As Smith College is first and foremost an educational institution for students with brilliant

minds, it is a shame that more students are not a part of the initiatives to bring down costs and

heighten awareness on climate change and electricity use on campus. To jump-start the interest

in such endeavors in conservation, a well-organized house competition where “real time” data

from the new meters that will be installed by the Facilities Management would be used to help

students better understand their responsibilities and power to make a change within the college is

necessary (SCAMP, 27). The houses can serve as microcosms of societies at first, but this will

expand as the competition expands and then hopefully will motivate and influence the daily lives

of students. Often in this democracy there seems to be a tendency to leave important questions of

legislature and change to be left for the experts or technocrats to deal with. The WTO regulations

and the KYOTO protocol are both cases at point, and people’s voices are often lost in the

process. When the school understand the potential students have, and when students recognize

that there are rights and power in each person’s hands to be the change that they want to see, this

will be a process that will influence the way in which people act in the greater democracy outside

of Smith.

Apart from the significance of the competition putting the emphasis on student’s abilities

to reach the society’s goals, the energy competition could efficiently serve the college’s goals of

reducing building energy costs and getting the students to participate in the college’s green

effort. Students at Smith College are generally very competitive and are driven individuals, and

yet there have not been a very effective way to unite the students for a cause regarding the

environment so far. This is not to say that the efforts by the Green Team and the Student

Government sustainability representatives have not been successful. In fact, the SCAMP report is

a testament to the hard work and successful initiatives by the selected group by these

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organizations. However, in order to reach the average students who may not be experts in

environmental sustainability groups but are be willing to be a part of the effort, a more

personable and daily-life oriented initiative is necessary, and the house-wide competition will

bridge that gap.

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Acknowledgements

I am deeply grateful for Professor Smith and Deirdre Manning for the inspiration and immense help in finishing this report. I am also thankful for the EVS 300 classmates in helping me to

think more critically and act more responsibility than I was before I took the class. I also thank the 100 students that helped me complete this survey and for the additional 10 that closely

observed their energy use for my project. I am deeply grateful to all.

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Bibliography Smith College Sustainability and Climate Action Management Plan (SCAMP). Committee on Sustainability, Smith College. March 15, 2010:

"Lucid Design Group - Customers - Case Studies." Lucid Design Group - Building Dashboard® - Making Energy and Water Use Visible in Real Time on the Web. Web. 01 May 2011. <http://www.luciddesigngroup.com/casestudies.php>.

"Lucid Design Group - Building Dashboard® Network - Apps." Lucid Design Group - Building Dashboard® - Making Energy and Water Use Visible in Real Time on the Web. Web. 01 May 2011. <http://www.luciddesigngroup.com/network/apps.php>. "Lucid Design Group - Building Dashboard® Network - Features." Lucid Design Group - Building Dashboard® - Making Energy and Water Use Visible in Real Time on the Web. Web. 01 May 2011. <http://www.luciddesigngroup.com/network/features.php>.

Kopelson, Evan. "The Biggest Obstacles to a Climate Deal Are Overwhelm and Emotional Disconnect." Green Media News. Web. <http://greenmedianews.com/the-biggest-obstacles-to-a-climate-deal-are-overwhelm-and-emotional-disconnect/>.

Standby Power. Web. 06 May 2011. <http://standby.lbl.gov/>.

“Sub-Metering Energy Use in Colleges and Universities: Incentives and Challenges.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s ENERGY STAR. Dec. 2002. Web. <http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/higher_ed/Submeter_energy_use.pdf> Yonzon, Neil. "Students "Do It In the Dark", UCLA Climate Change Portal." UCLA Climate Change Portal. Web. 06 May 2011. <http://www.climate.ucla.edu/news/article.asp?parentid=10451>. "About the Green Cup Challenge." Green Cup Challenge - A Student Driven Energy Challenge. Web. 26 Feb. 2011. <http://greencupchallenge.net/about.html>. Orr, D.W. 2002. The Nature of Design: Ecology, Culture, and Human Intention. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. Smith, David. Environmental Science and Policy Independent Project on Campus or Community Sustainability. Smith College, Spring 2011

"HowStuffWorks "Smart Power Strip Basics"" Howstuffworks "Science" Web. 06 May 2011. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-tech/sustainable/smart-power-strip1.htm>. The Watt Stopper IDP-3050 comes with a motion sensor.

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APPENDIX

APPENDIX I: Current Information on Building Metering System

candidates due to large size pricing received for phase II existing metering metering part of renovation larger residences

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