Reducing Mercury Emmisions In Amazonia
-
Upload
esther-petrilli-massey -
Category
Technology
-
view
2.548 -
download
0
Transcript of Reducing Mercury Emmisions In Amazonia
Reducing Mercury Emmisions of Small Scale Gold Buying Shops in Amazonia
Designing and implementing low cost, easy to build and effective mercury capture systems in gold shops in Brazil and Peru
Presentation Outline
1. Overview of the EPA “Gold Shop” Project
2. Measuring the problem: Gold shop emmisions
3. Designing and testing a viable and appropriate solution in Brazil
4. Experiences in Madre de Dios, Peru
“Reducing Mercury Emisiones in Artisanal and Small Scale Mining”
Direction – Bailey, Engle and Fernandez
Technology Design and Enginering - Habeggar
Communication and Disemination – Ramierez and Pinto
Project Started in August 2006
Countries: Brazil, Peru
Why focus on Gold Shops?
Burn Mercury-gold amalgam during gold purchasing
Typically have little or no control of emmited airbourne mercury
Regional funnel points for ASM gold production
Located in regional economic centers Located in regional population centers –
high human exposure rates Gold shops have been an underserved
link in the ASM gold production chain in regards to mercury management.
Sediments processed with mercury
Amalgam (Hg-Au)
(50% mercury)
Simplified ASM gold processing cycle
Sediments processed with mercury
Burned in the field
Amalgam (Hg-Au)
(50% mercury)
Amalgam (Hg-Au)
(5-15 % mercury)
Simplified ASM gold processing cycle
Sediments processed with mercury
Burned in the Field
Purified gold
Amalgam (Hg-Au)
(50% mercury)
Amalgam (Hg-Au)
(5-15% mercury)Burned in the Gold Shops
Simplified ASM gold processing cycle
Purified Gold
Amalgam(5-15 % mercury)
Mercury Released to
the Environmen
t
Burned in the Gold shop
Simplified ASM gold processing cycle
Purified Gold
Amalgam(5-15 % mercury)
Mercury Released to
the Environmen
t
Mercury Capture System
Burned in the Gold shop
Simplified ASM gold processing cycle
Itaituba
Creporizão
Itaituba, Pará (pop. 25,000) Creporizão (pop. ~1000)
Located in the Tapajos region Major gold producing region in Brasil Area: 100,000 km2
20,000 Garimpeiros
Puerto Maldonado, Peru (pop. 25,000) Laberinto (pop. ~2000)
Located in Madre de Dios department Primary Gold producing region in Peru
Project Study Areas
Puerto Maldonado & Laberinto
Data CollectionPuerto Maldonado / LaberintoMadre de Dios , Peru (May/Sept 2008)
EPA/Argonne teams were accompanied by local and regional government officials during inspections.
Visual inspections of Gold Shops to assess ventilation and existing mercury capture technology.
Measurement of mercury concentrations inside Gold Shops, in public areas adjacent to Gold Shops zone and in ambient air in the community.
Mercury Analyzers Used Lumex RA-915 Mercury analyzer Jerome 431-X Mercury analyzer Mercury Tracker 3000
Data Collection Itaituba/Creporizão, Brazil (October 2006)
Itaituba,Brazil - December 2006
Itaituba, Brazil - December 2006
Puerto Maldonado / Laberinto - May 2008
Study Results Itaituba/ Creporizão, Brazil
Amalgams have an average mercury content of 10 %
Most gold shops had no mercury control measures
Most gold shops had mercury concentrations above WHO standards.
Most gold shop owners and managers said they wanted a system to contol mercury emmisions but:
Existing systems were too expensive ( US $5000 – $25,000 ) A system was not required by government authorities
The municipal governments said the wanted to regulate but: There was no technology available that was affordable to most of the regulated
community.
Shops with Mercury Control TechnologyMadre de Dios, Peru
No Control 9 System not working 2----------------------------Total
11
No Control 6 System not working 1----------------------------Total
7
No Control 13 System not working 0----------------------------Total
13
Mercury Concentrations Inside Gold ShopsAverage concentration, 11 shops in Puerto Maldonado
Reference Value: WHO maximum occupational Air Standard OSM: 20 mcg/m3
Mercury Concentrations adjacent to Gold ShopsAverage concentration, 11 shops in Puerto Maldonado
Reference Value: WHO maximum ambient air standard : 1 mcg/m3
Designing a Mercury Capture System Design Principles
1. Effective in capturing mercury vapor and aerosols to reduce environmental release and human exposure
2. Affordable for the majority of gold shops in developing countries
3. Easy to construct using locally available materials and local technologies
4. Low maintenance
Argonne engineers developed prototypes using dynamic thermodynamic aerosol simulation models and proven ventilation engineering theory.
EPA Mercury Capture System
EPA Mercury Capture System
Interior of the top cone showing the flow smoothening vane
The system contains a powerful extractor fan to create negative air pressure to draw exhaust into the System
A series of baffle plates act as impaction surfaces for mercury aerosols to strike and coagulate .
The extractor fan and the baffle plates are joined in a single unit that is easy to transport and insert into a 200 liter drum.
Baffle Plates
Flexible System InstallationItaituba and Creporizao, Brazil
>80% measured removal efficiency
Mercury Concentrations in Exhaust Mean of 6 tests runs burning 100% mercury samples
Exhaust without treatment: 1580 mg/m3
Exhaust with treatment : 330 mg/m3
Pilot system efficiency testsBrazil, July 2007
Cost of system: Materials + Labor + Installation ~ US $450
Potential Mercury Emmisions Prevented
If a gold shop processes 100 kg of gold amalgam per year
and
Assuming the amalgam contains 10% mercury
then
Air Mercury emmisions for this shop = 10 kg mercury per year (100 kg x 10% mercury = 10 kg)
With recommended instalation and use, a Mercury Capture System running at a 80 % capture efficiency
would result in
8 kg of mercury emmision prevented per year per Gold Shop
EPA Mercury Capture System Advantages
•Affordable-- $450 (Brazil and Peru)
•Lightweight - 50 kg •Easily transportable
•Simple Construction: •Uses commonly available drums•1- 1.5 days in a small metal shop
•Simple straightfoward Instalation• 3 hours labor (avg; Peru and Brazil)
•Mercury capture rates at 80 % with recommended installation and operation
Recent activities in Madre de Dios, Peru 2008 Objectives
1. Install pilot system in a gold shop in Puerto Maldonado
2. Conduct the first workshop to disseminate the Mercury Capture System in Peru
Federal, State and Municipal governments actively supported the pilot system installtion and the workshop
Installation of a Pilot System Sept 19 2008, Puerto Maldonado
Proof that system can be adapted to conditions in Peruvian gold shops indicating robust design.
Several shop owners had volunteered their shops for initial installation financed by US EPA.
Gold Shop selected by goverment officials was a high emmiting shop, processing about 3 kilos of gold per day.
High emitting shopBurns 3 kg gold / day
High levels of mercury avg. 450 mcg/m3 during burns
(WHO reference: 20 mcg/m3 )
Niveles de Mercurio A & M Metals , Puerto Maldonado
Referencia Maximo de Aire Ocupacional (industral) OSM: 20 mcg/m3 Mercurio (WHO occupational maximum)
Effects of Mercury Capture System Installation Mercury Concentrations Inside shop - A & M Metals , Puerto Maldonado
Reference Value: WHO maximum occupational Air Standard OSM: 20 mcg/m3
Primer Seminario Sistema Colector de MercurioPuerto Maldonado: September 19, 2008
Estimated Participants: 30Actual Participants: 61
Representatives from de:•Federal, State and Municipal Governments•Miners associations•Gold shops•Universities•Hospitals•Press
The mayor of Puerto Maldonado gave the opening address.
Primer Seminario Sistema Colector de MercurioPuerto Maldonado: 9/19/08
Workshop Topics:•Mercury in ASM
•Effects of Mercury on Human Health
•Advantages of the Mercury Capture System
•Construction and Cost of the System
•Hand on demo of a sample system
•Site visit to installed working system in Gold shop
Mercury Reduction is Artisanal Mining in the Brazilian Amazon
Mercury Reduction in Artisanal Mining in the Peruvian Amazon
Lima: Ministry of Energy and Mines
•Conducted 4 public workshops at the ministry of Energy and Mines regarding Mercury Management in Gold Shops in ASM.
Discussions with Vice Minister Felipe Isasi, Ministry of Minesto catalyze action on addressing mercury in gold shops and disseminating the Mercury Capture System technology throughout Peru
Lima: Ministry of Energy and Mines
EPA Mercury Capture System Advantages
•Affordable-- $450 (Brazil and Peru)
•Lightweight - 50 kg •Easily transportable
•Simple Construction: •Uses commonly available drums•1- 1.5 days in a small metal shop
•Simple straightfoward Instalation• 3 hours labor (avg; Peru and Brazil)
•Mercury capture rates at 80 % with recommended installation and operation
For more informationMarilyn EngleUS Environmental Protection Agency, Office of International [email protected]
Luis E. FernandezArgonne National Laboratory / Stanford [email protected]
Loren HabeggerArgonne National [email protected]
Daniela Pinto ECODATA [email protected]
Acknowledgements Ministerio de Energia y Minas (MEM), Lima
Ing. Fredesbindo Vaquez Fernandez
Ministerio de Energia y Minas (MEM), Officina de Pequena Minera y Mineria Artesanal, Puerto Maldonado
Ing. David Cuadros Torres
Consejo National del Ambiente (CONAM), Puerto Maldonado Jennifer Zavala Arsque Maria Ysabel Amador Chavez
Direccion Regional de Energias y Minas Ing. Ronny Pastor Velasquez,
Embajada de los E.E U.U Miguel Yepez Estaban Sandoval
Amazon Conservation Association Luis Betancourt
Thank you for your attention.