reducing gun Violence.pdf

7/27/2019 reducing gun Violence.pdf

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REDUCING

GUN

VIOLENCEIN

AMERICA

Edited by

DANIEL W. WEBSTER

and JON S. VERNICK

Informing Policy withEvidence and Analysis

Foreword by

MICHAEL R. BLOOMBERG


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Rg V A


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This page intentionally le blank


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T J Hpk v Baltimore

Inorming Policy with Evidence and Analysis

edited by

D W. Wb, SD, MH,

J S. Vk, JD, MH

C R

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Rg V A


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2013 The Johns Hopkins University Press

All rights reserved. Published 2013

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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To victims o gun violence andto those who work daily

to reduce it


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8/311

C

Fw xMichael R. Bloomberg

xx

Ronald J. Daniels and Michael J. Klag

Akwg xx

xxv

Daniel W. Webster and Jon S. Vernick

P a r t I : G u n P o l i c y L e s s o n s f r o m

t h e U n i t e d t a t e s : e e i n G u n s

f r o m i h - i s I n d i i d u a l s

1 F V D S 3

Matthew Miller, Deborah Azrael, and David Hemenway

2 T p B A: Ev

p 21

Philip J. Cook and Jens Ludwig

3 vg V vvg p w S

M 33

Jerey W. Swanson, Allison Gilbert Robertson, Linda K. Frisman,

Michael A. Norko, Hsiu-Ju Lin, Marvin S. Swartz, and Philip J. Cook

4 Ev Op: B A

53

April M. Zeoli and Shannon Frattaroli


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v Contents

5 Rg Aq C C

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Katherine A. Vittes, Daniel W. Webster, and Jon S. Vernick

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F: N, Fb, Ev 77

Garen J. Wintemute

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Ev Sw 95

Garen J. Wintemute

8 vg Dv C g

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Daniel W. Webster, Jon S. Vernick, Emma E. McGinty, and Ted Alcorn

9 Spg Rpb F S g g:

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Tkg 123

Daniel W. Webster and Jon S. Vernick

10 Cg Dg S b F

D: g Opp Ob 133

Jon S. Vernick and Daniel W. Webster

P a r t I I . a i n G u n L a s n f o r c e a l e

11 Eg F w g F Tk: Rg

Op Ev b wg E Ob 143Anthony A. Braga and Peter L. Gagliardi

P a r t I I I . G u n P o l i c y L e s s o n s f r o m

t h e U n i t e d t a t e s : i h - i s G u n s

12 A Exp w F A Wp B,

19942004: K Fg p 157

Christopher S. Koper

13 z : g Tg Sv v 173

Stephen P. Teret and Adam D. Mernit


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Contents x

P a r t I . I n t e r n a t i o n a l a s e t u d i e s

o f e s o n s e s t o G u n i o l e n c e

14 C B Db Sg 185Michael J. North

15 R F Rg: Ev-b w

A 195

Rebecca Peters

16 T Bg M: Hw O D Cg Sppg

T F 205

Philip Alpers

17 Bz: C H R 213

Antonio Rangel Bandeira

P a r t . e c o n d m e n d m e n t

18 T Sp Rg A

S A 225Lawrence E. Rosenthal and Adam Winkler

P a r t I . P u l i c i n i o n o n G u n P o l i c y

19 b Op p Sg .S. w:

Fg 2013 Sv 239

Emma E. McGinty, Daniel W. Webster, Jon S. Vernick,

and Colleen L. Barry

C R R F

259

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x 275


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v g, w, v g , becauseevery day o the year, an average o 33 Americans are murdered with guns.

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x Foreword

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Foreword x

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xv Foreword

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xv Foreword

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Excerpted rom opening remarks given at the Summit on

Reducing Gun Violence in America at the Johns HopkinsBloomberg School o Public Health, January 14, 2013
http://www.demandaplan.org/http://www.demandaplan.org/http://www.demandaplan.org/


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xx Preace

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xx Acknowledgments

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Acknowledgments xx

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xxv Introduction

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Introduction xxv

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xxv Introduction

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D W. Wb, SD, MH

J S. Vk, JD, MH

otes

1. C D C v. Wb-b j S Q Rpg S (WSQARS) [O]. N C j C v, C D C v (p). Avb :R: p://www..gv/j/wq/x.. [2012, M. 15].

2. T J. C Vz, 2010. N C Vz Sv.NCJ 235508, Wg, DC: S Dp J, B JS, Sp. 2010.

3. C D C v. Wb-b j S Q Rpg S (WSQARS) [O]. N C j C v, C D C v (p). Avb :R: p://www..gv/j/wq/x.. [2012, M. 15].

4. Vk SB, A J, R W. Sv F N-Fj S, 2001.MMWR. 2004; 53(SS07):157.
http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html


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4 Matthew Miller, Deborah Azrael, and David Hemenway

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Firearms and Violent Death in the United States 5

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F HEcologic Studies

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. F vb w g g

w 26 .

A w-p (Hw, S-Tgw, M 2002) x-

g w g- . T v- px (FS/S, pg w )

w wp . bz

q w vb. T S -

70 v g

wp . T .S. w w v

g b; -

w v g.

U.S. Studies

Ck (1979) - 50 g

S xp p bw g vb bb, -

g bb-. g b bb 1975, Ck

x w vb ( px b Ck x) w

bb bb- , g -

v j , pp , g . g vb w w v-

bb , b w pv w pp bb-


38/311


vv g w p p bb- , g

g bb.

M . (2002) v p bw v

wp g v

1988 1997 50 9 g. A v, p-

g w px wp

g vb g v w SS. Fv p

w : pv, bz, p,

p, (-) v . v -

, pv g bw g wp -

w pp v g gp (xpg 04), p g .

A (M . 2007) v

g wp Bv Rk F Sv

S. x 2001 2003 -v

ggv , bb, p, bz, p-

, pv, q, pg pp w

bk, pg b g p. Ag,

w g wp gg vz , w, .

T w v b g- vz ; -

g- vz w g w

wp.

Individual Level Studies

Eg pv v b w g -

w . C-

pv g q w g

k vz -

b .

K . x ppx 400 v

p w w k (K . 1993). A

g w. 83 , pp w -

; g , 95 , pp w g. 14 w v . A g

g , g, , vg , w w ,


39/311


p g g w

k . wp w g w

k b b q.

W w , ,

, w (Tb 1.2). A g

p g k vzw

g g w g p.

T g k bgp -

vz K 1993 -

. A p, v, v

w , k vg g

w bb (B, Fwg, R-

b 1997). A - b Wb . (2003)

k w vg w g w p

g w (w w k b v p w w vg w g). H ,

g w k b b -

b .

Table 1.2 NVDRS 20052010

F N-

N

O

/p

O

v

N

O

/p

O

v

H b g gp % % , % %

% % % %

, % % , % %

, % % , % %

, % % , % %

+ % % % %

S b g gp

% % % %

, % % , % %

, % % , % %

, % % , % %

+ , % % , % %

Note: kw g (0.7), /p (1.4), (3.6) w .


40/311


O - v g k

, w p g k w (C-

g . 1997, Dbg, k, Kw 2004). R pp-

b - g wp k

pp. F xp, w b

p p w gp vg b w,

g w p 65 pp v 24

pp b. A b b w

pv (Cpb . 2003).

Cohort Studies

T w g v w kw

, pg vz w g

w.

F v S

F v S g

w g pv (M, Hw, Az 2007, Kb Ww 2009). B , b

g w

wp (M, Hw, Az 2007). T p b -

p g v j v p -

, g pg , g

b, pv, , p (M, Az, Bb

2012, M, Hw, Az 2007).

H wp b b g

p k x v-v . .S.

- p g p

k (B . 1997, B .

1993, B . 1994, B . 1991, B .1988, Cw . 2002, C-

g . 1997, K . 1992, . 2003, Kg, ,

2003, Wb 2003). T v k g (w- ), pg

g gp , g p, w (M Hw 1999, B . 1991, K . 1992).

T g .S. x

g C w p g


41/311


w w k b w

g/x b g pp,

p b g x- p (W .

1999). H, , k w bb x-

k w (W . 1999).

Dwg b bw vb

k xg - g

b q g q

pb b w

b w (NRC 2005). A-

pb (b p w ) wp b ,

v (wb p p w

g ).

v k, wv, g bw

p .S. p b-

v. F, v-v v

ppg (B . 1997, B . 1994, B .

1993, B . 1988, Cw . 2002, Cg . 1997, K . 1992, Wb 2003).

S, wg v q, k

w p g w b all

b (Cg . 1997, K . 1992, W

. 1999); v k g g w;

g w k p p (C-

g . 1997, K . 1992, W . 1999).

T, v x w pp w v w

g v g p , b b, kw

k g g k

(O . 2004, K, O C, b 2011). F xp,

- pb p p-

g w v w (K

. 1992, g . 2008, M . 2009, S V 2008, Bz,

Bb, M 2011).F, pp b k g

g , pg w , g-

gg -p p ( . 2005).


42/311


F, g, , p -

k bv b v-v g

( bg bj b v )

: g k

b w .

F D

N pg, g - w

g g p , -

(M, Az, Hw 2001, Wb 2003, . 2005). .S. g 5 14 v v k b-

g k w g p w g

vp (Tb 1.2) (R Hw 2011).

C

T S, w g g pv g w,

pb v g-. T v g pb Tb 1.1. T

b, w p .S. g 514 w v-

p , k .S. thirteen

k eight k

pb vp . T

v .S. , . v

g- . R, w g

S vp w

p, vg b g

.

W S , v pg: w

g, v , . T

g p Tb 1.3, w p

b v bw 2001 2007 , ,

b x g gp w g- p w w g wp . T -

g pp, g g, b -

kg. N b v gg w.


43/311

Table 1.3 V w g v w g wp v

(BRFSS 2004); M D WSQARS 19992007

Hg-ga

w-g

b R

Aggg pp , .p w % % .

g pp pg

p, p (NSDH

)

.% .% .

g pp pg

, p (NSDH )

.% .% .

Nb v

(CR )

, , .

SW

F , .

N- , , .

T , , .

M

F , , .

N- , , .T , , .

M g F , , .

N- , , .

T , , .

F .

N- .

T .

A +

F , , .

N- , , .T , , .

H

MF , , .

N- , , .

T , , .

WF , .

N- , , .

T , , .


44/311


F p g . W b

b vw , wv,

b all j . S,

, w, ,

k b g g (p,

g q p) g g.

T p g pb pb w

pb . F pp , pb , ,

A g b g pp g-

. p p

v S. E q A

pb w, wv, b v b g p

p b k p, ,

z gg b . S pv

b b b , b . T b b g- v S

kpg v b b g

A v, gg, g.

Table 1.3 (C)

Hg-g

aw-g

b R

F .

N- .

T .

M

F , , .N- , , .

T , , .

A + F .

N- .

T , .

.

Note: A 19992007 b w pp bgg 2008;- .

a, , Ok, w, T, Kk, Ab, Mpp, ,N Dk, W Vg, Ak, Ak, S Dk, M, Wg

bHw, Nw J, M, R , C, Nw Yk


45/311


cnoledments

T x, b g p, w p p vw

w pv b , pp b J F.

otes

1. R b 1990 , g - p, pg, bz gg k (W 2000). D v b wxp.

2. H v b g w -g S. T p (CDC 2012).

3. Mg vb g x pb-, b (Wb, Vk, Hpb 2001, MA2008) v w g vv v w pv g w w w g g w.

4. S vw w pv vw - b w , p w g p- vw w v pp

vw pp w pb.5. T pv v b w g w . Hwv, g k w pp b v bv. F, k bw gwp w g bw g w-p b ; b w gk vg g . S, g wp w g - w b q (..,g w g k k b -, p, g). T, w v p-

v kpg g v bgp vv .

eferences

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B, J. E., A. . K, . S, J. . B, F. Rv, N. B. R.1997. Rk v w .Archives o Internal

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B, D. A., J. A. p, C. J. A, . Mz, M. E. W, J. . Zk. 1991.T p b : A- .JAMA 266 (21):29892995.

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p - - g.Accident Analysis andPrevention 42 (2):11841188.

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Hw, D., T. S-Tgw, M. M. 2002. F vb vz g 25 pp g- .

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K, A. ., F. . Rv, . S, D. T. R, J. F, J. B, J. -zk, C. Fg, B. B. Hk. 1992. S g wp. New England Journal o Medicine 327 (7):467472.

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S, D., M. S. , . F, . T, D. M. 1996. g- .Archives o General Psychiatry53 (4):339348.

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W, . J. 2000. g v. The crime drop in America, .A. B J. W. Cbg: Cbg v .

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50/311

F w v pp w gp: pb

g pg

qg v . T v j

pb w q p w, p-

vg p g kp b b b

b .S. Sp C g. B g, k g, .

p w v b

b g k g pb-

k p v g g. W p pb kp

b g-k gp g- v, v

pb g v g v

b ww.

2

T p B AEv p

p J. Ck J wg

p J. Ck, D, TT / T S b p

g Dk v, - N B E R wkg gp . J wg, D, MA,

MCk F S Sv A, w b

v Cg, v Cg C b, -

N B E R wkg gp .


51/311

22 Philip J. Cook and Jens Ludwig

T v v-pb pp p w

. T w g q pp

bg g g p-

( p ) g . T

g wk w b C A 1968

(CA), w q b g g b -

(FF) p g b

. A pg g FF q b CA

4473 g v v

qg , g w w q

v p b ppv b.T CA q w g g b bq g,

B Hg V v A, p 1994. T B

A q FF bkg k w-b b

b g 4473 w g g. T w g w

w g p g g v, p . M

g w wp w p -

, b q g --bk . S

g p g b B A. Hwv, q v p b g FF, Brady

bkg k v bk v 2 w w p-

(Bwg . 2010).

O M 2, 2000, B C w

B B vg pp v kpg g wg

, j p b b b pp w

b g w. Dg v

B A, 312,000 pp p g (2.4

) w qg -

(Bwg . 2010). O w-b b w

v b v pg b . T g :

S g kv k b,

g Bradyw k

(Zg 1968, 1972).

T C w pb v B A Journal o the American Medical Associa-

tion (wg Ck 2000). O w pvw

v b b


52/311

The Limited Impact o the Brady Act 23

Brady. W pb Brady v

, b b p . pg

g, w -

(g jg, b) p,

pb Brady , b

, pv gv. F, v

Brady, p pb

g g b v vg pp.

, B A p p p g

w p Db 1998. W p,

1994 1998, w g p, p pxp bkg k q p

g. p p, p q v-

wg p pp v g, w p-

p p wg p w w , kw

N C Bkg Ck S (NCS). O v

p.

w pv v, g

g , g w q v b: (1) W p

v pb ?; (2) Hw g p-

p b g?

Bkg Fg

J B, p Rg, w g -

p g p M 1981. Tg w w,

S, B b g v, g

Hg C, . wk v v pg w

b kw B Hg V v A. T

pv w p Fb 1994, qg FF -

bkg k w v b b g

g . O 32 w b pv-

, b 18 D Cb q A. pv

xp, w 32 g -

, 18 -g vg . O v k


53/311


vg xp-k g

B A .

O w V S

. W p ,

v ,

bb . (T V S

pp k pp.) W z

Bradyg . T

b w v, p

21 g . T p g

B A w g v g b 21; w 21 g p g

FF, g w bj k v bBradyb

q w . O , g -

v pv x w w w k

v, committedb g 21 v; Bradyg-

p pp v. B

p g k g v, w v

g 21 v b pp 21 g (Ck b 1998). g g

gv v, v v-

, p v p b b v

jv g p p w w

k-k v (B 1995; Ck 1999).

T p vg gp vg

Brady w

p, w ppg w 1990. p-

, pp b 34 1990 1998. M

p g 1990 (w w b -

) b b g

g. Ag v b gg xp

p 1990 p pg p,

wg k p bg -1980, ,

v, gz b 1970 (B- W 2000; v 2004; Ck b 2002). v,

v B A b


54/311

Brady w k b B A

w vg w v

1990.

O p 18 w b

B A pv v gp pp b kb -

p-Brady . Ev -

x p Brady . T

( p g ) -

vg bw w gp Brady, w b pb -

b vg w g b A. O

v pp pp b w qw xg v - pb

, g w w vg w w g b

v g (pp p -p g

).

A vg B A w

w v g g ,

w pg w gp g v

w (W 1997). T w b v. S pp

ATF Cg wg

g b Brady

wg p w (Ck Bg

2001). Hwv, pp Cg w

g g v p, p b g g-

kg p (Ck wg 2003). O xp -

k w b b - --

x . , gg w Brady

kg , w q

g vb k v .

H p qv v. W z

pp p p- p-Bradyg

gp. T q p g

zg p (1) bw, w Yitp - (i) p (t), Xit

p vb. T

p vb , di,



55/311


p -p x v v-

, vb,gt, p

g v v .S. bv

v, vb Tit

q 1

wg p B A q 0 w.

F V S , w vb p-Brady

(1994 1997). F pb, w p-Bradyp

p w p (1990 1993).

Yit=b

+b

X

it+b

T

it+d

i+g

t+e

it(1)

S -p x , k - (b

) bw

g v p- p-Bradyp. T

b

p - g v

v B A,

b gv Brady g v.

Eq (1) w v wg q, q

k b p-pg

p xp vb b q pp-. W Hb-W j -

p bv .

T g g z Tb 2.1.

W b bw

Brady() -Brady() g pp g 21

. W p gv, v gv

-g g ( v -

g). p w Brady.

T 95 v v g

8 13.

O B A v .

p, wg p q g p Brady

v w g q b pp xpg

p. A w Tb 2.1, v-

Brady v g g pp g 55 . Hwv, g w p b

-g (pp wp b), w wg

p v g g gp .


56/311

Table 2.1 E B A g

p- p-Bradyp v

(S- p)

V g21

V g55

H ( p ,) . (.) . (.) . (.) . (.)

N-g . (.) . (.)

% w g . (.) . (.)

S ( p ,) . (.) . (.) . (.) .** (.)

N-g . (.) .* (.)% w g . (.) .** (.)

Source: Ck wg (2003). T g p wg Ck(2000) w b w v w w bq.

Note: T p-Bradyp 1990 1993 p-Bradyp 1994 1997. Rg b g q (2) x g pp wg j k.

**S z 5 p-v*S z 10 p-v

Hw w g b p

w v b pp g

B bkg k q? Ab 2.4 p

g b w g g p B

A bkg k (Bwg . 2010). O xp

p p w q g bg g b p

FF w b v w k g g (-

p w q v). D C w

v w w p g v

23 w v- w v b b -

v , w b p g

FF (Wg, W Rv 1999). Y w-p

b gp w, 3 v-

(Wg W 1999). jg C gg 312,000 v w w

g Brady p ( 1994 1998) w v

b 60 w .



57/311


D

Spp g p B

A p . W k

xp, w w b pb vg v

g C A b g p b g-k

gp?

T p k xp p b -

g bkg-k q b FF, B A

bkg-k q v j

pv w g. Sv p 1980 w - b g

g (Wg & R, 1994), v g

w q bkg k v b

gb. M g b pp w

FF g pv g g xg

w , g b --bk -

g k.

W pv p pg xp p B A, v

b k . F, j w p g

g q pg g. Ck, wg

Bg (2005) v

2001 v v w 10 p -

. N p -q

b g 10 p

. Expg - q ,

, v v ( q-

, w v)

p p.

S, v q p k b g FF

Brady, g , p b v

p . g pb-

Cg b N C H pv -g (NCH) pv g -

pv q b

. T v 83


58/311

b bkg k b 2003 (Rk 2006),

b g q p w b

g NCS p. NCH pv

g pvg w pp 2007 b w p-

g g p

NCS . A w v g g p, b

v b p bg v

v g b (M Ag g 2011).

, g b

pv g , p, pv p-

, g g q, p vg b z NCS. T -

pp g pv g , g

v p g :

k b k b g FF ( w

pv- p w b p) b k b -

q .

T b b g pv- p

b p qg g , w p k, b bj bkg k. C

, w g g FF w

g g bkg k. S , w

b b, w k q pp b

g. T q w . C

q g b g w, w -

g w b p g. Ev w

g q, v bkg k b -

v w, g w- vg g w

v b b p b p. W C-

g g v b b

(b Wb, Vk, Bz 2009).

W pp v v g g v

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B, A J W, . 2000. The Crime Drop in America. NwYk: Cbg v .

Bwg, M, R J. F, A. v, A D. B, Dv B.

A. 2010. Background Checks or Firearms: Statistical Tables. B JS B NCJ 231679.B Cpg v V. 2002. Svg v b Tkg O

C: T Dp -R C D S E Bw, Exv S, w www.bpg.g///vgv.p, Ap 17.

Ck, p J. A A. Bg. 2001. A Cpv F Tg:Sg vgv Nw D F Mk,Arizona LawReview 43(2): 277310.

Ck, p J. J H. b. 1998. T p Ep Y V-

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Preventing Gun Violence Involving People with Serious Mental Illness 35

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V D, R A., J Vvk, N J. 2012. M D V: T Rp b Sb ? S

Epg 47(3): 487503.
http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://www.schs.state.nc.us/schs/brfss/2001/us/firearm3.htmlhttp://www.schs.state.nc.us/schs/brfss/2001/us/firearm3.htmlhttp://www.schs.state.nc.us/schs/brfss/2001/us/firearm3.htmlhttp://www.schs.state.nc.us/schs/brfss/2001/us/firearm3.htmlhttp://www.schs.state.nc.us/schs/brfss/2001/us/firearm3.htmlhttp://www.schs.state.nc.us/schs/brfss/2001/us/firearm3.htmlhttp://www.schs.state.nc.us/schs/brfss/2001/us/firearm3.htmlhttp://www.schs.state.nc.us/schs/brfss/2001/us/firearm3.htmlhttp://www.schs.state.nc.us/schs/brfss/2001/us/firearm3.htmlhttp://www.schs.state.nc.us/schs/brfss/2001/us/firearm3.htmlhttp://www.schs.state.nc.us/schs/brfss/2001/us/firearm3.htmlhttp://www.schs.state.nc.us/schs/brfss/2001/us/firearm3.htmlhttp://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://www.schs.state.nc.us/schs/brfss/2001/us/firearm3.htmlhttp://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdf


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82/311

2010, 1,082 w 267 w k b p-

. F- p v w k w g ( S

Dp J 2012). F p w-v , -

p (H) v b w g w

wp b (Fx Zwz 2009). F, w

k b k b p b

gp (Fx Zwz 2009; M, R, B 1998). T v

: w w k, k b -

p w g.

, w p b g, v-

pp p, v pv

p xp. W bg w vvw v

b g g v w b b kw

4

Ev Op B A

Ap M. Z S F

Ap M. Z, D, MH, p S C J Mg

S v. S F, D, MH, p J Hpk

Bbg S b H.


83/311

54 April M. Zeoli and Shannon Frattaroli

j . S, w xg g v g

b. W p pg v b p

b g p H, w p-

w. W w g p

pv H.

D V : A B Ovvw

wp H pp. D v vv-

g g k v

vv k, wp, b (Sz . 1992). , k w v g (B

. 1997; K . 1993), w g v

k (Cpb . 2003). p k g

k v - p w k w

(Abk . 1996; M . 1998). Mv, gwg v

g g v pp b

g w (M . 2006; R . 2005; S

Wb 2004; Tj T 2000). T g w v: b wp b -

w k (Cpb . 2003).

T -- v p

w k b p (B . 1997;

Cpb . 2003; MF . 1999; S, M, B 1998),

kg v g p g k

H (Cpb . 2007). Skg b p k

H (Cpb . 2003), w pg 76

v 85 p v w k b b

p (MF . 1999). O b kw

. Rg w k b p -

w j p v kg w

pg . T w p v/kg

p, , g, b-

v g (DVRO) g b(MF . 1999; M, R, B 1998).

W w k j , pp-

v pv v .


84/311

Policies to Limit Batterers Access to Guns 55

qpp w pv v w, w -

b b p g v v v. w

b g p -

pv pp v.

C F w: Rpg Rk

Tw pv w g b b-

g. 1994, Cg C A pb

v w qg DVRO pg pg

g (18 .S.C. 922(g)(8)). T q, DVRO b g b w p w w p-

p pp. T p DVRO perma-

nent. Egb DVRO p p

p, p w,

b (18 .S.C. 921()(32)).

1996, Cg C A pb -

v v pg pg

g (18 .S.C. 922(g)(9)). T xp b , , p p

, wp w b

p (18 .S.C. 921()(33)). T

p w xpv DVRO g

pb p g w -

p, p g (18 .S.C. 921()(33)). p,

w pp w qg -

p- w.

S-v D V g

M v w g DVRO p g. S w

v w , xp, xp

qg DVRO p DVRO. C -

g p DVRO b p v b - p q p b. T

b p .S. j , b

p g DVRO p . Rp


85/311


DVRO v g j vv (K 1996;

M . 2010; V S 2006) v

v v (H . 2003; g, S, Wk 2005;

S S 2005). F, w w k DVRO

x p b (g . 2008),

g k (Cpb . 2007; W D 1993). T-

p DVRO w v g p DVRO pv w-

qg w g.

S v g. T

w b xpv g. O w

w b DVRO v g vg b xpg g p v

b w, xp b g g p. C-

g p w pb 35 p H b-

w 1976 2005, b H b

g p b g (Fx Zwz 2009). A,

DVRO pp w g

g p pp g gp

w k g pp g - p b (V S 2006).

T g v DVRO v -

g w, g w p g pb p-

pb. N pv vg

g, v p g pb. B

v w b -

b g , w .

Ev

F gv g k w b-

xg g pg v -

g j DVRO p

. T pp w v:

p b p b p b g k w H. w -

pp gg g. b p

p g b qg bv, w


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v v g g g p-

b p g bkg k (F B

vg 2011).

Evaluating Impacts

T v x w w g g

DVRO p v H (Vg-

M 2003, 2006; Z Wb 2010). Vg M x-

DVRO v g

-v H 1982 1998 (2003), g 1982

2002 (2006). b , DVRO w w g w H k, b H w g H.

F vg v p

pp bkg k w-b g p (Vg

M 2003, 2006). T g gg p g

pg w p pp: p-

b g pg g b v bkg k

, pv, qg .

T w b w pbgg p p w pbg p (Vg

M 2006). pbg p, g H -

10 12; w b p p-

w. b v pb b

p p v

g w g w pb p

(Vg M 2006).

A v g w H 46 .S. -

1979 2003 pv v DVRO w -

p (Z Wb 2010). T 46 w 27 , 15 w v

DVRO g pb 9 w v v -

g pb. C w DVRO g 19

w H 25 w H w g p

w w (Z Wb 2010).

Tk g, pv pg v DVROg H. p, w

H w g, ggg

b b . W-b k p



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g w wp b kg. O, p

w, v gg DVRO g pb v v.

k b w DVRO w,

b p H w g v-

g. T b b .

M v v b w -

(Vg M 2006).

, w b g

w g bkg k pb ,

v p v

g (Vg M 2006). F, k p w p v.

Implementation and Enorcement

W v g w k w

g v p -

w. DVRO p v b ,

w p g w DVRO w pbg p

b p pb p pv g gg p pb. W w x-

g w v pb p

. Hwv, w p p vv

b b w q b pbg b

bkg k p vg

g w q v b p.

O v N C DVRO g w b

p g v g p p-w b

g DVRO qg p

g w g w v p (M .

2006). T w w b

p w w .

T p k q N C. ,

v p v g p (A-

Tk F C J Rp DV 2005; F T 2006; w 2006; Wb . 2010).

B p g p pb p-

p b pb z (F T


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2006; W . 2012). kw w p p-

g , , w . S b b

g g b (w x), DVRO p, p-

. O v v p C DVRO

w w pv q b -

p g, p (W . 2012).

Fg b g b p g

DVRO pp g p (F T 2006;

Wb . 2010; W . 2012), v p g

-- b p g (g g

g; pv ) b v DVRO p pb (W . 2012). Kw-

g w p v w w b

pp g w p ,

k g v (W . 2012).

Ev w b p g,

w DVRO w g

(F T 2006; S S 2005; Wb . 2010). S,

v vg DVRO g w.Fwg x DVRO b, C D-

p J v g

w z g pb DVRO b (Sv

2006). A vw wg xg v

pg w g pb (Sv 2006).

Sv DVRO j b zg DVRO g

pb. F v b w ,

v v g -

p w DVRO. T v w --

b pv b p v

g b , p k

w g xg (W . 2012).

v g bv , w pz -

w DVRO g k

p pb p pb. W p w px vv pp

g, b b, C v

(W . 2012). A, p gg



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b ggg vv g -

DVRO w bg pv pb (K 2006).

Bw gg v v

vpg p, g gz

g k w

v v g.

p

T w g w v -

. Fwg v- bg xv.

Goal: Prevent DVRO respondents and DV misdemeanants rom purchasing or

possessing guns.

Policy: Require all gun purchasers to submit to a background check.

R: w, bkg k q

pv , pvg pb b w

g. Rqg bkg k g w p- g pb b.

Policy: Incentivize states to automate DVRO and domestic violence misdemeanor

records or reporting to background check systems.

R: Bkg k b p

g qg -

vb g .

Policy: Incentivize states to create gun registries or gun purchase databases.

R: A w w qk w

DVRO p p v v

w g w xg pb g p-

g gp pp kw b v.

Goal: Expand ederal law to prohibit other categories o violent intimates rom

purchasing and possessing guns.

Policy: Extend the DVRO prohibition to include those covered by temporary

DVROs.

R: T p g DVRO, g w

p DVRO p, g p. F w


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gz g b xg pb -

p DVRO.

Policy: Expand the denition o intimate partners.

R: C g p b -

w v v p v q p.

Policy: Extend ederal gun prohibitions to cover those convicted o misdemeanor

stalking.

R: Skg p k p -

. Hwv, b kg w

p p , wp,

v g pb pp.Policy: Extend ederal gun prohibitions to cover persons who have violated a DVRO

(permanent and temporary) because o threatened or actual violence.

R: T w v - DVRO b v

b p g b bj b g p-

p w v bj.

Goal: Provide the resources and support needed or state and local systems to

implement and enorce domestic violence gun prohibitions.Policy: Establish and und a center that will provide the training and technical

assistance needed to realize ull implementation o laws that prohibit DVRO

respondents and misdemeanants rom possessing guns.

R: F w , w p

pg C A b S,

w-p w vpg

w z b pb

.

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A p bjv g v pv p

kp g g-k v w gg g w-

bg z p . v p-

w g kp g g v v v,

g v b pb pg

. T g p (1) b vw

pb p

pb, (2) k bg

g g v, (3) p

p p b vb v-

. T p pb

5

Rg Aq C C gF Owp

K A. V, D W. Wb,

J S. Vk

K A. V, D, MH, J Hpk C R. D W. Wb, SD, MH, p Dp H

Mg J Hpk Bbg S b H. J S. Vk,

JD, MH, p Dp H

Mg J Hpk Bbg S b H.


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66 Katherine A. Vittes, Daniel W. Webster, and Jon S. Vernick

pb v ,

b v w v.

R C C b F

Rgzg g v g k -

g v, w pb p b wg

gp: ; gv; p v -

v; w bj g

v; w b; w v b b jg b p, g -

v , v b v -

; w v b b g

; g ; p w v .S.

zp. , w 21 g w

p w p g

b 18 g g g p

g w g (18 U.S.C.922 (d) (2012)). N p g pp g g (

g) w.

R pv j g p

gp. Cv k bq

v g (Ck, wg,

Bg 2005). S, p w g p

v k kg p (Cpb .

2003) g v g b (E

Bz 2007; Fg, Sw, H 1983; 1975; Hg, S,

1989).

R pp g p g b.

g b g w v

bv (A . 2012; F 1998; K . 1994; k

A 1998; Rv . 1997; W-M . 2005) (Bg,

W, K 2000; Bwk, , Rk 2001; Rv .1997). F xp, v k

b g , g

w v g k (Rv . 1997).


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Reconsidering the Adequacy o Current Conditions on Legal Firearm Ownership 67

T g v g b g

pp. vv v , pp v,

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