Redistricting, Reapportionment and Reform
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Redistricting, Reapportionment and Reform
Morgan Cullen National Conference of State Legislatures
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Redistricting OverviewRedistricting Overview What? Why? When? Who? Where? How? So What?
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Redistricting 2010-Redistricting 2010-What?What?
Redistricting or
Reapportionment
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Redistricting 2010-Redistricting 2010-Why? Why?
Baker v. Carr, 1962
• Congress: as equal as possible
• State legislature: up to 10% “deviation,”if for good reason
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Redistricting 2010-Redistricting 2010-When?When?
All Census Data was delivered by April 1st Final Deadline--2012 elections (except
Maine & Montana) Filing deadline for candidates for primary Time for local officials to re-precinct Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act
Preclearance--add 60 (or 120) + days Four states had 2011 legislative elections Two states don’t have legislative elections
until 2014
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2013 Redistricting 2013 Redistricting Progress Report—April 10thProgress Report—April 10th
Redistricting Plans Incomplete
Redistricting Plans Complete
Redistricting Plans Complete Lawsuit Pending
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Reapportionment 2010-Reapportionment 2010-
WhereWhere??
4
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Redistricting 2010-Redistricting 2010-Who?Who?
Board or commission-- 13 States for Legislative Lines 7 States for U.S. House
Advisory Back-up
Iowa model Courts (Mandatory Review Process KS, CO, FL)
Legislature 37 States for Legislative Lines
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Legislative Redistricting Legislative Redistricting Commissions 2013Commissions 2013
Backup
Primary
Advisory
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Legislative Redistricting Legislative Redistricting Commissions 2013Commissions 2013
Party Appointed Commission
Backup
Advisory
Independent
Politician/Politician Appointed Total Legislative Control
Legislature
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California Citizens Redistricting California Citizens Redistricting CommissionCommission
14 member commission (5 Dem, 5 GOP, 4 other)
State Auditors Office selects 60 registered voters
Legislative Leaders can reduce the pool
Auditors office then selects 8 member through a lottery
Those eight members pick rest of the members
Plans must be approved by a supermajority
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Iowa ModelIowa Model Three maps drawn by nonpartisan
legislative staff No political data can be used Legislature must approve--no
amendments Legislature can re-take control of
third set of proposed maps
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Party Control of Redistricting Party Control of Redistricting U.S. House DistrictsU.S. House Districts
1990 2000 2010 2011
Democrats 168 135 110 47
Republicans
5 98 90 202
Split 240 157 189 87
Commission & Iowa
15 38 39 92
At-Large 7 7 7 7
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Redistricting 2010-Redistricting 2010-How? How?
Population equality Comply with Voting Rights Act and
14th Amendment Traditional Districting Principles Technology--software and data
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The Voting Rights ActThe Voting Rights ActSection 2 • Do minorities represent most
of the voters in a concentrated area?
• Do other voters tend to vote for different candidates than minorities?
• Is the minority population otherwise protected given the “totality of the circumstances”?
Do Not Dilute
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Illinois Congressional District - 2001Illinois Congressional District - 2001
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Complying With The Voting Complying With The Voting Rights ActRights Act
Chicago Suburbsburbs
Latino/HispanicAfrican-American
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Complying With The Complying With The Voting Rights ActVoting Rights Act
Chicago Suburbs suburbs
Latino/HispanicAfrican-American
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The Voting Rights ActThe Voting Rights ActSection 5
• “Preclearance” for certain jurisdictions
• Is the new map intended to dilute minority votes?
• Does the new map leave minority voters worse off?(“retrogression”)
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After federal law, add state After federal law, add state limitationslimitations
• Contiguity
• Political boundaries
• Compactness
• Communities of interest
State leg.Congress
48 23
46 20
38 19
22 13
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State Mandates On Partisan State Mandates On Partisan Competitiveness/FairnessCompetitiveness/Fairness
Fair Districts
Competitive Districts
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Florida State Legislature Party Florida State Legislature Party CompositionComposition
23
Representatives
120 120
Republicans 81 76Democrats 39 44
Senators 40 40
Republicans 28 26
Democrats 12 14
2011-2012 2013-2014
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Key Points:Key Points: Constitutionally mandated Highly regulated by federal and
state laws--not all about Gerrymandering
Changes in 2010: Prisoners California Public Access/Participation ACS
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"Redistricting may be the single least interesting word in the English language."
--Dan Schnur, Sacramento Bee October 2008
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"Redistricting may be the single least interesting word in the English language."
--Dan Schnur, Sacramento Bee October 2008
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"Redistricting may be the single least interesting word in the English language."
--Dan Schnur, Sacramento Bee October 2008
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“The once-in-a-decade redrawing of political boundaries is exceedingly important and excruciatingly arcane.”
--Los Angeles Times
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After federal law, add state After federal law, add state limitationslimitations
• Contiguity
• Political boundaries
• Compactness
• Communities of interest
• Partisanship/competition
State leg.Congress
48 22
43 18
37 17
24 13
10 7
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Court Sent Map Back To Legislature
Court Approved Legislative Map
Court Drew Map (Not Legislature)
Court Approved Commission MapCourt Sent Map Back to Commission
Court Drew Map (Not Commission)
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CD 7
CD 6
CD 1
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Redistricting 2010-Redistricting 2010-How? How?
Legal--Population equality & Compliance with Voting Rights Act and 14th Amendment and not subverting traditional districting principles and making race the predominant factor in drawing a plan
Technology--software and data
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Key Points:Key Points: Constitutionally mandated Highly regulated by federal and state
laws 2010 Redistricting Cycle:
3 states require adjusted data for prisons Public involvement ACS/CVAP California commission Dramatic Hispanic growth and rural
population loss
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"Redistricting may be the single least interesting word in the English language."--Dan Schnur, Sacramento Bee
“The once-in-a-decade redrawing of political boundaries is exceedingly important and excruciatingly arcane.” -- Mark Z. Barabak, Los Angeles Times
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