Redhead Fungal Biogeography.pdf

A biogeographical overview of the Canadian mushroom flora

S. A. REDHEAD Biosystematics Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Research Branch, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ont.,

Canada KIA OC6 Received November 24, 1988

REDHEAD, S. A. 1989. A biogeographical overview of the Canadian mushroom flora. Can. J. Bot. 67: 3003-3062. Maps showing the North American distributions of 74 species of fleshy fungi, mainly Agaricales, are used to demonstrate

variations in fungal ranges. Each map is based on examined specimens or selected literature. The maps are arranged to show North American floristic patterns, while the species in the text are grouped along worldwide patterns. Range patterns resemble those reported for vascular plants, ascolichens, and bryophytes. The names Hypholomaflavifolium (Smith) comb.nov. and Strobilurus trullisatus var. montezumae (Singer) comb. & stat.nov. are proposed.

REDHEAD, S. A. 1989. A biogeographical overview of the Canadian mushroom flora. Can. J. Bot. 67 : 3003-3062. En vue de dtmontrer les variations dans leurs aires de distribution, l'auteur prksente les cartes de distribution de 74 espbces

de champignons charnus de 1'Amkrique du Nord, surtout des Agaricales. Les cartes sont regroupies pour mettre en tvidence les patrons floristiques nord-amkricains, alors que dans le texte, les espbces sont regroupkes selon les patrons mondiaux. Les patrons des aires de distribution ressemblent 2 ceux qui existent pour les plantes vasculaires, les ascolichens et les bryophytes. L'auteur propose les noms de Hypholoma flavifolium (Smith) comb.nov. et de Strobilurus trullisatus var. montezumae (Singer) comb. & stat.nov.

[Traduit par la revue]

1 Introduction

The study of mushrooms in North America is faced with 1 many difficulties. Mushroom taxonomy, although armed with I sophisticated technology, is approximately 100 years behind I that for vascular plants. There is great debate over generic con-

cepts and names, many new species are still being described from temperate areas of the world, and species concepts themselves are often vague, just as they were for vascular plants 100 years ago. Within the past 20 years the literature aimed at the amateur mycologist has overtaken the scientific literature in many respects. Field guides give information on fungal distributions and other data not documented in the scientific literature (e.g., Aurora 1986; Bessette and Sundberg 1987; Courtenay and Burdsall 1982; Lincoff 1981; Miller 1972; Smith and Weber 1980). Precise information on the distribution of mushrooms is difficult to determine from the literature because of the mixture of useful data with misinformation based on misdeterminations, differing species concepts, or the misapplication of names. There is even uncertainty about the ranges of some of our commonest species!

Luctarius deliciosus (L.:Fr.) S. F. Gray, a well known, edible species, is said to be "widely distributed in North America" (Lincoff 198 I ) , "under conifers. Alaska to Mexico and east across the conifer zones" (McKnight and McKnight 1987), "under conifers (pine, spruce, etc.), common and widely distributed . . . " (Aurora 1986), "common on moist but well drained humus in the Rocky Mountains and Great Lakes region, as well as eastern North America . . . also abundant along the Pacific coast" (Smith and Weber 1980), and "under conifer forests . . . widely distributed . . ." (Miller 1972). In Canada, L. deliciosus has been reported by amateurs and professionals from all provinces and territories except Sas- katchewan and Newfoundland (e.g., Bandoni and Szczawinski 1976; Bauchet 1967; Bell 1933; Bisby et al. 1938; Chung 1984; Dearness 1908; Dickson 1981; Gates 1908; Gourley 1982; Groves and Macrae 1963; Groves 1962; Giissow and Odell 1927; Halliday 1940; Hay 1908; Langton 191 1; Langton

1913; Lebrun and GuCrineau 1981 ; Mains et al. 1939; Marr et al. 1986; Meloche 1977; Odell 1926; Pomerleau 1980; Pomerleau 1982; Pomerleau and Jackson 1951; Schalkwyk 1975; Smith and Wehmeyer 1936; Snell 1943; Spence 1932; Stone 1939; Thorn 1986a; Traquair 1980; Van Home and Van Home 1915; Wehmeyer 1950; Winder 1871). However, in the most recent scientific North American monograph of Luctarius (Hesler and Smith 1979), L. deliciosus var. deliciosus was not recognized from North America, while var. areolatus A. H. Smith was reported from Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Oregon and Wyoming, var. deterrimus (Groeger) Hesler & Smith from Michigan, var. olivaceosordidus Hesler & Smith from Oregon, and var. piceus F. Smotlacha from California, Idaho and Washington, i.e., no Canadian records, and only one state record east of the Rockies. The discrep- ancies result from the inability of the monographers to distinguish the different varieties among older collections lacking notations of critical features, and skepticism about earlier reports without detailed descriptions. The end result of this dis- crepancy between common knowledge and scientifically documented data is that we can only make very broad and vague statements regarding the overall distribution of this common macrofungus in Canada or in North America.

Traditionally mycologists have hesitated to emphasize distributional patterns of macromycetes based on existing collections. Vast areas of North America are unexplored mycologically. The apparent absence of a species from an area could result from the paucity of collectors, bad luck in a particular season, or the inability to spot or distinguish a species without special knowledge (Reid 1975a). For example, Marasmius limosus QuCl., a small ecologically restricted species in wet- lands, was not recognized from North America in the literature until 1980, although it had been collected once in southern Ontario in 1936 by H. S. Jackson (Redhead 1981b). However, after rediscovering it in 1979 in Manitoba, it was easily located along the coast of British Columbia the next month, again in the Rocky Mountain Trench in 1980 (Redhead 1981b), in southern Ontario in 198 1, and Newfoundland and Nova Scotia

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in 1983 (Redhead 1984b), i.e., coast to coast in 5 years. This pattern of distribution certainly brings to mind the anonymous quote cited in Smith and Weber (1980, p. 6), "Mushrooms are where you find them." The apparent hopelessness of studying the biogeography of mushrooms, as well as economical prac- tices, have been contributing factors leading to the common practice of citing mushroom specimens in North American monographs by the state or province followed only by collector's numbers and no maps. For example, Lactarius glyciosmus (Fr.) Fr. was reported from unspecified locations in both Quebec and Ontario in addition to various other provinces and states by Hesler and Smith (1979). Ontario covers 1 068 630 km2 and Quebec covers 1 540 681 km2, both span nearly 15" of latitude, and both have vegetation ranging from tundra to Carolinian hardwood forests.

In questions of plant quarantine, legal issues concerning traf- ficking of illicit species, locating or protecting harvestable species, and in the formulation of national policies, it is imperative that some sense be made of the distributional patterns of macrofungi. Are there species truly endemic to Canada and not just known from a type locality in Canada? If a species is found in coniferous forests in British Columbia, and then in New York state, can we assume it occurs across the continent? If a fungus, new to North America, is found in Canada, where else in the world might it have been described? What were the mycofloristic elements that combined to form our present fungus flora?

Comparable plant and lichen floras During the Pleistocene nearly all of Canada (Prest 1984),

except for parts of the northern Yukon and the Arctic Archipel- ago (HultCn 1937), isolated parts of coastal British Columbia (Calder and Taylor 1968), and perhaps Newfoundland (Ahti 1983; Brassard 1983, 1984; Steele 1983), was covered by continental glaciers. In the past 8000 - 12 000 years, virtually all of Canada has been recolonized from elsewhere. HultCn (1937) suggested that some of the northern vascular plant flora of North America and Eurasia survived in isolated refugia, such as those mentioned above, from which they are radially spreading at different rates. Whitehead (1972) noted that much of the northern flora was displaced to the south, to form plant communities that differed from any extant flora. Some plant species have successfully recolonized circumpolar areas and others now have fragmented, disjunct distributions. Commonly recognized disjunctions among vascular plants are the eastern Asia - eastern North American disjuncts (Gray 1859; Wood 1972), eastern North America - western North America disjuncts (Schofield 1969; Wood 1972), amphi-Atlantic disjuncts (HultCn 1958), and amphitropical North America - South America disjuncts (Wood 1972). Culberson (1972), Schofield and Crum (1972), and Schofield (1972) have shown that lichens and bryophytes have nearly identical patterns of disjunctions and contiguous ranges to those exhibited by vascular plants. Culberson (1972, p. 165) stated, "So similar in fact are the well documented ranges of lichens to the ranges of vascular plants that the conclusion that both result from the same physioecological and historical factors is inescap- able." With regard to the Canadian vascular plant flora, Porsild (1958) recognized eight major categories of plant distribution with additional subcategories: (i) Circumpolar (High-arctic Element, Arctic-alpine Element, Low-arctic Ele-

ment); (ii) Amphi-Atlantic (Arctic Element, Subarctic Ele- ment); (iii) Amphi-Beringian, (iv) North American (Arctic Element, Boreal forest Element, Cordilleran Element, Pacific coast Element, Prairie and foothill Element, Southern hardwood forest Element, Northern hardwood forest Element, Atlantic coastal plain Element); (v) Arctic Archipelago Endemic; (vi) Eastern Arctic Endemic Element; (vii) Western Arctic Endemic Element; (viii) Disjuncts. The disjunct distributions in North America can be further divided as done by Schofield and Crum (1972) for bryophytes. They recognized eastern American - East Asia disjuncts, tropical and sub- tropical - Southern Appalachian disjuncts, bipolar disjuncts, European - western North America disjuncts, as well as amphi-Pacific, amphi-Atlantic, and arctic-alpine disjuncts. Brodo and Hawksworth (1977) categorized the distributional patterns of various epiphytic North American lichen genera slightly differently. They treated many of the disjuncts as species with fragmented circumboreal ranges, and therefore, included them with species with more complete circumboreal distributional patterns. Thus, their categories were (i) Circum- boreal -Circumpolar species (1. arctic-alpine element; 2. low- arctic element; 3. amphi-Atlantic, southern element; 4. boreal forest element; 5. Appalachian - Great Lakes, temperate; 6. oceanic-suboceanic species; 7. western American - Euro- pean disjuncts); (ii) Asian affinities (8. bicoastal, Appala- chian - west coast disjuncts); (iii) North American endemics (9. North Pacific; 10. coastal lowland; 11. lowland to western montane humid forests; 12. Western montane and inter- montane dry forests; 13. Appalachians; 14. northeastern coastal plain; 15. Central American highlands).

Current status of macromycete mycogeography

Relatively few studies have been made of the distributions of macromycetes. Accumulation of accurate data is the most common problem. With fleshy fungi, detailed field notes are often required for precise determinations. Hence, relatively few herbarium specimens can be confirmed or redetermined accurately. The need for detailed notes slows the collecting process so that fewer collections are made. Added to these problems is the ephemeral nature of the fruitbodies. Another consideration of more importance in Eurasia than in North America, is the limitation of access by political boundaries. The latter factor severely limited the usefulness of maps of 50 macromycetes prepared by the Committee for Mapping of Macromycetes in Europe (Lange 1974) and the two earlier maps by the committee- a an sen and Lange 1966). Contribu- tions were lacking from Spain, Portugal, Italy, and the USSR, and relatively few were received from Bulgaria and Ireland. To a lesser extent this occurs in North America. Kers (1988) mapped the disjunct European - western North American distribution for the hypogeous ascomycete Geopora cooperi Hark. The species appears to abruptly stop at the border between Washington, U.S.A. and British Columbia, Canada, and again reappears in Alaska. This is clearly an artifact resulting from monographers collecting only within their own country. Canadians have not collected many hypogeous fungi.

To overcome some of the difficulties mentioned above, the European Mycological Congress chose 100 easily recognized, clearly defined macrofungi, e.g., Auriscalpium vulgare S. F. Gray, Strobilomyces floccopus (Vahl. : Fr.) Sacc., and Phaeolepiota aurea (Bull. : Fr .) Marie for mapping (Lange

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1974). The resulting maps and conclusions drawn from them helped to establish northern, southern, or host dependent limi- tations of a number of species, but by its limited European coverage, the survey did not reveal global or continental patterns except by extrapolation from reports in the literature. However, even with easily recognized species in areas pur- ported to be adequately covered, serious problems occurred (Reid 1975~). A series of maps, on a global scale, has been prepared for plant pathogens in the CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases. However. few of the treated s~ecies are macrofungi, and the distributions of the has been greatly modified by human activity. Hence, they may no longer represent "natural" patterns.

On a regional scale there are published maps that are useful in establishing correlations with specific host ranges, altitudes, and precipitation or temperature gradients. Numerous examples occur in Zeitschriftfur Mykologie and its predecessor 2. 5 Pilzkunde for species in Germany, and in the Nordic Journal of Botany for species in Scandinavia. Kotlaba (1984) published maps for 212 species of Czechoslovakian polypores, while Nikolaeva (1961) published dozens of maps for hyd- naceous fungi in the USSR on a scale approaching continental in size.

A number of attempts have been made to examine natural global distributional patterns of macromycetes. Gasteromy- cetes and polypores are particularly useful subjects because

I they are conspicuous, easily collected and air-dried, and often thev can be identified in the absence of notes on fresh features. These characteristics allow the researcher to make full use of the many specimens deposited in herbaria around the world. After examining nearly 900 collections, Kreisel (1967) prepared severd maps -showing the global distribution of Bovista species, Guzm6n (1970) did the same for Scleroderma after examining over 1500 specimens, and Demoulin (1973), who examined approximately 8500 specimens, prepared a number of maps for Lycoperdon, using one set to illustrate how amphi-Atlantic vicariant species pairs evolved. One of the most conspicuous features of these maps is the resolution of distributional patterns into discrete areas on continents and not just of ubiquitous bands of distribution as is sometimes suggested for fungi.

Not surprisingly, distributional patterns for a number of species of macromycetes have been shown to reflect those for vascular plants. On the basis of far fewer collections than in the gasteromycete examples above, Horak (1983~) showed that many southern hemisphere agarics and boletes had roughly the same distribution as the genus Nothofagus. Imai (1961), Hongo (1978), and Hongo and Yokoyama (1978) discussed similarities between the Japanese mycota and that of both western North America and eastern North America and (or)

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Mexico that share a number of species in common, hence mimicking the distribution of some flowering plant genera. Similar com~arisons have been made between the Chinese mycoflora aid eastern and southern North America (Mao et al. 1986; Zang 1986). Welden and Lernke (1961) and Guzmin (1973) have shown disjunct Mexican links to both western montane species of macromycetes and eastern deciduous forest species, whereas on a different scale, Mazzer (1976) has shown a correlation between the distribution of the genus Pouzarella and vegetation zones and (or) precipitation patterns in North America.

In general, however, it has been accepted for many years

that "fungi have a wider range than flowering plants" (Bisby et al. 1929, p. 12) and this belief has led to the commonly held assumption that fungi are either ubiquitous or most have extremely large ranges.

Canadian macromycete mycoflora

Smith (1978) divided North America into five mushroom provinces: (i) the Western Province; (ii) the Gulf Province; (iii) the Central and Eastern Province; (iv) the Tundra Prov- ince; and (v) the Great Plains Province. With the exception of the Gulf Province, portions of the others include parts of Canada. For the purposes of his discussion on poisonous mushrooms in the U.S.A., these subdivisions of North America may have sufficed. However, the scheme is overly simplified and contains obvious errors. For example, most of Canada, including the entire boreal forest zone (Rowe 1959; Hosie 1969), the largest forest zone in North America, is included in the Tundra Province and described (p. 60) as " . . . mainly the treeless area of northern Canada." The actual mushroom flora of Canada, and of North America, is much more complex. Information on the distribution of macromycetes in Canada is scattered and difficult to evaluate. It is only when a monographer examines extensive herbarium materials of selected species, makes additional collections, and maps the species that distributional patterns become meaningful. Elliott and Kaufert (1974) published a map showing broad boreal distributions for both Peziza badia Pers. and P. phyllogena Cooke (as P. badio-confusa Korf, see Pfister 1987) that can be sup- plemented by additional records in Ginns (1980). Redhead (1977b) mapped the distributions of three Mitrula species, two of which had Great Lakes - Appalachian distributional patterns in eastern North America. Using a map of the North America range of Crepidotus cinnabarinus Peck, Luther and Redhead (1981) showed how the southern boreal populations in the western prairie provinces and the eastern deciduous forest populations were connected to form a peculiar coma- shaped range. Both Aleurodiscus amorphus (Purton) Schroet. and A. grantii Lloyd have overlapping coniferous hosts, but Ginns (1982) demonstrated with a map that the latter has a contiguous western range that virtually excludes the circumboreal A. amorphus. More recently Gilbertson and Ryvarden (1986- 1987) monographed the North America polypores and published maps for all treated species. A considerable amount of information can be derived from these, but their policy of placing only a single dot per state or province, merely to indi- cate political representation, limits any biogeographical inter- pretation, especially in Canada.

Our mycoflora is composed of many species that can be categorized into groups with similar distributional patterns that complement categories outlined by Hulttn (1937, 1958), Por- sild (1958), Schofield and Crum (1972), or Brodo and Hawks- worth (1977). Excluding obviously introduced species or those associated with human or animal dispersal, it is possible to recognize the following groupings in the Canadian macromycete mycoflora. Group headings basically are adapted from those given in these publications.

Canadian macromycete distributional patterns

Circumpolar High Arctic: (1) Lepista multiforme. Arctic-alpine: (2) Arrhenia auriscalpium, (3) Bryoglossum

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gracile, (4) Marasmius epidryas, (5) Phytoconis luteovitellina.

Bipolar: (6) Arrhenia lobata, (7) Coprinus martinii, (8) Phy- toconis ericetorum .

Circumboreal Taiga: (9) Cantharellula urnbonata, (10) Galerinapaludosa,

(1 1) Marasmius androsaceus, (12) Marasmius epiphyllus, (13) Neolecta vitellina, (14) Phaeomarasmius erinaceus, (1 5) Xeromphalina campanella.

Hardwood forest: (16) Crepidotus cinnabarinus, (17) Rho- dotus palmatus.

Bicoastal: (1 8) Baeospora myosura, (19) Crinipellis piceae, (20) Cyphellostereum laeve, (2 1) Hypholoma dispersum, (22) Lyophyllum gibberosum, (23) Marasmiellus candidus, (24) Psilocybe semilanceata.

Boreal endemic (25) Marasmiellusfilopes, (26) Marasmius pallidocephalus,

(27) Tricholoma magnivelare.

Bicoastal endemics (28) Marasmiellus papillatus, (29) Mitrula elegans,

(30) Strobilurus albipilatus.

Western cordilleran endemics (31) Chrysomphalina aurantiaca, (32) Collybia bakerensis,

(33) Marasmiellus pluvius, (34) Marasmius salalis, (35) Resinomycena montana, (36) Strobilurus occidentalis, (37) S. trullisatus, (38) Tetrapyrgos subdendrophora, (39) Xeromphalina fulvipes.

Eastern deciduous forest endemics (40) Gerronema subclavatum, (41) Marasmius pyrrho-

cephalus, (42) Mitrula lunulatospora , (43) Resinomycena acadiensis, (44) R. rhododendri, (45) Xerula fu&racea , (46) X. megalospora, (47) X. rubrobrunnescens.

Eastern Maritime - Great Lakes endemics (48) Laccaria trullisata.

Amphi-Beringian Eurasian - western cordillera: (49) Marasmius tremulae,

(50) Mycena lohwagii, (51) Phaeolepiota aurea. Asian - western cordillera: (52) Boletus mirabilis,

(53) Chroogomphus tomentosus. Asian - west coast: (54) Marasmius plicatulus, (55) Neo-

lentinus kauf iani i , (56) Stereopsis humphreyi.

European - west coast (57) Hemimycena tortuosa, (58) Melanotus textilis,

(59) Mycena culmigena, (60) Omphalina viridis, (61) Resinomycena saccharifera.

Amphi-Atlantic European - east coast: (62) Laccaria maritima, (63) Panel-

lus violaceofulvus. . European - boreal: (64) Lyophyllum palustre, (65) Hypho-

loma jlavifolium. Mediterranean - eastern deciduous forest: (66) Lentinus

tigrinus.

Amphi-Pacific Asian-Appalachian, Great Lakes or coastal plain:

(67) Crinipellis campanella, (68) Crinipellis setipes, (69) Lactarius indigo, (70) Neolecta irregularis,

(7 1) Pleurojlammula flammea , (72) Xeromphalina kauff- manii.

South Pacific - Appalachian - Great Lakes: (73) Mycena leaiana Gondwanaland-west coast: (74) Panellus longinquus.

Pantropical - eastern deciduous forest (75) Cyptotrama asprata, (76) Tetrapyrgos nigripes,

(77) Xeromphalina tenuipes.

Mediterranean -continental (78) Heliocybe sulcata.

Methods and guidelines

The examples chosen here are species with which the author is familiar. There are many other species exhibiting these patterns and ranges, but detailed documentation would be much more time con- suming. It is important to note that many are saprophytic and not restricted in host or substrate to a single plant species or genus, thus they have their "own" independent range. Others switch hosts or substrates and therefore may exceed the range limits of their preferred substrate. The species chosen to demonstrate these patterns are, with few exceptions, believed to be native to Canada. There are several more categories of distribution not discussed here which are linked to either human or animal dispersal. These include weedy species in disturbed areas (e.g., Lacymaria velutina (Pers.: Fr.) Konrad & Maubl. and Coprinus comatus (Mull.: Fr.) S. F. Gray), urban lawns or gardens (e.g. Panaeolina foenisecii (Pers. : Fr.) Marie and Marasmius oreades (Bolt.: Fr.) Fr.), and on dung (e.g. Coprinus cinereus (Schaeffer: Fr.) S. F. Gray and Panaeolus semiovatus (Sow.: Fr.) Lundell & Nannf.).

Most of the plotted distributions have been confirmed by examination of specimens. Reports by experts who have monographed genera in the U.S. have been accepted in some cases. In other cases reports have been accepted as correct when adequately described or because the species is so distinctive that there is little chance for error. Caution has been foremost in my mind in accepting any unusual North American reports. The occasional misdetennined specimen was dis- covered among monographed genera, and even more troubling, a few specimens with incorrect locality data.

All of the species chosen have one or more very distinctive features, some of which are mentioned in the Notes section. Verified collections are cited under Additional specimens examined or in my earlier papers. The Selected literature sections list these papers and other North American references accepted for mapping, as well as representative extralimital citations. Synonymy is restricted to the basionyms for the accepted species and for any taxonomic synonyms. The Maps section gives the figure number for the map if present and any other relevant-published maps. The maps are groupkd to show basic North American floristic patterns, i.e., starting with high arctic (Figs. 1, 2) to arctic-alpine or arctic boreal distribution (Figs. 5 -8), boreal (Figs. 9-16), southern boreal or deciduous boreal (Figs. 17, 18), continental (Fig. 19), bicoastal disjuncts (Figs. 20-29), western cordilleran (Figs. 30-34), western coastal and interior wet belt (Figs. 35-40), western coastal alone (Figs. 41 -51), eastern maritime (Figs. 52-55), eastern boreal (Figs. 56-58), Great Lakes - Appa- lachians (Figs. 59-63), eastern deciduous (Figs. 64-66), eastern deciduous with southern extensions (Figs. 67-73), and eastern Maritime - Great Lakes (Fig. 74).

It is important to note that the species discussed here are not necessarily indicator species. Other more conspicuous species may ulti- mately serve as indicators. In addition, several species used to demonstrate patterns have been recently described. However, all are easily characterized in one or more ways, and specific searches have been made both in the right habitats in the field and in herbaria under the names of confusingly similar taxa or among unidentified collec-

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tions or the appropriate genera. Based on data gathered in the future, some of the species treated herein may be inappropriately placed, however most range patterns are not expected to change drastically.

Circumpolar: High Arctic

(1) Lepista multiforme (Romell) Gulden = Clitocybe polygonarum Laursen, Miller & Bigelow = Lepista polycephala Harmaja

MAP: Fig. 1. RANGE: The north coast of Alaska, Bathurst Island, Shet-

land, Svalbard, northern Sweden, Norway, and Finland. HABITAT: Sandy and clayey soils in disturbed areas, or turf

and peat sometimes associated with frost polygons. SELECTED LITERATURE: Bigelow (1982); Gulden (1983);

Gulden et al. (1985); Harmaja (1976); Laursen et al. (1976); Watling (1987, 1988a).

NOTES: Lepista multiforme is a distinctive, large species characterized by incrusting pigments, roughened spores, and clamp connections. The genus Lepista has been monographed in both North America (Bigelow and Smith 1969; Bigelow 1982) and Scandinavia (Harmaja 1974a, 19743, 1976, 1978) without uncovering more southerly finds.

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: NORTHWEST

TERRITORIES, Bathurst Island, Polar Bear Pass, Aug. 12, 1973, D. A. Gill (DAOM 165328), Aug. 14, 1977, J. Bissett (DAOM 165297, 165298, 165302).

Circumpolar: arctic-alpine

(2) Arrhenia auriscalpium (Fr.) Fr. = Cantharellus auriscalpium Fr. = Peziza foliacea Holmskjold = Cantharellus buxbaumiaeformis Wallroth = Cantharellus muhlenbeckii Trog = Cyphella cochlearis Bres.

MAP: Fig. 5. RANGE: Alaska, Northwest Temtories, the Rockies in

southern Alberta, Arizona, Greenland, Iceland, Scandinavia, and the Alps, Carpathian and Caucasian mountain ranges, and the northwestern USSR.

HABITAT: Sandy or peaty soil with sparse, low, often pio- neering bryophyte cover, in tundra, recently glaciated areas, burned peat, and alpine zones.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Gulden and Jenssen (1988); Hallgrimsson (1981); Lange (1957); Lamoure et al. (1982); Laursen and Ammirati (1982), Mikhailovskii (1975); Redhead (1984a); Ulvinen et al. (1981)

NOTES: Arrhenia auriscalpium is a very distinctive, although inconspicuous species not likely to be confused with any other fungus. The genus Arrhenia has been monographed for North America (Redhead 1984a).

(3) Bryoglossum gracile (Karsten) Redhead = Mitrula gracilis Karsten = Mitrula muscicola E. Henn. = Mitrula rehmii Bres. = Cudoniella borealis Linder = Cudoniella muscorum Linder

MAP: Fig. 6. RANGE: Arctic North America, alpine zones of the Coastal

and Rocky Mountain ranges, Greenland, Iceland, northern Fennoscandia, alpine zones of the Carpathians and Alps.

HABITAT: Parasitic on moss cushions and carpets in open alpine or Arctic tundra, and down into valleys along steep ravines.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Durand (1908); Hallgrimsson (1987); Huhtinen (1985); Kallio (1980); Kankainen (1969); Lange (1957); Larsen (1932); Linder (1947); Mains (1955); Redhead (1977b); Ulvinen et al. (1981)

NOTES: Bryoglossutn gracile is a small but brightly coloured orange parasite of mosses, made even more conspicuous because of necrotic areas it causes on moss carpets or cushions. Until 1977, B. gracile was included in the genus Mitrula, a genus that has been monographed for North America (Redhead 1977b). Subsequent examination of the types of Cudoniella borealis and C. muscorurn preserved in liquid at the Farlow Herbarium (FH) convinced me that they represent marginate forms of this species.

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH

COLUMBIA: Glacier Natl. Park, Illecillewaet River Valley, Sept. 12 and 27, 1980, S. A. Redhead (DAOM 178083, 178087); Trophy Mt., S of Wells Gray Prov. Park, Oct. 7, 1980, T. Goward 80-670 (DAOM 186402). NEWFOUNDLAND: Labrador, Port Burwell, Sept. 25, 1936, N. Polunin 2643b-12 (FH, TYPE of Cudoniella muscorum). NORTHWEST TERRI- TORIES, Franklin Dist., Baffin Island, Cape Dorset, Aug. 28- 29, 1936, N. Polunin 2381a-52 (FH, TYPE of Cudoniella borealis).

(4) Marasmius epidryas Kiihner MAP: Fig. 4. RANGE: Alaska, Yukon, Northwest Territories, northern

Manitoba, the Rockies and Columbian mountain ranges, Greenland, Iceland, northern Scandinavia, the Alps and Altai mountain range.

HABITAT: In North America, restricted to stems and roots of Dryas alaskensis Pors., D. drutnmondii Richards, D. integri- folia Vahl and D. octopetala L., in alpine and arctic tundra and down some mountain slopes onto gravelly flood plains.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Gulden et al. (1985); Hallgrimsson (1981); Lamoure et al. (1982); Lange (1955); Miller (1982); Redhead et al. (1982).

NOTES: This species is distinctive because of its host special- ization, and by numerous micro- and macro-morphological features. The Canadian distribution was detailed by Redhead et al. (1982).

ADDITIONAL SPECIMEN EXAMINED: CANADA: ALBERTA: Kootenay Plain, 2 O'clock Creek, July 31, 1982, H. M. E. Schalkwyk 1826 (DAOM 185537).

(5) Phytoconis luteovitellina (Pilit & Nannf.) Redhead & Kuyper = Omphalia luteovitellina Pilit & Nannfeldt

MAP: Fig. 3. RANGE: Alaska, Yukon, Northwest Temtories, northern

Manitoba, Quebec, Newfoundland, Greenland, Iceland, Scot- land and Wales, northern Scandinavia, western and Siberian USSR, Japan.

HABITAT: On mosses and peaty soil in arctic and alpine tundra, often in more mesic sites than P. ericetorum.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Bigelow (1970); Dearness (1923, as Hygrophorus cantharellus); Gulden et al. (1985); Hall- grimsson (1 981); Heikkila and Kallio (1 966, 1969); Kallio (1980); Kobayasi et al. (1971); Lamoure et al. (1982, as

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Omphalina alpina); Lange (1955, 1957); Mikhailovskii (1975); Murata (1979); Pilfit and Nannfeldt (1954); Redhead and Kuyper (1987, 1988); Stepanova and Tomilin (1973); Ulvinen et al. (1981); Watling (1977, 1988b).

NOTES: Phytoconis luteovitellina is a lichenized member of the Tricholomataceae, with a narrower northern range than the allied P. ericetorum (Pers.: Fr.) Redhead & Kuyper, a species with a bipolar distribution. The conspicuous bright yellow colouration of P. luteovitellina is easily spotted against the normally green to brown background colours. Microscopically the thick-walled hyphae subtending the globular thalli are distinctive. The report of Omphalina luteovitellina from Alaska by Miller (1969) was based on a collection of P. viridis (Ach.) Redhead & Kuyper (specimen examined: Skoli Pass, July 21, 1967, 0 . K. Miller 5678, BPI). Horak (1987) reported the presence of clamp connections in a Chinese collection on coniferous wood he identified as Omphalina alpina (Britz.) Bres. & Stangl. Reexamination of this specimen (ZT 2843) confirmed it is a species of Phytoconis, complete with lichenized thalli and lacking clamp connections. However, the thallus is identical to that of P. ericetorum on coniferous wood from the Pacific Coast of North America, and not that of P. luteovitellina. It is probable that ZT 2843 represents the yellowish form of P. ericetorum equivalent to that described by Peck (1896) as Omphalia luteola Peck, and possibly war- rants a varietal name. Bigelow (1970) described different colour phases of P. ericetorum and concluded that the species could finally become "pale yellowish to whitish (near "ivory yellow, " "colonial buff"). " Horak (1987) described his collection as "at first pale brown-yellow turning primrose yellow. " In Ridgway (1912) "primrose yellow" and "ivory yellow" are adjacent colour chips. Peck described 0. luteola as being buff-yellow.

ADDITIONAL SPECIMEN EXAMINED: U.S.A.: ALASKA: Camden Bay, July 6, 1914, F. Johansen (as Hygrophorus cantharellus, Canadian Arctic Expedition, Dearness herb. in DAOM) .

Circumpolar: bipolar (6) Arrhenia lobata (Pers.:Fr.) Kiihner & Lamoure ex Redhead = Merulius lobatus Pers. = Merulius uliginosus Pers. = Cantharellus bryophilus Peck = Leptoglossum lobatum var. antarcticum Horak

MAP: Fig. 7. RANGE: Arctic and boreal North America, isolated southern

eastern bogs, seepage or boggy montane sites in the Rockies, Sierra Nevada and Coastal mountains, also in Greenland, Ice- land, northern Europe, the Faeroes, Alps, Carpathian and Ilgaz-Dagh mountains, Siberia, and Antarctica.

HABITAT: Parasitic on mosses in wet arctic and alpine tundra, Sphagnum bogs in the boreal forest, and pothole bogs further south.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Gulden and Jenssen (1988); Kobayasi et al. (197 1); Lange (1955); Hallgnmsson (198 1); Lamoure et al. (1982); Larsen (1932); Redhead (1984a); Senn-Irlet (1988); Ulvinen et al. (1981); Urbonas et al. (1986).

NOTES: The genus Arrhenia has been monographed for North America (Redhead 1984a).

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: U.S. A. : CALIFORNIA:

Sierra Co., Yuba Pass, Webber L. Rd., June 6, 1987, R. E.

Halling 5300 (NY). MONTANA: Flathead Co., Rogers L., July 12, 1964, R. L. Gilbertson 4558 (VPI). UTAH: Sanpete Co., Mt. Pleasant Creek Canyon, June 27, 1961, K. H. McKnight F5 184 (VPI) . (7) Coprinus martinii Favre ex Orton

MAP: Fig. 2. RANGE: Northern Alaska, Bathurst Island, Greenland, Sval-

bard, Scotland, the Alps, north central Siberia, and south Georgia.

HABITAT: On decaying sedges and rushes in wet tundra or alpine areas.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Dennis (1968); Favre (1937); Gorodkov (1956); Lamoure et al. (1982); Lange (1955); Laursen and Chmielewski (1982); Miller et al. (1982); Orton (1960); Pegler et al. (1981); Redhead (1984b); Schwenke (1 987).

NOTES: This species and Arrhenia lobata are representatives of a group of species with bipolar distributions. Pegler et al. (1981) reported a number of common northern species from antarctic or subantarctic regions, e.g., Cystoderma amiantlzi- num (Scop.) Fayod, Agrocybe semiorbicularis (Bull.) Fayod, Galerina moelleri Bas, G. pumila (Pers.) M. Lange ex Singer, G. vittiformis (Fr.) Singer, and Hypholoma elongatum (Pers.) Ricken.

Veldre (1987) reported Coprinus martinii from Estonia, a record that needs confirmation based on specimens or more published data before being accepted.

(8) Phytoconis ericetorum (Pers.:Fr.) Redhead & Kuyper = Byssus botryoides L. = Agaricus pseudoandrosaceus Bull. = Agaricus ericetorum Pers . = Agaricus nothus Gmelin = Agaricus valgus Holmskjold = Agaricus umbelliferus Fr. = Merulius tu$osus Pers. = Botrydina vulgaris Brkb. = Omphalia luteola Peck = Omphalia sphagnicola Peck = Omphalina fulvopallens Orton

MAP: Fig. 8. RANGE: Arctic, boreal, and coastal North America, Green-

land, Iceland, northern Europe to North Africa, western, central, Siberian and far eastern USSR, Japan, (?) south Georgia, and western Australia.

HABITAT: Peaty or sandy soil and moss cushions in arctic or alpine tundra, Sphagnum bogs, or decaying coniferous wood in wet boreal or coastal forests.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Azbukina et al. (1984); Bigelow (1970); Dearness (1923); De Sousa Da Camera (1956); Eliade (1965); Gorodkov (1956); Hallgnmsson (1981); Heikkila and Kallio (1969); Hilton (1988); Kobayasi et al. (1971); Lamoure et al. (1982); Lange (1955); Malen~on and Bertault (1975); Mikhailovskii (1975); Murata (1978); Nakhutsrishvili (1975); Nezdojminogo (1976); Pegler et al. (1981); Redhead and Kuyper (1987, 1988); Schmid-Heckel (1985); Stepanova and Tomilin (1973); Ulvinen et al. (1981); Urbonas et al. (1986); Vasil'eva (1973); Vasil'kov (1970, 1971); Watling (1977).

NOTES: Phytoconis ericetorum is the most widely distributed and apparently the most primitive member of this lichenized genus. Material from the Southern Hemisphere has not been reexamined in light of research indicating that species in Phyto- conis can be distinguished by their thallic structure (Redhead

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and Kuyper 1987). It is possible that another species is involved, such as P. chromacea (Clel.) Redhead & Kuyper. North American collections of Phytoconis ericetorum were revised by Redhead and Kuyper (1 987).


COLUMBIA: Hastings, April 22, 1889, J. Macoun 39 (DAOM 51393, as Marasmius subluteus E. & C. n.sp., ?nom. herb.); near Nelson, Cottonwood L., July 6, 1966, K. A. Hamson (MICH). NOVA SCOTIA: King Co., Aylesford, Aug. 29, 1968, K. A. Hanison 7805 (MICH); Shelburne Co., Villagedale, Sept. 27, 1987, S. A. Redhead 6230 (DAOM 198230); Victoria Co., Cape Breton Highlands Natl. Park, Warren L., Oct. 3, 1987, S. A. Redhead 6434 (DAOM 198229). NEW- FOUNDLAND: Avalon Peninsula, Finnes Pond, junction of Hwy. 1 and Hwy. 13, Oct. 6, 1988, S. A. Redhead 6583 (DAOM 198749). NORTHWEST TERRITORIES: Baffin Is., Fro- bisher Bay, July 10, 1948, Calder 3876 (MICH). ONTARIO: Ingolf, Sept. 17, 1931, J. E. Lange and G. R. Bisby (DAOM 198208). QUEBEC: Abitibi-Ouest Co., Chibougamau, July 28, 1953, A. Faessler (QFB); Parc Prov. de la GaspCsie, Mt. Albert, July 8, 1957, H. E. Bigelow 23583 (TENN); Ungava, Monts Otish, Aug. 2, 1949, R. Pomerleau (QFB 11639). YUKON TERRITORY: Herschel Island, July 3 1, 1916, F. Johan- sen (as Omphalia urnbellifera, Canadian Arctic Expedition, Dearness herb. in DAOM). U.S.A.: ALASKA: Katmai Natl. Monument, Brooks R., July 4, 1964, V. Wells and P. Kemp- ton (MICH). CALIFORNIA: Humbolt Co., Trinidad, Nov. 30, 1931, A. H. Smith 3667 (MICH), Big Tree, S. H. 1075 (NY). IDAHO: Bonner Co., Priest L., Oct. 6, 1964, A. H. Smith 71094 (MICH). MICHIGAN: Alger Co., Munsing, June 8, 1933, A. H. Smith 33-202 (MICH); Keweenaw Co., Isle Royale, Rock Harbor, June 29, 1930, A. H. Povah Fp 27 (MICH); Luce Co., Tahquamenon Falls State Park, Aug. 17, 1953, A. H. Smith 42222 (MICH). MONTANA: Flathead Co., Echo L., July 3, 1928, C. H. Kauffman (MICH). NEW YORK: Lake Placid, Oct. 3-14, 1912, W. A. and E. L. Mumll (NY); Mt. Marcy, Aug. 16, 1934, J. L. Lowe (A. H. Smith 332) (MICH); OREGON: at California State line on coast, Nov. 29, 1937, A. H. Smith 8205 (MICH); Eugene, Mar. 11, 1945, F. P. Sipe 587 (MICH); Mt. Hood, Clackamas, Oct. 8, 1972, A. H. Smith 82701 (MICH); Sandy, Nov. 5, 1941, A. H. Smith 28540 (MICH); Tillamook Co., Neskowin Cr., Oct. 12, 1970, A. H. Smith 78975 (MICH). WASHINGTON:

Camas, Feb. 1896, Yeomans (ISOTYPE of Omphalia luteola Peck, NY); Cape Flattery, May 5, 1939, A. H. Smith 13122 (MICH); Hoh R., May 13, 1939, A. H. Smith 13401 (MICH); Joyce, Oct. 2, 1935, A. H. Smith 2780 (MICH); King Co., Snoqualmie Pass, Sept. 26, 1954, H. E. Bigelow 2123 (MICH); Lake Crescent, Oct. 10, 1935, A. H. Smith 3071 (MICH); Lake Ozette, May 15, 1939, A. H. Smith 13418 (MICH); Lake Quinnault, Sept. 21, 1925, C. H. Kauffman (MICH); La Push, April 28, 1939, A. H. Smith 12087 (MICH); Lewis Co., Gifford Pinchot Natl. Forest, Burley Mt., Nov. 2, 1972, A. H. Smith 83373 (MICH); Pierce Co., Mt. Rainier, Sept. 28, 1954, H. E. Bigelow 2155 (MICH); Seattle, Oct. 20 to Nov. 1, 1911, W. A. Mumll (NY).

Circumboreal: taiga (9) Cantharellula umbonata (Gme1in:Fr.) Singer = Agaricus rnuscoides Jacq. = Merulius umbonatus Gmelin = Cantharellus dichotomous Peck

= Agaricus molliculus Britz. MAP: Fig. 13. RANGE: Boreal North America, especially common in the

eastern sector, less common in the western cordillera (coastal and Columbiana mountains), with one record from Alabama, general in Europe, western, and central USSR, Japan.

HABITAT: In North America in moss beds, usually Polytri- chum or allied genera, usually in coniferous forests.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Bigelow (1975); Hutchison et al. (1988); Nezdojminogo (1976); Redhead and Malloch (1986); Ulvinen et al. (1981); Urbonas et al. (1986); Vasil'kov (1970).

NOTES: This is a distinctive species and the sole representative of the genus in North America. As noted by Bigelow (1975), it is much commoner in eastern North America than in western North America. The species is notably absent in Greenland and Iceland. Hesler (1937) reported it from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, however the only so identified collections from Tennessee in the herbarium at Knoxville (TENN 9358 and 12837) are misdetermined true Cantharellus species. No other confirmed records are known from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, but there is one verified collection at the New York Botanical Garden from Auburn, Alabama, collected by F. S. Earle in the fall of 1899. However, the presence of this species in Alabama is suspect despite the apparent documentation. This species was not treated in Earle's (1901) list of Alabama fungi, nor was it listed from Alabama by Mumll (1910) in the North American Flora series.

Guzm6n (1961) has reported Cantharellula umbonata from Mexico. This report also should be confirmed before being accepted.

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: MANITOBA:

Clear Lake, Sept. 23, 1933, G. R. Bisby et al. (DAOM 198192). NOVA SCOTIA: Annapolis Co., Melvern Square, Sept. 18, 1972, K. A. Hamson 12088 (MICH); Guysborough Co., Aspen, Sept. 19, 1968, K. A. Hamson 7968 (MICH); Pictou Co., Blue Mountains, Oct. 8, 1968, K. A. Hamson 8177 (MICH); Inverness Co., Cape Breton Highlands Natl. Park, French Mt., Sept. 30, 1987, S. A. Redhead 6333 (DAOM 198234). ONTARIO: Ingolf, July 26, 1925, Denike (DAOM 198193), Sept. 18, 1931, J. E. Lange and G. R. Bisby (DAOM 198195); Kenora, Oct. 1, 1927, A. H. Buller et al. (DAOM 198196); Minaki, Oct. 10, 1926, A. H. R. Buller (DAOM 198194). PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Kings Co., E. side of mouth of St. Peter's Bay, Oct. 17, 1988, S. A. Redhead 6799 (DAOM 198740). QUEBEC: Gasp6 Peninsula, Forillon Natl. Park, Penouille, Oct. 2, 1988, S. A. R~dhead 6530 (DAOM 198739); Parc des Laurentides, Lac 5 L'Epaule, Aug. 9, 1967, R. L. Shaffer 5772 (MICH). U.S.A.: ALABAMA: Auburn, fall of 1899, F. S. Earle (NY). IDAHO:

Bonner Co., Priest L., Oct. 16, 1956, A. H. Smith 54831 (MICH); Warren, California L., Aug. 26, 1964, A. H. Smith 69769 (MICH). MAINE: Aroostook Co., Madawaska L., Sept. 3, 1956, H. E. Bigelow 4700 (MICH). MARYLAND: Laurel, Sept. 16, 1965, H. and 0. K. Miller 3225 (VPI). MASSACHUSETTS: Belmont, Oct. 11, 1890, C. H. Peck (NY); Franklin Co., Mt. Toby, Aug. 30, 1970, R. E. Halling 1476 (NY); Stockbridge, Oct. 1911, W. A. Mumll and W. G. Thompson (NY); Waltham, Nov. 2, 1907, G. E. Monis (NY). MICHIGAN: Emmet Co., Wilderness Park, Sept. 6, 1953, H. E. Bigelow 1518 (MICH); Livingston Co., Oak Grove, Sept. 26, 1971, A. H. Smith 88031 (MICH); Luce Co., Tahquamenon Falls, Aug. 12, 1953, D. E. Stuntz,

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H. E. B. 1327 (MICH); Marquette Co., Chocolay R., Oct. 5, 1970, K. A. Harrison 9964 (MICH); Oakland Co., Proud L., July 21, 1970, M. Gilliam 741 (MICH); Rock R., Sept. 14, 1929, A. H. Smith (MICH); Washtenaw Co., Waterloo area, Aug. 11, 1977, A. H. Smith 88509 (MICH). MINNESOTA: Anoka Co., Cedar Creek Natl. Hist. Area, Sept. 25, 1968, M. G. Weaver 1754 (MICH). NEW JERSEY: Newfield, Nov. 16, 1895 (NY). NEW HAMPSHIRE: Hillsboro Co., Fox Forest, Aug. 26, 1959, 0 . K. Miller 3300 (MICH). NEW

YORK: Hamilton Co., Raquette L., Sept. 6, 1986, R. E. Halling 4851 (NY); Ostego Co., Aug. 17, 1985, E. Farwell 5042 (F 1068373); Tompkins Co., Michigan Hollow, Sept. 13, 1981, S. M. Camazine (NY); Ultster Co., L. Mohonk, Sept. 27, 1975, E. L. Conklin (NY). OHIO: Portage Co., W. Branch Res., F. Hoseney 2040 (MICH). PENNSYLVANIA: Butler Co., N of Freeport, Sept. 30, 1944, M. B. Knauz (NY); Mercer Co., SE of Sandy L., Sept. 30, 1950, L. K. Henry 14898 (NY); Westmoreland Co., S. Rector, Nov. 12 1960, L. K. Henry 19501 (NY). VERMONT: Orange Co., L. Fairlee, Sept. 19, 1975, E. Conklin (NY); Windham Co., Williams- ville, Aug. 31, 1961, R. L. Shaffer 3535 (MICH). WEST

VIRGINIA: Tucker Co., near Davis, Sept. 1, 1946, M. B. Walters (NY). WISCONSIN: Rhinelands, Sept. 23, 1977, N. S. Weber 4419 (MICH); Taylor Co., Chequamegon Natl. Forest, Oct. 15, 1970, S. J. Mazzer 6321 (MICH).

(10) Galerina paludosa (Fr.) Kiihner = Agaricus paludosus Fr. = Galera sphagnorum var. velata Peck

MAP: Fig. 15. RANGE: Across boreal North America but commonest in the

eastern half, one record from the southern Appalachians, northern and central Europe to western, central and far eastern USSR.

HABITAT: Always on living Sphagnum, parasitic and possibly saprophytic on underlying peat.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Einhellinger (1976, 1977); Favre (1948); Gulden (1980); Kotlaba and KubiEka (1960); Kiihner (1935); Lange (1948); Nezdojminogo (1976); Redhead (1981a); SdilHgeanu and 9tefureac (1972); Schmid-Heckel (1985); Smith and Singer (1964); Ulvinen et al. (1981); Urbonas et al. (1986) Vasil'eva (1973); Vasil'kov (1970); Wells and Kempton (1969).

NOTES: Galerina paludosa is an easily identified bog- inhabiting species. Among the Galerinas on living Sphagnum, it is distinguished by prominent bands of velar tissue, rugose spores with a smooth plage, and its ochraceous tawny lamellae. Galerina paludosa was shown to parasitize Sphagnum in pure culture (Redhead 1981a) and also has been grown on sterilized peat.

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ALBERTA: Sandy L., July 23, 1977, H. M. E. Schalkwyk 814 (DAOM 191310). MANITOBA: Riding Mountain Natl. Park, Swanson Creek, Aug. 19, 1979, S. A. Redhead 2854 (DAOM 176599). NEW BRUNSWICK: Kouchibouguac Natl. Park, June 20 and Aug. 28, 1978, K. Egger (DAOM 169730, 169720). NOVA

SCOTIA: Colchester Co., Upper Brookside, June 27, 1931, A. H. Smith 508 (MICH); Peggy's Cove, July 12, 1977, S. A. Redhead 2335 (DAOM 170682). ONTARIO: Algonquin Prov. Park, Nightingale Twp., Booth's Rock trail, Aug. 30, 1974, P. Johnson (DAOM 186756), Sproule Twp., Spruce Bog

boardwalk, June 28, 1974, P. Johnson (DAOM 186557); Cochrane Dist., 4.8 km NW Timmins, June 13, 1973, D. Mal- loch 13067311 l (TRTC); Carp, July 4, 1956, J. W. Groves (DAOM 54124); Mer Bleue bog, May 24, 1977, S. A. Red- head (DAOM 162815), May 24, 1978, S. A. Redhead 2624 (DAOM 175741), June 26, 1979, S. A. Redhead (DAOM 183604); Petawawa, Aug. 29 and Sept. 7, 1947, A. H. Smith (DAOM 17481, 17428); Ramsayville, May 30, 1957, J. W. Groves et al. (DAOM 55789); Russell Co., 6 km NW Bourget, May 4, 1987, S. Darbyshire 3278 and E. Morton (DAOM 197244); South March, Aug. 21, 1956, J. W. Groves (DAOM 54174); Thunder Bay Dist., Black Sturgeon L. area, Aug. 8, 1974, S. A. Redhead 1049, 1059 (DAOM 174663, 174664), Aug. 9, 1974, S. A. Redhead 1109, 1100, 1113, 1 114, 11 15, 11 19 (DAOM 174665, 174666, 174667, 174668, 174669, 174670), Aug. 14, 1974, S. A. Redhead 1252, 1261, 1262, 1263 (DAOM 17467 1, 174672, 174673, 174674), 4.8 km S of Eskwanonwatin L., Aug. 15, 1974, S. A. Redhead 1282, 1284, 1285, 1288, 1293, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1302, 1304 (DAOM 174679, 174680, 174681, 174675, 174676,174677, 174678, 174682, 174683, 174684), Aug. 16, 1974, S. A. Redhead 1335 (DAOM 174685), Poshkakagan R. at Hurket road, Aug. 22, 1974, S. A. Redhead 1393, 1403 (DAOM 174686, 174687), 8 krn S. Eskwanonwatin L., June 16, 1977, S. A. Redhead 2230 (DAOM 174689), Twerp L., June 19, 1977, S. A. Redhead 2273 (DAOM 174690). QUEBEC: Gatineau Park, Aug. 20, 1972, J. White (DAOM 148707); La Verendrye Park, near Rolland L., July 8, 1980, S. A. Redhead 3526 and K. Spicer (DAOM 176550); Parc Laurentide, near Grandprk L. and L. Nadrea, 47"27'N, 71°14'W, Aug. 15, 1981, S. A. Redhead et al. (DAOM 180847), Mercier, Aug. 31, 1959, A. H. Smith 61682 (MICH); Reserve Chibougamau, Lac Nicabau, Aug. 20, 1976, S. A. Redhead 1949 (DAOM 174691), Aug. 30, 1976, S. A. Redhead 21 17, 2120 (DAOM 174692, 174693); St. Adolph, June 22, 1957, H. E. Bigelow et al. 4969 (DAOM 55762); Ste. Lucie de Beauregard, July 7, 1979, R. McNeil 365 (DAOM 18090 1). ENGLAND: Borrowdale, Langstroath Valley, May 2, 1956, D. A. Reid (DAOM 66587). U.S.A.: ALASKA: Bird Creek, June 29, 1959, V. Wells and P. Kempton (MICH). CONNECTICUT: New London Co., Pachaug State Forest, Aug. 6, 1988, NE Mycol. Foray (DAOM 198646). MAINE: Aroostook Co., Sinclair, July 13, 1956, H. E. and M. E. Bigelow 3222 (MICH). MASSACHUSETTS: Franklin Co., Hawley, Hawley Bog, R. Kerrigan and T. Baroni (DAOM 188081); Hampshire Co., Belchertown, June 3, 1958, H. E. Bigelow 6457 (MICH). MICHIGAN: Alger Co., Munising, Sept. 7, 1933, A. H. Smith 33-897 (MICH); Cheboygan Co., Douglas L., July 6, 1953, D. Stuntz (DAOM 40107); Chip- pewa Co., Sheephead L., Aug. 27, 1959, A. H. Smith 61251 (MICH); Emmet Co., Stuntzman's ville bog, June 19, 1955, A. H. Smith 49558 (MICH); Luce Co., Pike L., Sept. 11, 1953, A. H. Smith 42578 (MICH); Marquette Co., Huron Mts., June 20, 1970, J. F. Ammirati 4113 (MICH); Oakland Co., Oxbow L., June 3, 1937, A. H. Smith 6249 (MICH); Upper Taquamenon Falls State Park, July 27, 1953, S. C. Hoare (DAOM 40067). NEW YORK: Adirondack Mts., Catlin L., Aug. 13, 1934, A. H. Smith 144 (MICH); Huntington Forest, Arbutus L., Aug. 8, 1934, A. H. Smith 67 (MICH); Seneca Co., Junius Marshes, June 1892, C. H. Peck (type of Galera sphagnorum var. velata, NYS). NORTH CAROLINA:

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NW of Highlands, Cliffside L., July 31, 1986, D. E. Desjar- din (TENN 47173). WASHINGTON: Pierce Co., Mt. Rainier, Meadow Creek, Sept. 25, 1952, A. H. Smith 40260 (MICH).

(1 1) Marasmius androsaceus (L. :Fr.) Fr. = Androsaceus vulgaris Karsten = Marasmius melanopus Morgan

MAP: Fig. 9, see also MacDonald (1977, Fig. I). RANGE: Across boreal North America and south along the

Rockies, Coastal Mts., and the Appalachians, Mexican High- lands, Greenland, Iceland, northern Europe to North Africa through to western, central, and far eastern USSR including Kamchatka, and Tibet.

HABITAT: On coniferous debris (needles, twigs, cones, bark) especially pine, ericaceous debris (parasitic on some ericaceous plants), and occasionally plant litter of adjacent species, in mesic and boggy locations.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Azbukina et al. (1984): Chastukhin (1966); De Sousa Da Camera (1956); Desjardin (1985, 19876); Einhellinger (1976, 1977); Eliade (1965); Favre (1948); Gilliam (1976); Guzmfin (1979); Hallgrimsson (1981); Horak (1985); Hutchison et al. (1988); Kalamees and Vaasma (1981); Kobayasi et al. (1967); Kuhner and Romagnesi (1954); Lange (1948, 1955); Liu (1978); MacDonald (1949, 1977); Malen~on and Bertault (1975); Nakhutsrishvili (1975); Nezdojminogo (1976); Redhead (1984~); Schmid-Heckel (1985); Ulvinen et al. (1981); Urbonas et al. (1986); Vanev and Reid (1986); Vaasma et al. (1986); Vasil'eva (1973); Vasil'kov (1970); Zang (1980).

NOTES: Until Gilliam's (1976) monograph, both M. pallidocephalus and M. androsaceus were badly confused in North America.

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: NEW-

FOUNDLAND: Avalon peninsula, Butter Pot Prov. Park area, Oct. 9, 1988, S. A. Redhead 6646 (DAOM 198747). NOVA

SCOTIA: Kings Co., West Halls Harbour, July 21, 1972, K. A. Hanison 11630 (MICH); Victoria Co., Cape Breton Highlands Natl. Park, Jack Pine trail, Oct. 4, 1987, S. A. Redhead 6469 (DAOM 198233). YUKON TERRITORY: 32 km WSW of Mt. Tyrrell, 63"41rN, 140°34'W, July 20, 1984, J. Ginns 9531 and W. Cody (DAOM 196955). U.S.A.: ALASKA: Glacier Bay Natl. Park, July 14, 1980, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 58886 (DAOM 193747). CALIFORNIA: Alameda Co., Sequoia Park, Oct. 31, 1937, L. Bonar (MICH); Oakland, Mar. 26, 1933, W. Lucke 3 (MICH). COLORADO: Larimer Co., S. of Estes Park, Aug. 24, 1940, E. B. Mains 5189 (MICH); Tolland, Sept. 8, 1920, C. H. Kauffman (MICH). CONNECTICUT: Litch- field Co., Colebrook, Sept. 26, 1982, R. E. Halling 3535 (NY). IDAHO: Bonner Co., Granite Cr., July 4, 1939, A. W. Slipp 103-sta.-1 (MICH); Custer Co., Stanley L., July 20, 1958, A. H. Smith 58991 (MICH); Idaho Co., Burgdorf Hot Springs, July 20, 1954, H. E. Bigelow (A. H. Smith 45254, MICH). OREGON: Eugene, Oct. 28, 1938, F. P. Sipe 117 (MICH); Josephine, Grants Pass, Nov. 10, 1956, F. Lawrence and A. H. Smith 55396 (MICH); Siskiyou Natl. Forest, Takilma, Dec. 5, 1925, C. H. Kauffman and C. A. Brown (MICH). PENNSYLVANIA: Monroe Co., Lutherland, Aug. 25, 1938, D. R. Sumstine (NY). VIRGINIA: Floyd Co., Beaver Cr., Sept. 8, 1987, Miss Baldwin (det. by D. E. Desjardin, TENN). WASHINGTON: Stevens Co., E. Springdale, Oct. 18, 1947, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 21463 (F).

(12) Marasmius epiphyllus (Pers.:Fr) Fr. = Marasmius subvenosus Peck

MAP: Fig. 12. RANGE: Across boreal North America from the Yukon to

Cape Breton Island, N.S., south along the Rockies to Arizona and in the Sierra Nevada, Greenland, northern Europe to North Africa and Israel, through to central and far eastern USSR including Kamchatka.

HABITAT: Deciduous forests on fallen deciduous leaves, often Populus, but also other vegetation such as overwintered apple skins, standing dead Equisetum stalks, etc.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Azbukina et al. (1984); Binyamini (1976); Desjardin (1985, 19876); Eliade (1965); Favre (1955); Gilliam (1976); Kuhner and Romagnesi (1954); Horak (1985); Kalamees and Vaasma (1981); Lamoure et al. (1982); Lange (1955); Nakhutsrishvili (1975); Nezdojminogo (1976); Schmid-Heckel (1985); Ulvinen et al. (1981); Urbonas et al. (1986); Vasil'eva (1973).

NOTES: Caution must be used to separate M. tremulae V6l. and M. minutissimus Peck from M. epiphyllus.

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ALBERTA:

Calgary, Aug. 20, 1972, R. M. Danielson 376 (DAOM 143585); Kananaskis Valley near Seebe, Aug. 1980, S. Visser 5001 (DAOM 184720); Sandy Lake, Aug. 23, 1980, H. M. E. Schalkwyk 1629 (DAOM 197032), Aug. 8, 1981, H. M. E. Schalkwyk 1760 (DAOM 185611); Wolf L., 54"42'N, 110°57'W, Aug. 11, 1978, H. M. E. Schalkwyk 1112 (DAOM 179151). BRITISH COLUMBIA: Fireside, Hwy. 97 and Alaska Hwy. Kilometre 872, 59"43'N, 127"16'W, Aug. 23, 1980, J. Ginns 6205 (DAOM 199038); 115 Creek, Hwy. 97 and Alaska Hwy. Kilometre 644, 58"17'N, 124"56'W, Aug. 24, 1980, J. Ginns 6227 (DAOM 199039). MANITOBA: Riding Mountain Natl. Park, Katherine L., Aug. 17, 1979, S. A. Redhead 2835 (DAOM 192174); Sandilands Prov. Forest, Hwy. 1,49"39'N, 96"07'W, Aug. 28, 1980, J. Ginns 6277 (DAOM 199043); Winnipeg, Oct. 6, 1926, G. R. Bisby (DAOM 152319, 157345), Sept. 24, 1931, G. R. Bisby (DAOM 5 1360). NEW BRUNSWICK: Kouchibouguac Natl. Park, Oct. 6, 1978, S. A. Redhead (DAOM 169903). NOVA SCOTIA: Queens Co., Kejimkujik Natl. Park seaside adjunct, Port Joli Head, Sept. 22, 1987, S. A. Redhead 6102 (DAOM 198228); Victoria Co., Cape Breton Highlands Natl. Park, Clyburn Brook, Oct. 1, 1987, S. A. Redhead 6357 (DAOM 198227). ONTARIO: Algonquin Prov. Park, Sproule Twp., Opeongo Road, Sept. 21, 1982, G. Thorn 820921105 (DAOM 190178); Kemptville, Oct. 7, 1984, G. P. White (DAOM 190973); Petawawa, Sept. 3, 1941, J. W. Groves (DAOM 10518), Sept. 27, 1944, J. W. Groves (DAOM 11902), Oct. 9, 1986, S. A. Redhead 5893 (DAOM 196393); Renfrew Co., Quade- ville Rd., Oct. 6, 1969, J. W. Groves (DAOM 128831); St. Lawrence Islands Natl. Park, Mallorytown Landing, Sept. 24, 1975, P. Leclair (DAOM 153833); Thunder Bay Dist., Black Sturgeon L., Aug. 11, 1974, S. A. Redhead 1169 (DAOM 198240). QUEBEC: Cantley, Sept. 10, 1981, J. Ginns (DAOM 180785), Oct. 17, 1983, A. Ginns (DAOM 187928); Gasp6 Peninsula, Forillon Natl. Park, Penouille, Oct. 2, 1988, S. A. Redhead 6510 (DAOM 198746); Gatineau Park, Sept. 17, 1953, S. C. Hoare (DAOM 39061); La Salle, Sept. 24, 1938, H. A. C. Jackson (DAOM 87186). YUKON: Alaska Hwy. Mile 1016, Sept. 8, 1962, J. Y. Tsukamoto (DAOM 90989); Can01 Road Kilometre 264, Majorie Creek, 62"04'N, 13 1 "58'W,

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Aug. 3, 1980, J. Ginns 5378 (DAOM 197102); Dawson, July 19, 1984, J. Ginns 8464 (DAOM 199042); Dempster Hwy. Kilometre 37, 64"14'N, 138"32'W, Aug. 7, 1980, J. Ginns 5555 (DAOM 199040); Klondike Hwy. Kilometre 598, 63"37'N, 137"36'W, Aug. 10, 1980, J. Ginns 5772 (DAOM 199041); Mayo, Aug. 1, 1949, J. Gillet et al. (DAOM 2 1932). ENGLAND: Huntingdonshire, Oct. 15, 1961, R. W. G. Dennis (DAOM 88830). FINLAND: Pohjois- Pohjanmaa, Muhos, Leppiniemi, Oct. 29, 1974, E. Ohenoja (DAOM 149773). SWEDEN: UPPLAND: Upsala, Sept. 27, 1945, A. Melderis and S. Lundell (DAOM 65120). U.S.A.: ALASKA: Glacier Bay Natl. Park, Sept. 7, 1979, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 57300 (DAOM 193754), Sept. 4, 1981, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 59789 (DAOM 193753). MICHIGAN: Neeb- ish, Sept. 1919, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F 1286325). NEW

HAMPSHIRE: Belknap Co., Gilmanton, Oct. 12, 1942, D. H. Linder (F). NEW YORK: Long Is., Sept. 29, 191 1, Dr. Thomas (NY); Warren Co., Brayton, near L. George, Oct. 11, 1944, H. D. House (NYS). UTAH: Rich Co., Cache Natl. Forest, near Leo Reservoir, Sept. 3, 1971, C. T. Rogerson 4107 (MICH). WYOMING: Albany Co., Medicine Bow Mts., Sept. 1, 1923, C. H. Kauffman (MICH), Pole Mt., Aug. 10, 1950, W. G. Solheim (A. H. Smith 35544) (MICH).

(13) Neolecta vitellina (Bres.) Korf & Rogers = Geoglossum vitellinum Bres.

MAP: Fig. 11. RANGE: Across boreal North America, south along the

Rockies and Appalachians, northern Europe (Finland, Nor- way, and Sweden) to the Mediterranean, far eastern USSR, and Japan.

HABITAT: Parasitic on rootlets of unidentified vascular plant hosts in moss or needle-covered soil in coniferous forests.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Azbukina et al. (1984); Ohenoja (1975); Redhead (1977a, 1979); Huhtinen (1982, 1985); Ulvinen et al. (1981).

NOTES: This is a bright, orange-yellow fungus that is conspicuous against bare or mossy needle beds.

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ALBERTA: Mildred Lake Research Facilities, Sept. 11, 1980, R. M. Danielson 304 1 (DAOM 184723). BRITISH COLUMBIA: Mt. Revelstoke Natl. Park, Sept. 26, 1980, S. A. Redhead 4095 (DAOM 178081). QUEBEC: Sandy-Bay Ouest, CtC. Pontiac, Sept. 11, 1985, Y. DalpC (DAOM 196173). YUKON TERRI- TORY: S. Can01 Road, Kilometre 1, 133"18'N, 60°29'W, Aug. 1, 1980, J. Ginns 5 196 and W. Cody (DAOM 178036); Dempster Hwy., Kilometre 8, 138"33'N, 64"08'W, Aug. 6, 1980, J. Ginns 5509 and W. Cody (DAOM 178035).

(14) Phaemarasmius erinaceus (Fr.) Romagnesi = Agaricus erinaceus Fries = Agaricus aridus Pers. = Agaricus lanatus Sowerby = Agaricus adpressus Briganti & Briganti = Naucoria badia Murr. = Crinipellis alnicola Murr.

MAP: Fig. 16. RANGE: Across boreal North America from California to the

Yukon and Nova Scotia, Greenland, northern and eastern Europe to the mountains in North Africa.

HABITAT: Small diameter hardwood twigs, often Alnus, on or slightly above the ground.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Berch and Redhead (1982); De

Sousa Da Camera (1956); Elidae (1965); Horak (1986); Jos- serand and Smith (1941); Kallio (1980); Lange (1957); Malen~on and Bertault (1970); Redhead (1980a, 1984); Smith and Hesler (1968); Ulvinen et al. (1981); Urbonas et al. (1986).

NOTES: This species is notable for its apparent absence in eastern Asia. Singer (1950) knew of only one report from the U.S.S.R., the western part, and the species has not been reported from central or eastern Asia to my knowledge.

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: U. S. A. : CALIFORNIA:

Marin Co., Alpine Lake, Oct. 26, 1969, H. D. Thiers 24099 (SFU); San Mateo Co., San Francisco Watershed, Mar. 6, 1970, R. Keller 782 (SFU). MASSACHUSETTS: Franklin Co., N. Sunderland, July 7, 1958, H. E. Bigelow (TENN 30103).

(15) Xeromphalina campanella (Batsch:Fr.) Kiihner & Marie = Agaricus campanella Batsch = Agaricus fragilis Schaeffer = Cantharellus valentini Vel. = Valentinia cornea Vel.

MAP: See Redhead (1988, Fig. 92). RANGE: Across boreal North America, south along the

Rockies, Coastal Mts., and Appalachians or Coastal Plain, Mexican Highlands, the Azores, northern Europe to North Africa, western, central, and far eastern USSR, Tibet, northern India, and Japan.

HABITAT: Mainly coniferous stumps, logs and branches, sometimes associated with a heart rot.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Azbukina et al. (1984); Dennis et al. (1977); Guzmin (1977); Ito (1959); Kiihner and Romagnesi (1954); Miller (1968); Nakhutsrishvili (1975); Nezdojminogo (1976); Redhead (1988); Urbonas et al. (1986); Schmid- Heckel (1985); Singer (1957); Smith (1953); Ulvinen et al. (1981); Vaasma et al. (1986); Vanev and Reid (1986); Vasil'eva (1973); Wang and Zang (1983); Watling and Gregory (1980); Welden and Guzmin (1978); Zang (1980).

NOTES: A report of X. campanella from Clear Lake, Mani- toba (Bisby et al. 1938) was based on a misidentified specimen of X. cornui (QuC1.) Favre (DAOM 198213, Sept. 23, 1933, G. R. Bisby et al.).

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: MANITOBA:

Victoria Beach, May 24, 1926, G. Cameron (DAOM 198209), June 2, 1928, G. R. Bisby et al. (DAOM 1982 10). ONTARIO: Ingolf, Sept. 16, 1931, J. E. Lange and G. R. Bisby (DAOM 1982 1 1).

Circumboreal: hardwood forest

(16) Crepidotus cinnabarinus Peck = Crepidotus cinnabarinus Moeller = Crepidotus decurrens States

MAP: Fig. 17, also see Luther and Redhead (198 1, Fig. 7). RANGE: Eastern deciduous forests of the U.S.A. to southern

Quebec, westward along the southern edge of the boreal forest to Alberta, Denmark, Japan, far eastern USSR.

HABITAT: Decorticated hardwood logs, especially abundant on Populus in the arid portions of the south-central boreal forest.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Azbukina et al. (1984); Bulakh (1977); Hesler and Smith (1965); Luther and Redhead (1981); McNeil (1983); Moeller (1945~); Murata (1978); States (1972).

NOTES: Crepidotus cinnabarinus is a distinctive, cinnabar-

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red coloured species unlike any other species in the genus. It is found on a variety of hardwoods, but is particularly abundant on Populus.

ADDITlONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: MANITOBA: Matlock, July 17, 1927, G. R. Bisby (DAOM 198202); Winnipeg, Aug. 7, 1926, July 20, 1927, Aug. 3, 1928, July 6, 1933, July 15, 1935, G. R. Bisby et al. (DAOM 198199, 198201, 198197, 198200, 198198).

(17) Rhodotus palmatus (Bull.:Fr.) Maire = Agaricus palmatus Bull. = Agaricus subpalmatus Fr. = Agaricus reticeps Mont. = Agaricus phlebophorus var. reticulatus Cooke = Agaricus cookei Richon = Agaricus reticulatus Johnson = Agaricus alveolatus Cragin = Panus meruliiceps Peck = Pleurotus pubescens Peck

MAP: Fig. 18. . . RANGE: Commonest in the Great Lakes region to Missis-

.'. . sippi, rare across the southern boreal forest Poplar belt in Canada and east of the Appalachians in the U.S.A.; western, central, and eastern Europe to the western Caucasus mountains (Krasnodar region) USSR, North Africa, far eastern USSR, and Japan.

HABITAT: Standing or fallen hardwood trunks and branches, in deciduous forests.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Bisby et al. (1929, 1938); Ito (1959); Kiihner and Romagnesi (1954); Maire (1924); Miller et al. (1980); Mumll (1915); Pilk (1935-1936); Pouchet (1932); Redhead (1986~); Urbonas et al. (1986); Vaasma et al. (1986).

NOTES: Like Crepidotus cinnabarinus, Rhodotus palmatus has a more fragmented circumboreal distribution than species characteristic of the northern coniferous forests. In North America, unlike C. cinnabarinus, it is commonest in the eastern deciduous forests. Its near absence in the Adirondack and Appalachian mountains and points east is noteworthy.

. . . . Neither C. H. Peck nor W. A. Mumll collected it personally,

. . knowing it only from specimens sent to them from further west. L. R. Hesler never picked it up in the southern Appala- chians or other parts of the southeast. Miller et al. (1980) are the only authors to record it from the east coast (Lucketts, Anne Amndel Co., Md., OKM 8237, VPI). In Eurasia, it has been found in the east and west but not points between. It is possible that R. palmatus is still in the process of migrating eastward from its glacial refuge, which was probably not in the southern Appalachians but some area further to the west.

One collection deposited at Ann Arbor (MICH) was originally labelled A. H. Smith 39343, West Branch, Mt. Rainier, Aug. 3, 1952, in handwriting by B. Kanouse. Mount Rainier is in Washington; however, during the summer of 1952 Dr. Smith was at the University of Michigan Biological Station, and on Aug. 3 he made collections from the west branch of the Maple River, Emmet Co., Michigan (R. L. Shaffer, personal communication, 1988).

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ALBERTA: Sandy L., June 23, 1981 and Aug. 15, 1982, H. M. E. Schal- kwyk 1669 and 1858 (DAOM 189103, 185561). ONTARIO:

. . Algonquin Prov. Park, Canisbay Twp., Minessing Road, Aug. 24, 1980, P. Kotanen (DAOM 180304); Dorset, July 9,

1948, M. K. Nobles (DAOM 21277); Honey Harbor, Geor- gian Bay, Aug. 12, 1925, W. S. Odell (129 as Pleurotus subpalmatus in Dearness herb., DAOM); Hope Bay, Aug. 1980, F. DiCosmo (DAOM 179168); Magnetawan, Aug. 19, 1922, L. C. C. Krieger 1742 (MICH); Ottawa, Billings Bush, June 18, 19 19, W. S. Odell (as Lentinula salmonicolor nom. herb., in Dearness herb. in DAOM); Point Pelee Natl. Park, Sept. 17, 1981, J. E. and S. A. Redhead 4211 (DAOM 188325), Aug. 21, 1983, G. Thorn (DAOM 187615); Rondeau Park, Oct. 24, 193 1, C. C. Be11 (765 1 as P. subpalmatus in Dearness herb. in DAOM); Shaw Woodlot near Eganville, Sept. 2, 1986, S. A. Redhead 5254 (DAOM 196059); South March, June 27, 1955, S. C. Thomson and M. E. Elliott (DAOM 46816), July 22, 1971, D. Malloch (DAOM 137531). QUEBEC: Aylmer, July 15, 1918, W. S. Odell (as L. salmonicolor in Dearness herb. in DAOM); Cantley, July 22, 1952, J. W. Groves (DAOM 28837), Aug. 26, 1952, J. W. Groves (DAOM 23748), July 11, 1976, J. Ginns 3102 (DAOM 157067); Gatineau Park, July 18, 1951, J. W. Groves (DAOM 26678), July 3 1, 1958, M. Elliott (DAOM 62874), Oct. 3, 1971, H. A. Thomson (DAOM 151 195), July 4, 1973, K. Pirozynski and D. Malloch (DAOM 157861), Aug. 9, 1973, B. Malloch (DAOM 144514), Sept. 13, 1979, N. Binyamini (DAOM 173596), Sept. 24, 1979, A. Juneau (DAOM 177914), June 24, 1981, G. Thorn (DAOM 190426), Aug. 2, 1983, Y. Dalpe 524 (DAOM 187693); Montcalm Co., St.-Donat, Aug. 5, 1971, L. Sirrad (QFB 17464). ENGLAND: Ashurst, Surrey, Sept. 1, 1960, Mr. Tennant (DAOM 74815). U.S.A.: ILLINOIS: Chicago, June 1905, W. S. Moffat (NYS as Panus meruliceps); Gen- eseo, Aug. 1915, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F); Neebish Is., Aug. 9, 191 1, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F); Rock River, Aug. 1920, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F). INDIANA: Indianapolis, Oct. 1 , 1950, J. Cottingham 14 (MICH); Owen Co., Green Bluffs near Spencer, Aug. 22, 1970, R. L. Shaffer 6335 (MICH). IOWA: Boone Co., Ledges State Park, June 25, 1983, J . Ammirati and R. E. Halling 3821 (NY). KANSAS: Riley Co., Manhattan, Sept. 24, 1957, C. T. Rogerson (NY), Oct. 15, 1973, B. Nyberg (MICH). MICHIGAN: Antrim Co., Aug. 27, 1967, M. Ellison (MICH); Cheboygan Co., Douglas L., July 16, 1951, H. Bailey (DAOM 27618); Chelsea, Sharon Hollow, June 26, 1927, A. H. and H. V. Smith 6400 (MICH); Emmet Co., Boyne Highlands area, July 5, 1967, A. H. Smith 74445 (MICH); Gratiot Co., Ithaca, Aug. 6, 1961, V. Potter 12838 (MICH); Houghton, Aug. 16, 1906, C. H. Kauffman (MICH); Oakland Co., Timberland Natl. Center, Sept. 24, 1974, F. Hoseney 2909 (MICH). MINNESOTA: Clearwater Co., Itasca State Park, Aug. 1, 1967, M. G. Weaver 1442 (MICH); Minneapolis, no date, M. M. Whetstone (F) also (NYS as Panus meruliceps). NEBRASKA: Washington Co., Desoto Natl. Wildlife Refuge, Sept. 6, 1981, G. Mueller (TENN 44817). NEW YORK: Lyndonville, C . E. Fairman (NYS, type of Pleurotus pubescens). OHIO: Butler CO., Oxford, 1971, G. Williamson (MICH). PENNSYLVANIA: Alle- gheny Co., Sutersville, July 15, 1939, H. Roslind (NY). VIRGINIA: Cascades near Pembroke, Sept. 30, 1976, S. Brown ( 0 . K. Miller 15878, VPI). WISCONSIN: Blue Mounds, July 13, 1907, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F).

Circurnboreal: bicoastal

(18) Baeospora myosura (Fr.) Singer = Agaricus myosura Fr.

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= Collybia strobilina Velen. = Collybia friesii Bres.

MAP: Fig. 22. RANGE: Coastal from Alaska to northern California and

along the Coastal and Cascade Mts., again in the interior wet belt (Selkirk Mts.), disjunct to the Great Lakes - Appalachian region to Nova Scotia, western, northern and eastern Europe to the western Caucasus (USSR), North Africa, Japan.

HABITAT: Restricted to fallen, buried cones of conifers, mainly Picea spp. in western North America and Pinus strobus L. in eastern North America.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Andersson (1978); Desjardin (1985, 19876); Favre (1939a); Hongo (1953); Ito (1959); Jahn (1962); Lennox (1979); Malenqon and Bertault (1975); Mat- suda and Hongo (1955); Redhead (19806); Schmidt (1978); Toumikoslu (1953); Ulvinen et al. (1981); Urbonas et al. (1986); Vaasma et al. (1986); Wells and Kempton (1975).

NOTES: In the field, this is a conspicuous species because of its habitat. Macroscopically, it might be confused with the genus Strobilurus, but microscopically the two genera are easily separated. The eastern North American population dif- fers from the western population by its restriction to pine cones, Pinus strobus in the north and P. palustris P. Mill. from Alabama and Texas in the south, beyond the range of P. strobus. However, the species has been collected on exotic spruce (Picea abies) in Maryland. In western North America spruce cones almost exclusively are the normal substrate, i.e., Picea sp. (Alaska, B.C., Oregon, and Washington), Picea engelmanii Pany (Idaho) and Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. (B.C., California), except for some of the southern most coastal collections in California beyond the range of P. sitchensis that are on Pseudotsuga menzesii (Mirb.) Franco.


COLUMBIA: Alice Lake Park, Nov. 3, 1973, S. A. Redhead BC-1 (UBC), Oct. 21, 1973, S. A. Redhead BB-2, BB-8 (UBC); Queen Charlotte Islands: Graham Is., Yakoun River 6 krn S of Port Clements, Sept. 15, 1982, S. A. Redhead 4262 (DAOM 187549); Rossland, Sheep L., Oct. 3, 1966, K. A. Hamson (MICH); Squamish, Nov. 3, 1973, S. A. Redhead BC-7a (UBC); Vancouver Island: Pacific Rim Natl. Park, Pachena Bay, Oct. 6, 1979, S. A. Redhead 3392 (DAOM 175388). NEW BRUNSWICK: Kouchibouguac Natl. Park, Sept. 22, 1977 and Oct. 5, 1978, S. A. Redhead 2495,2696 (DAOM 166765, 169976). NOVA SCOTIA: Queen's Co., Kejimkujik Natl. Park, Grafton L., Sept. 19, 1987, S. A. Redhead 5989 (DAOM 198239). ONTARIO: Algonquin Prov. Park: Blue Beech Creek at Petawawa River, Sept. 8, 1982, G. Thorn 820908114 (DAOM 190184), Frontier L., Sept. 30, 1982, G. Thorn 820930103 (DAOM 190122); Fallowfield, Oct. 4, 1956, J . W. Groves and M. E. Elliott (DAOM 54060); Gananoque, Sept. 13, 1982, G. Thorn 820913101 (DAOM 190189); Lake Temagami, Sept. 11, 1935, R. F. Cain (DAOM 80336); Petawawa, Sept. 5, 1941, J. W. Groves and I. L. Conners (DAOM 10581); St. Lawrence Islands Natl. Park: Mallorytown, Sept. 5, 1975, M. McCauley (DAOM 153505), Thwartway Is., Sept. 18, 1975, J. Ginns (DAOM 153504); Shaw Wood lot near Eganville, Sept. 10, 1987, S. A. Redhead 5975 (DAOM 197385); Simcoe Co., S of Alliston, Sept. 23, 1962, R. F. Cain (DAOM 165005); York Co.: W of Maple, Sept. 27, 1937, H. S. Jackson (DAOM 48488), Nash- ville, Sept. 19, 1953, R. F. Cain (DAOM 50892); Rockcliffe,

40213), Sept. 25, 1956, M. E. Elliott (DAOM 5 1996). ENG- LAND: South Ascot, Berks, NOV. 8, 1959, D. A. Reid (DAOM 74782). SWEDEN: UPPLAND: Upsala, Sept. 26, 1946, A. Melderis (DAOM 65290). SWITZERLAND: Part Barton, Genkve, Nov. 13, 1948, J. Favre (MICH). U.S.A.: ALABAMA: Lee Co., Auburn, Dec. 6, 1896, F. S. Earle (NY). ALASKA: Glacier Bay Natl. Monument, Aug. 18 and 20, 1952 (WS 42555, 42597); Haines, Sept. 19, 1970, V. Wells and P. Kempton 4934 (MICH); Juneau, Sept. 18, 1972, V. Wells and P. Kempton 5966 (MICH); Wrangell Island, Aug. 12, 1931, J. C. Scudder et al. (BPI as Marasmius papillatus). CALIFORNIA: Humbolt Co., Big Tree, Aug. 11, 1986, S. H. 1067 (NY); Marin Co., Carson Ridge, Oct. 27, 1984, J. Par- sons 33 (NY); Mendocino Co., Jackson State Forest, Oct. 20, 1984, D. Davis 132 (NY). IDAHO: Bonner Co., Upper Priest Lake, Sept. 20, 1966 (WS 56575). ILLINOIS: Peoria Co., Peoria, 1969, Mrs. Runde (MICH). MAINE: Oxford Co., Canton Point, J. C. Parlin (A. H. S. 15370, MICH). MARY- LAND: Laurel, Oct. 25, 1968, 0. K. Miller 7091 (VPI). MASSACHUSETTS: Conway, Sept. 16, 1960, J. W. Groves (DAOM 7 1683). MICHIGAN: Cheboygan Co., Colonial Point, Sept. 22, 1949, A. H. Smith 34132 (MICH). MINNESOTA:

Anoka Co., Cedar Creek Natl. Historical area, Sept. 8, 1969, M. G. Weaver 1885 (MICH); Crow Wing Co., Pelican L., Sept. 12, 1964, M. G. Weaver 1109 (MICH). NEW YORK: Adirondack Mountains, Star Lake, Sept. 6, 1981, J. Ginns 6350 (DAOM 180879); Albany, Oct. 4, 1952, S. J. Smith and K. L. Brooks 12543 (NYS); Ithaca, Oct. 4, 1902, C. Thom (BPI); Warrensburg, Sept. 5, 1934, A. H. Smith 704 (MICH). NORTH CAROLINA: Asheville, Aug. 1917, H. C. Beardslee (MICH); Swain Co., Deep Creek, Sept. 5, 1971, K. A. Ham- son 11046 (MICH). OREGON: Lake Tahenitsch, Nov. 11, 1935, A. H. Smith 3426 (MICH); Tsiltcoos L., Nov. 13, 1935, A. H. Smith 3457 (MICH). TENNESSEE: Cades Cove, Aug. 31, 1938, A. H. Smith and L. R. Hesler 10720 (MICH). TEXAS: Hardin Co., Big Thicket Natl. Preserve, Nov. 5, 1983, 0. K. Miller 20888 (VPI). VERMONT: Middlesbury, Sept. 24, 1898, E. A. Burt (BPI). VIRGINIA: Jefferson Natl. Forest, Oct. 4, 1983, 0. K. Miller 20813 (VPI). WASHINGTON: Lake Quinnault, Oct. 14, 1925, C. H. Kauffman (MICH). ISC CON-

SIN: Door Co., Newport State Park, Sept. 6, 1987, E. 0. Far- well (F 1070570); St. Croix Co., Sept. 4, 1970, S. J. Mazzer 6326 (MICH); Vernon Co., Viroqua, Aug. 26, 1973, F. Hose- ney 2747 (MICH) . (19) Crinipellis piceae Singer

MAP: Fig. 27, also see Redhead (19866, Fig. 3). RANGE: Coastal North America from the Alaskan panhandle

to northern California, disjunct to the east coast Acadian forest zone and one locality in northeastern Ontario, central and far eastern USSR.

HABITAT: Individual needles of Picea sitchensis, other Picea spp., Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., and Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Bulakh (1977): Desjardin (1987b); Redhead (19866); Singer (1939, 19426); Vasil'eva (1973).

NOTES: Along the west coast the species is often found on the ridge tops of colonized dunes, and elsewhere in the fog belt where Picea sitchensis occurs. It is the only species of Crini- pellis in North America that regularly colonizes spruce needles.

Sept. 14, 1898, J. Macoun (DAOM F 7920). QUEBEC: (20) Cyphellostereum laeve (Fr.) Reid Gatineau Park, Sept. 17, 1953, C. A. Loveland (DAOM = Relephora muscigena Pers.

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= Cantharellus laevis Fr. = nelephora vulgaris var. candida Pers. = Stereophyllum boreale Karst. = Craterellus pogonati Peck = Leptoglossum seticola Comer

MAP: Fig. 26. RANGE: West coast of North America from the Queen

Charlotte Islands to Oregon, also in the interior wet belt (Selkirk Mts.), disjunct to eastern North America east of the Great Lakes, Sierra Nevada range in Venezuela, northern, western and central Europe, Malaya, New Zealand.

HABITAT: Associated with Polytrichaceae (Bryophytes), mainly Polytrichum and Pogonatum in seepage areas or along creeks.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Comer (1966); Redhead (1973, 1984a); Reid (1965).

NOTES: Cyphellostereum laeve is a small but distinct species in the field notable for its pure white colour against the green hosts and its association with the Polytrichaceae. Microscopi- cally it is readily separated from other muscigenous basidiomycetes.

. . ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ONTARIO: Nepean, Sept. 29, 1984, S. A. Redhead 5110 (DAOM 190883). U.S.A.: NEW YORK: Hamilton Co., Raquette L.,

I Sept. 11, 1976, T. Baroni 2994 (DAOM 183343). OREGON: 1 Corvallis, Oct. 20, 1970, R. H. Petersen (TENN 34809); i Waldport, Oct. 18, 1970, R. H. Petersen (TENN 34804). ; VERMONT: Bennington Co., near Bennington, Aug. 28, 1981, I : T. Baroni 4085 (DAOM 183344).

1 (2 1) Hypholomu dispersum QuC1. = Agaricus marginatus Pers. non A. marginatus Batsch = Agaricus fascicularis var. marginatus Pers. :Fr.

I = Agaricus dispersus Fr., nom. illeg., non A. dispersus Pers. = Psilocybe ochraeceps Kauff.

MAP: Fig. 29. RANGE: Common along the west coast from the Queen

Charlotte Islands south to northern California, and in a smaller band in the interior wet belt (Selkirk Mts.), in eastern North America known only from Newfoundland, northem, eastern, western, and southern Europe, westem USSR as far east as the western Caucasus mountains (Krasnodar region), and again in the far eastern USSR and Japan.

HABITAT: On fragmented coniferous debris and branches, often silt or moss covered, often on slopes, in wet coniferous forests.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Dennis et al. (1960); Eliade (1965); Hongo (1965); Kuhner (1936); Schmid-Heckel (1985); Smith (1951); Urbonas (1975); Urbonas et al. (1986); Vaasma et al. (1986); Watling and Gregory (1 987).

NOTES: Smith (1951) recognized three varieties of Naemato- lomu dispersum (Quel.) Karst. (= Hypholoma dispersum) in North America. Both N. dispersum var. dispersum and var. idakonese (Smith) Smith are included in the above synopsis. Variety jlavifolium Smith is considered to be a distinct species with an arnphiatlantic distribution, H. jlavifolium, which is conspecific with Hypholomu polytrichi sensu Kuhner (1936), non Fries. Hypholomu dispersum appears to be toally absent from the interior of the North American continent. Smith (1951, p. 513) reported a single collection of variety dispersum from "Tequamenon State Park, Mich., 1949"; however, reexamination of that collection, A. H. S. 33538 (MICH), revealed that it was a misdetermined specimen of H. jlavifolium.


COLUMBIA: Glacier Natl. Park, Roger's Pass summit, Sept. 14, 1980, S. A. Redhead 3728 (DAOM 182449); Mt. Revelstoke Natl. Park, Woolsey Creek, Sept. 23, 1980, S. A. Redhead 4003 (DAOM 182448); North Vancouver, Mt. Seymour, Sept. 22, 1973, S. A. Redhead AI-42 (DAOM 185541); Prince Rupert, Sept. 1962, R. Sharpe (DAOM 89716); Queen Charlotte Islands, Graham Is., Naikoon Prov. Park, Tow Hill, Sept. 24, 1982, S. A. Redhead 4514 (DAOM 187530); Van- couver Is.: 40 krn E of Ucluelet, Hwy. 4, Oct. 6, 1973, S. A. Redhead AM-17 (DAOM 182548). NEWFOUNDLAND: Avalon Peninsula, Butter Pot Prov. Park area, Oct. 9, 1988, S, A. Redhead 6645 (DAOM 198748); Gros Morne Natl. Park, Southeast Brook Falls, Sept. 23, 1983, S. A. Redhead 4941 (DAOM 187960), between Feny and Crow Gulch brooks, Sept. 18, 1983, S. A. Redhead 4770 (DAOM 187967). ENG- LAND: YORKSHIRE: Malham, Sept. 1964, C. Jeffrey (DAOM 107762). SWEDEN: SMALAND: Eksjo, Oct. 21,1945, G. Hag- lund (DAOM 64884); Femsjo, Sept. 23, 1947, A. Melderis (DAOM 64422); Nassjo, Oct. 16, 1945, G. Haglund (DAOM 64421). U.S.A. : CALIFORNIA: Del Norte Co., Crescent City, Nov. 21, 1956, A. H. Smith 55932 (MICH); Humboldt Co., Big Lagoon Park, Dec. 19, 1956, A. H. Smith 56836 (MICH); Humboldt State Park, Dec. 30, 1956, A. H. Smith 56122 (MICH); Mendocino Co., Jackson State Forest, Nov. 23, 1975, R. Halling 1129 (DAOM 180678); Patrick's Point State Park, Nov. 2, 1965, H. D. Thiers 13965 (DAOM 128265); Prairie Creek Park, Nov. 23, 1937, A. H. Smith 9020 (MICH); Smith R., Nov. 16, 1937, A. H. Smith 8787 (MICH); Trinidad, Nov. 29, 1935, A. H. Smith and H. E. Parks 3656 (MICH); Trinity Natl. Forest, Nov. 7, 1937, A. H. Smith 851 1 (MICH). IDAHO: Bonner Co., Priest L., Sept. 27, 1964, A. H. Smith 70871 (MICH); Nordman, Oct. 12, 1956, A. H. Smith 54590 (MICH). OREGON: Belknap Springs, Oct. 23, 1937, A. H. Smith 8149 (MICH); Clackamas Co., Mt. Hood area, Oct. 8, 1972, A. H. Smith 82655 (MICH); Eugene area, Nov. 24, 1946, F. P. Sipe 947 (MICH); Lake Tahkinitah, Nov. 18, 1935, A. H. Smith 3336 (MICH); Lane Co., Andrew Experimental Forest, Dec. 15, 1970, F. Rhoades (MICH); McKenzie R., S. Fork, Oct. 20, 1937, A. H. Smith 7993 (MICH); Tillamook Co., Van Duzen Comdor, Nov. 8, 1970, A. H. Smith 79692 (MICH); Wemme, Oct. 21, 1947, A. H. Smith 28024 (MICH); Wildwood near Rhododendron, Oct. 14, 1947, H. V. and N. Smith (A. H. S. 27737, MICH); Willamette area, Oct. 29, 1944, F. P. Sipe 539 (MICH); Zig Zag, Oct. 28, 1946, A. H. Smith 25058 (MICH). WASHING- TON: Hoh R., June 30, 1939, A. H. Smith 14715 (MICH); King Co., Preston, Sept. 26, 1954, A. H. Smith 47947 (MICH); Lake Crescent, Oct. 10, 1935, A. H. Smith 3077 (MICH); Lake Quinnault, Oct. 7, 1925, C. H. Kauffman (MICH); LaPush, along Quillayote R., Oct. 26, 1935, A. H. Smith 3344 (MICH); Mt. Rainier Natl. Park, Sept. 11, 1954, A. H. Smith 47373 (MICH); Olympic Mts., Heart O'Hills, June 28, 1939, A. H. Smith 14674 (MICH); Siskiyou Natl. For., Takilma, Nov. 29, 1925, C. H. Kauffman and C. A. Brown (MICH); Zenith, Nov. 30, 1940, J. B. Flett (MICH).

(22) Lyophyllum gibberosum (Schaeff.) M. Lange = Collybia gibberosa J. Schaeffer = Collybia f. gracilis J. Lange

MAP: Fig. 53. RANGE: Western Newfoundland, northern Europe (Austria,

Denmark, Finland, Germany), Japan.

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3016 CAN. J . BOT. VOL. 67, 1989

HABITAT: Coniferous duff. SELECTED LITERATURE: Hongo (1972); Lange (191 7);

Lange (1946, 1948, 1954); Lange and Munk (1948); Lange and Sivertsen (1966); Moser (1949); Petersen (1970); Sagara (1973, 1975); Schaeffer (1942); Ulvinen et al. (1981).

NOTES: Macroscopically this is not an overly distinctive species; however, microscopically it is very easily identified. Collybioid fungi have been studied intensively in both the northwestern and northeastern U.S. (Halling 1983; Lennox 1979) without turning up additional collections, thus making its find in Newfoundland noteworthy. In Eurasia it has a bicoastal distributional pattern and hence, if native to North America, may have or have had a bicoastal distribution.

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: NEW- FOUNDLAND: Gros Morne Natl. Park, Sept. 2 1, 1983, J. Ginns and S. A. Redhead 4904 (DAOM 187843). FINLAND: Oulum Pohjanmaa, Pudasjarvi, Ala-Livo, Oct. 6, 1969, E. Ohenoja (DAOM 179546).

(23) Marasmiellus candidus (Bolt. :Fr.) Singer = Agaricus candidus Bolton = Agaricus albus-corticis Secr., nom. invalid. = Marasmius magnisporus Mum.

MAP: Fig. 24. RANGE: Coastal in western North America from southern

Vancouver Island and the Vancouver region south to southern California, also in eastern North America from Pt. Pelee east to New York and south to North Carolina, the Azores, western, eastern, and southern Europe, south to North Africa, east to Georgia (USSR), Japan.

HABITAT: Woody angiosperm debris on mossy ground, or bark, twigs, and exposed roots slightly elevated above the ground.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Binyamini (1980); De Sousa Da Camara (1956); Dennis et al. (1977); Desjardin (1985, 19876); Eliade (1965); Hardy (1946); Ito (1959); Malen~on and Bertault (1975); Murrill (1912~); Nakhutsrishvili (1975); Noordeloos (1983); Overholts (1940); Singer (1973a); Urbonas et al. (1986).

NOTES: This is a conspicuous white species that usually fruits in groups. A variety described from the southern Appala- chians, Marasmius candidus var. setulosus Josserand & Smith, represents a distinct species with setuliform pileocystidia and other distinguishing features (Singer 1973a; D. E. Desjardin, personal communication).


COLUMBIA: Haney area, Oct. 25, 1959, G. Rouse (UBC); Squamish, Oct. 17, 1979, S. A. Redhead 3480 (DAOM 188780); Vancouver, July 25, 1949, J. Bowman (DAOM 34685), Feb. 9, 1961, R. J. Bandoni BC-1545 (DAOM 91078), Nov. 17, 1963, E. Hancock (DAOM 114371), Jan. 20, 1982, R. J. Bandoni 6880 (DAOM 182706); Van- couver Island: Lake Cowichan, Meade Creek, Oct. 2, 1979, S. A. Redhead 3282 (DAOM 180410); Goldstream Prov. Park, Oct. 8, 1971, J. Ginns 1898 (DAOM 181027); 24 krn W of Port Alberni, Oct. 7, 1973, S. A. Redhead AP-10 (DAOM 175327); Saanich, Jan. 11 and 19, 1958, W. G. Ziller (DAOM 63342, 63341), Nov. 12, 1964, M. C. Melburn (DAOM 109149); Sidney, Oct. 29 and Nov. 1, 1915, J. Macoun (DAOM 5 1362, 5 1363, both misdetermined as Marasmius subvenosus by Dearness), July 5, 1948, W. G. Ziller (DAOM 21379); Sooke, Oct. 23, 1965, M. C. Melburn 560 (DAOM

113217); Victoria, Dec. 2, 1943, G. A. Hardy 89 (DAOM 16326), Jan. 8, 1959, M. C. Melburn (DAOM 63338), Nov. 4, 1961, M. C. Melburn 419 (DAOM 87895), Jan. I , 1967, M. C. Melburn (DAOM 116769); White Rock area, V. J. Krajina (UBC). ONTARIO: Point Pelee Natl. Park, Sept. 14, 1981, J. E. and S. A. Redhead 4153 (DAOM 186919). U.S.A.: CALIFORNIA: Crescent City, Dec. 7, 1937, A. H. Smith 9496 (MICH); Mendocino Co., Jackson State Forest, Nov. 25, 1972, M. Concannon (DAOM 144090); Orick, Dec. 4, 1937, A. H. Smith 9396 (MICH); Santa Bar- bara, Jan. 14, 1939, P. M. Rea 18 (MICH); Santa Cruz Moun- tains, Oct. 5, 1933, M. Mentzes (as Marasmius magnisporus in Dearness herb. in DAOM). INDIANA: Bloomington, Aug. 20, 1981, R. E. Halling 3424 (NY). MISSOURI: Boone Co., Columbia, June 14, 1940, J. B. Routin 1057 (TENN 13288) confirmed by D. E. Desjardin. OHIO: Hocking Co., Conkles Hollow State Park, July 16, 1977, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 54635 (DAOM 193769). NORTH CAROLINA: Chapel Hill, July 22, 1920 (NCU 4493) confirmed by D. E. Desjardin. OREGON: Benton Co., Mary's Peak, Nov. 17, 1970, A. H. Smith 80010 (MICH); Eugene, Nov. 10, 1946, F. P. Sipe 931 (MICH); Garibaldi, Sept. 21, 1944, A. H. Smith 19013 (MICH); Lin- coln Co., Van Duzer Corridor, Oct. 11, 1970, A. H. Smith 78946 (MICH); Polk Co., Van Duzer Corridor, Nov. 18, 1970, A. H. Smith 80081 (MICH); Salmon River above Welches, Oct. 24, 1947, A. H. Smith 28247 (MICH); Tila- mook Co., Pacific City dunes, Nov. 9, 1972, A. H. Smith 83572 (MICH). PENNSYLVANIA: Allegheny Co., Ben Avon Heights, Sept. 19, 1937, L. K. Henry (NY); Westmoreland Co., July 30, 1908, D. R. Jenkins (NY). WASHINGTON: Bell- ingham, Oct. 21, 1962, B. J. M. (UBC); ElwhaR., Olympics, June 1939, A. H. Smith 14264 (MICH); Joyce, Sept. 22, 1935, A. H. Smith 2562 (MICH); Lake Crescent, Sept. 20, 1935, A. H. Smith 2520 (MICH); San Juan Island, Nov. 20, 1966, M. A. Waugh (UBC). THE NETHERLANDS: LIM- BURG: Gronsveld, Savelsbos, Aug. 5, 1981, T. W. Kuyper 1670 (DAOM 185425).

(24) Psilocybe semilanceata (Fr.) Kummer = Agaricus semilanceatus Fr.

MAP: Fig. 28. RANGE: Coastal from the Queen Charlotte Islands to north-

ern California, rare in the interior wet belt of British Columbia (Columbian Mts.), disjunct to eastern New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland (and possibly Vermont); northern, western, eastern, and southern Europe through to Georgia, USSR; disjunct to the far eastern USSR; Australia and Chile in the southern Hemisphere.

HABITAT: On herbaceous debris in wet pastures of coarse grasses and rushes, usually on bottom lands near rivers or the ocean, an exception being the California collection associated with charred mossy wood.

SELECTED LITERATURE: De Sousa Da Camara (1956); Eliade (1965); Guzmin (1983); Guzmin and Watling (1978); HBiland (1978); Jokiranta et al. (1984); Lange (1936~); Michaelis (1977); Moeller (19456); Nakhutsrishvili (1975); Redhead (19796); Schmid-Heckel (1985); Singer and Moser (1964); Ulvinen et al. (1981); Urbonas (1978); Urbonas et al. (1986); Watling and Gregory (1987).

NOTES: Psilocybe semilanceata is one of the more distinctive small species, often harvested for its hallucinogenic drug, psilocybin. The genus Psilocybe was monographed for the

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world by Guzmin (1983). Among other locations, he reported P. semilanceata from Albany, New York, filed as Psilocybe foenisecii, "Peck s.n." (NYS). In actuality two lids appear to have been switched on collections identified as P. foenisecii deposited at Albany (NYS). On the reverse of one is information indicating it came from "Nova Scotia A. H. MacKay S t 05" where it caused a "short sickness in children," and that contradicts data on the lid that reads "Menands, Chas. H. Peck June." This is the specimen of P. semilanceata cited by Guzmin. On an identically sized box is a lid inscribed "Psilo- cybe foenisecii A. H. MacKay Nova Scotia Sept. 1905." The specimen in that box is P. foenisecii, which I believe is the Menands collection. MacKay (1913) detailed the symptoms produced in children who had ingested the species he sent to Peck from Glace Bay, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia.

A third unrelated collection, not cited by Guzmin, from Bethlehem, New York, was identified as P. semilanceata by Peck (NYS), but is actually P. subcoprophila (Britz.) Sacc. Psilocybe semilanceata has also been reported from Akpatok Island, N.W.T., by Polunin (1934). No specimens could be located at the British Museum or Kew. This record, in an arctic region and over 1000 krn from documented sightings, is almost certainly based on a misdetermination and should not be accepted unless verified by voucher specimens.

Guzmin (1983) also reported P. semilanceata from "Vir- ginia, Vermont, Middlebury" leg. Langlois s.n. (Oct. 24, 1898) (BPI). I have seen a number of Langlois collections of various species at Beltsville with such confusing labels indicating different sites. I would expect to find P. semilanceata in coastal Vermont but not in Virginia.

ADDlTIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH

COLUMBIA: Glacier Natl. Park, upper Illecillewaet River valley by old railway station, Sept. 27, 1980, S. A. Redhead 4107 (DAOM 178932); Mission, Oct. 1977, P. Kroeger and S. Czolowski (DAOM 175141); Queen Charlotte Islands, Graham Is., Masset, Oct., 1980, B. Fulford (DAOM 177915), Sept. 18, 1982, S. A. Redhead 4387 (DAOM 187508); Port Clements area, Sept. 15, 1982, S. A. Redhead 4254 (DAOM 187597); Vancouver Island, Duncan, Oct. 8, 1979, S. A. Redhead 3400 (DAOM 175061); Vedder Canal, Oct. 14, 1973, S. A. Redhead AY-4 (DAOM 175237). NEW BRUNS-

WICK: Fredericton, Nov. 2, 1977, E. Fiander (DAOM 165480); Kouchibouguac Natl. Park, Sept. 22, 1977, S. A. Redhead 2484 (DAOM 165834), Oct. 9, 1978, S. A. Redhead 2769 (DAOM 169937). NEWFOUNDLAND: Avalon Peninsula, St. John's, Oct. 9, 1988, S. A. Redhead 6636 (DAOM 198741); western Newfoundland, late summer 1976, comm. J. Webster (DAOM 160725); Gros Morne Natl. Park, Green Point, Sept. 24, 1983, S. A. Redhead 4962 (DAOM 187936); Berry Head Pond Trail, Sept. 21, 1983, S. A. Redhead 4887 (DAOM 187935). NOVA SCOTIA: Cape Breton Island, Glace Bay, Sept. 1905, comm. by A. H. MacKay (as Psilocybe foenisecii, NYS, see text above); Glenmont, Oct. 13, 198 1, G. Thorn 430 (DAOM 187594). PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Kings Co., Red Point Prov. Park, Oct. 17, 1988, S. A. Red- head 6764 (DAOM 198743); Prince Co., Cabot Prov. Park, Oct. 14, 1988, S. A. Redhead 67 14 (DAOM 198742); Queens Co., Tea Hill Prov. Park, Oct. 17, 1988, S. A. Redhead 6773 (DAOM 198744). ENGLAND: Ashdown Forest, Aug. 1, 1954, J. W. Groves (DAOM 44788); Ashridge, Oct. 13, 1951, D. A. Reid (DAOM 27820). SWEDEN: SMALAND: Nassjo, Sept. 24, 1945, G. Haglund (DAOM 66226). U.S.A.:

CALIFORNIA: Humbolt Co., Nov. 8, 1986, B. L. Thompson (SFU) .

Boreal endemic (25) Marasmiellus filopes (Peck) Redhead = Marasmius $lopes Peck = Marasrnius thujinus Peck = Marasrnius piceina Kauff.

MAP: Fig. 20. RANGE: From southern British Columbia and western Alberta

to northern California and Colorado in the Coastal, Columbian, and Rock Mountain ranges; apparently disjunct to the eastern boreal forest, east of the Great Lakes to Newfoundland.

HABITAT: Individually on fallen needles of Abies, Pinus, or Picea species, usually covering needle beds by the hundreds or thousands.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Desjardin (1985, 1987b); Gilliam (1976); Redhead (1980d).

NOTES: This species is conspicuous because of the large numbers of basidiomes it produces in concentrated patches. There is an old report from Orca, Alaska by Saccardo et al. (1904) that may be correct.

ADDlTIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ALBERTA: Marmot Creek basin, Kananaskis valley near Seebe, R. M. Danielson 1855 (DAOM 184722); Waterton Lakes Natl. Park, Cameron Lake, Aug. 15, 1980, G. P. White 899 (DAOM 177003). BRITISH COLUMBIA: Rocky Mt. Trench near Donald Stn., Hwy. 1 and Columbia River, Sept. 21, 1980, S. A. Red- head 3976 (DAOM 180995). NEW BRUNSWICK: Moncton, Oct. 28, 1987, G. P. White (DAOM 197820). NEWFOUND-

LAND: Gros Morne Natl. Park, Berry Hill Pond, Sept. 17, 1983, S. A. Redhead 4745 (DAOM 187965). ONTARIO: Algonquin Prov. Park, Smoke Lake, Sept. 23, 1982, G. Thorn 820923120 (DAOM 190127), Peck Twp., Hardwood Lookout Trail, Oct. 14, 1985, G. Thorn and P. Macquame 85 1014105 (DAOM 195327). PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Prince Co., Cabot Prov. Park, Oct. 14, 1988, S. A. Redhead 6727 (DAOM 198745). QUEBEC: St. Fabien-de-Panet, Oct. 12, 1980, R. McNeil 961 (DAOM 180924). U.S.A.: IDAHO: Bonner Co., Priest L., Sept. 23, 1964, A. H. Smith 70709 (MICH); Latah Co., Dry Creek, Nov. 13, 1946, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 18764 (MICH). MICHIGAN: Isle Royale, Oct. 17, 1942, H. and V. Bailey 140 (MICH). NEW YORK: Lake placid, Oct. 13, 1913, W. A. Mum11 (MICH). UTAH: Rich Co., W. of Randoph, Sept. 3, 1971, C. T. Rogerson 4106 (MICH).

(26) Marasmius pallidocephalus Gilliam MAP: Fig. 10. RANGE: From the Queen Charlotte Islands to the Yukon and

northern California, across boreal Canada to Newfoundland, also in the Great Smoky Mountains.

HABITAT: On needles in needle beds, most commonly Picea, Tsuga, less often Pinus.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Desjardin (1985, 1987b); Gilliam (1975b, 1976); Ginns (1986); Redhead (1984~).

NOTES: In the field it is difficult to always distinguish between M. androsaceus and M. pallidocephalus. However, section Androsacei is easily recognized, and commonly collected on field trips. Distributional data are based upon specimens segregated from M, androsaceus collections for the most part originally filed under the latter name in herbaria.

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ALBERTA:

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3018 CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989

Sandy L., 72 krn NW of Edmonton, June 21, 1979, H. M. E. Schalkwyk 1374 (DAOM 193918). BRITISH COLUMBIA: Mt. Robson Prov. Park, July 12, 1978, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 55578 (DAOM 193760). NOVA SCOTIA: Annapolis Co., Kejimkujik Natl. Park, Big Dam L., Sept. 20, 1987, S. A. Redhead 6030 (DAOM 198232). YUKON TERRITORY: Indian River at Yukon River, 60°47'N, 139"44'W, July 16, 1984, J. Ginns 8292 and W. Cody (DAOM 196952); Yukon River 6.4 km NNW of Coal Creek, 64"311N, 140°33'W, July 19, 1984, J. Ginns 8481 and W. Cody (DAOM 196957). U.S.A.: CALIFORNIA: Tehama Co., Mineral, Oct. 7 and 9, 1981, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 60722, 60807 (DAOM 193759, 193758). COLORADO: Huerfano Co., Pass Creek Pass, Sept. 3, 1964, H. R. Simms (NY); Snow Mass Creek, Aug. 9, 1976, R. Singer N 5035 (F). MONTANA: Flat Head Natl. Forest, Echo L., June 1930, C. H. Kauffman (MICH). NEW MEXICO: Santa Fe Co., Sangre de Cristo Mts., July 1957, C. Barrows 452 (MICH). NEW YORK: Lake Placid, July 17-29, 1912, W. A. and E. L. Mum11 (NY). VIRGINIA: White Top Mt., July 22 to Aug. 25, 1946, R. Singer V 202 (F). WASHINGTON: Clal- lam Co., Joyce, Sept. 29, 1941, A. H. Smith 17427 (MICH); Steven Co., Sept. 27, 1947, W. B. and V. G. Cooke (NY). WYOMING: Medicine Bow Mts., Sept. 1, 1923, C. H. Kauff- man (MICH).

(27) Tricholoma magnivelare (Peck) Redhead = Agaricus magnivelaris Peck = Agaricus ponderosus Peck, non A. ponderosus Pers. = Armillaria ponderosa Sacc. = Armillaria arenicola Murr. = Tricholoma murrillianum Singer

MAP: Fig. 14, also see Kinugawa and Goto (1978, Fig. 2). RANGE: Abundant in the western cordillera and coastal areas

from northern California to British Columbia, less common east of the continental divide in the boreal forest from the Northwest Temtories to the eastern Maritimes, and in the southern Appalachians.

HABITAT: Mycorrhizal, often associated with Pinus spp. and Tsuga spp.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Kinugawa and Goto (1978); Ogawa (1979); Redhead (1984e); Smith (1979); Zeller and Togashi (1934).

NOTES: Tricholorna magnivelare is a well known, large, edible species harvested commercially for domestic consump- tion and export to Japan.

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: U.S.A.: NORTH CARO-

LINA: Highlands, Nov. 3, 1956, A. J. Sharp (TENN 22474). TENNESSEE: Great Smoky Mts. Natl. Park, Cades Cove, Nov. 16, 1947, L. R. Hesler (TENN 18325).

Bicoastal endemics

(28) Marasmiellus papillatus (Peck) Redhead & Halling = Marasmius papillatus Peck = Marasmius alienus Peck = Marasmius umbilicatus Kauff.

MAP: Fig. 25. RANGE: Coastal from the Queen Charlotte Islands to Oregon,

northern Idaho, again in eastern North America east of the Great Lakes, Michigan to northern Maine.

HABITAT: On decorticated wood in forests. SELECTED LITERATURE: Baroni and Halling (1989), Redhead

and Halling (1982).

NOTES: The report of this species from Wrangell Island, Alaska (Cash 1953) was based on a misdetemined specimen of Baeospora myosura (q. v.).


COLUMBIA: Queen Charlotte Islands, Graham Is., Naikoon Prov. Park, Tow Hill, Sept. 24, 1982, S. A. Redhead 4524 (DAOM 187536). ONTARIO: Magnetawan, Aug. 1920, H. C. Beardslee (BPI, Weir 17133). U.S.A. : MICHIGAN: Univ. Mich. Biol. Station, July 26, 1961, M. V. Charlton 189 (MICH). NEW YORK: Ithaca, Oct. 10, 1902, C. Thom (BPI). PENNYSLVANIA: Clarion Co., Cook Forest, Oct. 7, 1938, L. K. Henry 2684 (NY).

(29) Mitrula elegans (Berk.) Fr. = Leotia elegans Berk.

MAP: Fig. 21, also see Redhead (1977b, Fig. 2). RANGE: From the Queen Charlotte Islands to northern Cali-

fornia, northern Idaho, and from Manitoba to Nova Scotia, south along the Appalachians to North Carolina and Georgia.

HABITAT: Stagnant pools or slow-moving streams, on leaf and twig litter.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Redhead (1977b). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: MANITOBA:

Riding Mountain Natl. Park, Swanson Creek, Aug. 18, 1979, S. A. Redhead 2853 (DAOM 178937). NEW BRUNSWICK: Kouchibouguac Natl. Park, July 7, 1977, S. A. Redhead 23 13 (DAOM 1667763). ONTARIO: Algonquin Prov. Park, Pitcher Plant Pond, June 23, 1980, G. Thorn (DAOM 186875). U.S.A.: CALIFORNIA: Nevada Co., near Bowman Dam, June 1965, L. S. Mott (SFU); Shasta Co., Lassen Volcano Natl. Park, June 29, 1976, D. Showers 3579 (SFU); Sierra Co., 12.8 km W of Yuba Pass, June 14, 1985, D. E. Desjardin 3403 (SFU). MAINE: Waldo Co., Palermo, June 12, 1975, S. Ristich (NY). NEW YORK: Hamilton Co., Raquette Lake, July 21, 1983, R. E. Halling 3605 (DAOM 188109).

(30) Strobilurus albipilatus (Peck) Wells & Kempton = Collybia albipilata Peck = Marasmius subpilosus Peck = Prunulus myceliosus Murr. = Strobilurus lignitilus Wells & Kempton = Marasmius uliginosus Gilliam

MAP: Fig. 23. RANGE: From south central Alaska to northern California

along the coastal mountains and into higher elevations in the Sierra Nevada, also in northern Idaho and adjacent British Col- umbia, again east of the Great Lakes to Newfoundland.

HABITAT: colonizing rotting coniferous wood (Nfld., Ont., Que., B.C.), or fallen conifer cones of Pseudotsuga menziesii (B.C.) and Pinus (NY, WA) often buried in the duff, and on piles of cone scales left by squirrels.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Desjardin (1987b); Gilliam (1975b); Lennox (1979); Redhead (1980b).

NOTES: The large gap separating the known eastern and western populations indicates that this species has a disjunct east - west distribution like Baeospora myosura.


COLUMBIA: Glacier Natl. Park, Illecillewaet River valley, Sept. 13, 1980, S. A. Redhead 368 1 (DAOM 178927); Van- couver, Univ. B.C., Sept. 9, 1973, S. A. Redhead AE-1p.p. (DAOM 160759). NEWFOUNDLAND: Gros Morne Natl. Park, Berry Hill Pond, Sept. 21, 1983, S. A. Redhead 4893 (DAOM 187964). U.S.A.: CALIFORNIA: Tahoe Natl. Forest, S of Yuba

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Pass, June 10, 1986 (TENN 47008). WASHINGTON: Dock Butte, Oct. 5, 1986, B. McAdoo (DAOM 198968); Sumas, Oct. 3, 1986, B. McAdoo (DAOM 198977).

Western cordilleran endemics

(3 1) Chrysomphalina aurantiaca (Peck) Redhead = Omphalia aurantiaca Peck = Omphalia luteicolor Munill

MAP: Fig. 37. RANGE: Southern British Columbia to northern California. HABITAT: Rotting coniferous logs in wet forests. SELECTED LITERATURE: Bigelow (1970); Bigelow and Smith

(1962); Redhead (1986~); Smith (1949). NOTES: This is a brightly coloured, conspicuous species,

unlikely to be mistaken for any other species.

(32) Collybia bakerensis A. H. Smith MAP: Fig. 34. RANGE: From the interior wet belt of British Columbia

(Columbian Mts.) to the Rockies in Colorado and along the Cascades to the Sierra Nevada in California.

HABITAT: On standing or fallen dead conifers, often Abies near melting snow in California, typically on Tsuga in the northern parts of its range.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Desjardin and Halling (1987).

(33) Marasmiellus pluvius Redhead MAP: Fig. 51. RANGE: Southwestern British Columbia to northern Cali-

fornia. HABITAT: On fallen needles of Pseudotsuga or 7huja. SELECTED LITERATURE: Desjardin (1985, 19876); Redhead

(19826). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: U.S.A.: CALIFORNIA:

Humboldt Co., Big Lagoon, Sept. 24, 1983, D. E. Desjardin 2203 (DAOM 191 186).

(34) Marasmius salalis Desjardin & Redhead MAP: Fig. 46. RANGE: Queen Charlotte Islands to Oregon along the coast. HABITAT: On leaves and stems of Gaultheria shallon Pursh.

and occasionally Mahonia nervosa (Pursh.) Nutt. SELECTED LITERATURE: Desjardin (1987~); Desjardin and

Redhead (1 987); Redhead (1 982a). NOTES: This species is closely allied to M. copelandii Peck

var. copelandii on oak leaves in California and M. copelandii var. olidus (Gilliam) Desjardin, on oak in the eastern U.S.A.

(35) Resinomycena montana Redhead & Singer MAP: Fig. 39. RANGE: From the Queen Charlotte Islands to the Olympic

Peninsula of Washington, and the Rocky Mountain trench in British Columbia.

HABITAT: On twigs and cones under conifers. SELECTED LITERATURE: Redhead and Singer (1981). NOTES: The genus Resinomycena was monographed by Red-

head and Singer (1981).

manii, P. glauca (Moench) Voss, and only once on a cone scale of Pinus monticola Dougl.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Desjardin (1985, 19876); Lennox (1979); Redhead (1980b); Wells and Kempton (1971).

NOTES: There are at least two varieties of this species, a coastal one on Picea sitchensis cones, and an interior one on cones of P. engelmanii and P. glauca. The former is usually paler and has more conspicuously fusoid pleurocystidia. Stro- bilurus wyomingensis (Smith & Arenberg) Wells & Kempton is possibly a third variety. It is generally the darkest of the three, has fewer pleurocystidia, and usually has slightly larger basidiospores. It occurs in subalpine areas of Wyoming and Colorado on spruce cones and other coniferous debris. Two collections from Colorado previously reported to be S. occidentalis, DAOM 167625 and 172150 (Redhead 1980b), are now considered to be S. wyomingensis.


COLUMBIA: Glacier Natl. Park, Beaver River Valley, Sept. 11, 1980, S. Redhead 3602 (DAOM 183688); Illecillewaet River valley, Sept. 9, 1980, S. A. Redhead 3537 (DAOM 178943); Manning Prov. Park, Lightening Lake, Oct. 15, 1979, S. A. Redhead 3443 (DAOM 173697); Queen Charlotte Islands, Graham Is., Naikoon Prov. Park, Tow Hill, Sept. 16 and 25, 1982, S. A. Redhead (187492, 187489). U.S.A.: WASHING- TON: Forks, Sept. 1986, B. McAdoo (DAOM 198978).

(37) Strobilurus trullisatus (Murr.) Lennox = Gymnopus trullisata Murr. = Strobilurus kemptonae Wells

MAP: Fig. 33. RANGE: Southern British Columbia in the Coastal, Cascade,

and Columbian mountains to northern California and Colorado along the Cascades, Rockies, Sierra Nevada, and Coastal mountain ranges, with one variety in Mexico.

HABITAT: Typically on fallen, bumed cones of Pseudotsuga menziesii (B.C., California, Oregon, Washington) along the coast, but also on Pinus spp. in inland areas, viz. P. contorta Dougl. (B.C .), P. flexilis James (Colorado), P. lambertiana Dougl. (California), P. monticola (B.C.), P. ponderosa Dougl. (California), and on P. montezumae Lamb. (Mexico).

SELECTED LITERATURE: Desjardin (1985, 19876); Lennox (1979); Redhead (1980b); Singer (1973); Wells and Kempton (197 1).

NOTES: This species is distinctive because of its pinkish colouration and the bubblelike swelling on its pleurocystidia that breaks off leaving an apical collar. As with S. occidentalis and Xerom~halina cauticinalis ssp. cauticinalis. the most typical f o 4 of the species is found along the coast,'in this case on Douglas-fir cones. Atypical specimens often occur on pine cones in the mountains. The Colorado collection was particularly abnormal, nearly lacking the collared pleurocystidia characteristic for the species, and by its thicker walled hyphae. Similarly the type of Strobilwus esculentus var. montezumae Singer (19736) represents an atypical form where the collars are poorly developed and only occur on some pleurocystidia. It is considered to be a distinct variety: Strobilurus trullisatus var. montezumae (Singer) Redhead, comb. nov., basionym -

(36) Strobilurus occidentalis Wells & Kempton S. esculentus var. montezumae Singer, Beih. Sydowia, 7: MAP: Fig. 3 1. 32-33, 1973. RANGE: From Alaska to California along the coast, east to ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH

Alberta. COLUMBIA: Clearwater, Sept. 2, 1982, T. Goward 82-1563 HABITAT: On fallen cones of Picea sitchensis, P. engel- (DAOM 192072); Mt. Revelstoke Natl. Park: Inspiration

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Woods trail, Sept. 17, 1980, S. A. Redhead 3862 (DAOM 178945); Woolsey Creek, Sept. 23, 1980, S. A. Redhead 4021 (DAOM 178947); Rocky Mountain trench, Hwy. at Columbia River near Donald Stn. on CPR, Sept. 21, 1980, S. A. Red- head 3958, 3965 (DAOM 178944, 178946); Shuswap Lake, Scotch Creek Park, Oct. 2, 1982, T. Goward 82-1647 (DAOM 192068); Vancouver Island, Cowichan Lake, Sept. 28, 1979, S. A. Redhead 3219 (DAOM 188775). U.S.A.: CALIFORNIA: Sierra Co., Gilman Flat, Oct. 15, 1972, G. Wong (DAOM 167626); Siskiyou Co., Mt. Shasta, Sept. 25, 1977, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 54890 (DAOM 167343); Tehama Co., Mineral, Oct. 7 & 9, 1981, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 60684, 60790, 60608 (DAOM 193789, 193788, 193787). COLORADO:

Boulder Co., 8.8 krn SE of Ward, 10 000 ft (1 f t = 0.3048 m) alt., Sept. 15, 1973, S. Shushan sf-1353 (MICH). IDAHO: Priest Lake, Sept. 29, 1968, D. H. Mitchell 2279 (DAOM 166720).

(38) Tetrapyrgos subdendrophora (Redhead) Horak = Campanella subdendrophora Redhead

MAP: Fig. 50. RANGE: Coastal from Vancouver, B.C., to northern Oregon. HABITAT: On grasses and Rubus canes in cavities in dense,

enclosing vegetation. SELECTED LITERATURE: Horak (19836, 1986); Redhead

(1974). NOTES: This rarely collected species is a representative of a

primarily pantropical genus. Tetrapyrgos nigripes (q.v.), a pantropical species with a range extending to southern Quebec and Ontario, is the only other species in Canada.

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: U.S.A.: OREGON: Lin- coln Co., Van Duzer State Park, Comdor, on Rubus canes, Oct. 11, 1970, A. H. Smith 78943 (MICH); Tillamook Co., Neskowin Creek, on Rubus canes and grass stems, Oct. 26, 1980, F. Boyden (MICH).

(39) Xeromphalina Jitlvipes (Murr.) Smith = Gymnopus Jitlvipes Murr. = Marasmius subnauseosus Kauffman

MAP: see Redhead (1988, Fig. 101). RANGE: From the Alaskan panhandle to Oregon along the

coast and again in the interior wet belt of British Columbia to northern Idaho.

HABITAT: On coniferous debris on the ground. SELECTED LITERATURE: Redhead (1988).

Eastern deciduous forest endemics

(40) Gerronema subclavatum (Peck) Singer ex Redhead = Omphalia subclavata Peck = Omphalina subchrysophylla Murr. = Omphalina lenta Murr.

MAP: Fig. 72. RANGE: Southern Ontario near the Great Lakes, west to

Missouri, south to Florida, Mexico, Jamaica, and Brazil. HABITAT: On twigs and woody debris under hardwoods. SELECTED LITERATURE: Bigelow (1970); Bigelow and

Hesler (1960); Peck (1900); Redhead (1986~); Singer (1970). NOTES: Another lignicolous species with a similar distribu-

tion, ranging from the American tropics in Brazil to the Ottawa valley, is Asterotus dealbatus (Berk.) Singer (Comer 1981; Singer 1943, 1955; Thorn and Barron 1986). It is a much rarer species, having been collected in undocumented localities in Alabama (NY and NYS), Missouri (NY), and Ohio (NYS),

and also from Washtenaw CO., Michigan (MICH), in addition to published sites.

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: U.S.A.: ILLINOIS: Cook Co., Ottawa Trail Woods Forest Preserve, Aug. 3, 1956, R. L. Shaffer 644 (MICH). MICHIGAN: Washtenaw Co., Sharon Hollow, Aug. 4, 1960, R. L. Shaffer 2516 (MICH). PENNSYL- VANIA: location and date not known, leg. Herbst, filed as "Omphalia herbstii" nom. herb. (NYS).

(41) Marasmius pyrrhocephalus Berk. = Marasmius macorrhizus Mont. = Marasmius longipes Peck non M. longipes Mont. = Marasmius elongatipes Peck = Marasmius hirtipes Clements non M. hirtipes Speg.

MAP: Fig. 65. RANGE: Southern and eastem Ontario west to Minnesota,

east to Massachusetts, south to North Carolina. HABITAT: On decaying oak leaves, petioles and twigs, usu-

ally slightly buried in soil. SELECTED LITERATURE: Gilliam (1975~). NOTES: In addition to specimens cited below, and published

records by Gilliam that were used for mapping, the following specimens for deposit at TENN were confirmed by D. E. Des- jardin: U.S.A.: ILLINOIS: Coles Co., S. Charleston, Oct. 30, 1987, A. Methven. NORTH CAROLINA: Mason Co., Ball Cr. area, Sept. 4, 1986, D. E. Desjardin 4130. TENNESSEE: Knox Co., S. Knoxville, Nov. 9, 1986, D. E. Desjardin 4209. VIRGINIA: Horton Center, NW of Blacksburg, Aug. 18, 1987, D. E. Desjardin 4467. Also confirmed by Desjardin was a Kansas record: Miami Co., Fontana, Sept. 30, 1970, A. Buja- kiewicz 61 (MICH).

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ONTARIO:

Big Rideau Lake, Portland, Aug. 30, 1961, J. W. Groves (DAOM 84474); Ottawa, June 17, 1951, M. Stuart (DAOM 27480); Pt. Pelee Natl. Park, Sept. 18, 198 1, J. E. and S. A. Redhead 4232 (DAOM 192755); St. Lawrence Islands Natl. Park: Beaurivage Is., Sept. 1, 1976, J. Bond (DAOM 158948); Mallorytown Landing, June 6, 1975, S. A. Redhead 1573 (DAOM 153671); Sept. 5, 1975, M. McCauley (DAOM 153877), Sept. 24, 1975, J. Ginns, E. Kokko (DAOM 153669, 154540); MacDonald Is., Oct. 10, 1975, J. Ginns (DAOM 153885), July 27, 1976, J. Bond (DAOM 158841), Sept. 13, 1979, G. P. White (DAOM 175473); Thwartway Is., July 12, 1975, S. A. Redhead 1666 (DAOM 153670), Sept. 18, 1975, M. Kaufert (DAOM 153667), P. Leclair (DAOM 153666, 153897, 153668), June 30, 1976, P. Leclair (DAOM 158842), Aug. 11, 1976, J. Bond (DAOM 158840). QUEBEC: Cantley, Aug. 26, 1952, E. and J. W. Groves (DAOM 35178); Cascades, July 11, 1954, S. C. Hoare (DAOM 44476); Gatineau Park, Aug. 1, 1957, M. Pantidou (DAOM 57645). U.S.A.: ILLINOIS: Geneseo, June 2, 1909, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F 1286365). MICHIGAN: Ann Arbor, Aug. 14, 1921, L. E. Wehmeyer (DAOM 124164). OHIO: Fairfield Co., Crumley and Dumont Rd., Oct. 1, 1979, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 57905 (DAOM 193763); Highland Co., Rocky Fork Lake State Park, May 5, 1975, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 49709 (DAOM 193762); Portage Co., Eagle Creek State Preserve near Memttsville, May 16, 1976, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 52032 (DAOM 193761). PENNSYLVANIA: Alle- gheny Co., Fern Hollow, Sept. 22, 1906, D. R. Sumstine (NY); Butler Co., NE of Harmony, Sept. 11, 1936, L. K. Henry (NY); Fayette Co., Ohio Pyle, June 15, 1940, L. K. Henry (NY); Huntington Co., Masser's Gap, June 30, 1936,

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L. 0. Overholts (NY). WISCONSIN: Madison, June 6, 1911, RANGE: Southern Ontario and Quebec to Nova Scotia, west E. T. and S. A. Harper (F 1287708). to Missouri, south to Virginia.

(42) Mitrula lunulatospora Redhead MAP: Fig. 61, also see Redhead (1977b, Fig. 3). RANGE: From Lake Nipigon, Ontario to Nova Scotia, south

along the coast and Appalachians to Alabama and Mississippi. HABITAT: On decaying leaves and needles in stagnant forest

pools. SELECTED LITERATURE: Redhead (1977b). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: NEW BRUNS-

WICK: Kouchibouguac Natl. Park., June 12 and July 18, 1978, K. Egger (DAOM 169447, 169444).

(43) Resinornycena acadiensis Redhead & Singer MAP: Fig. 55. RANGE: Eastern New York to southern Quebec and New

Bmnswick. HABITAT: Twigs in coniferous forests. SELECTED LITERATURE: Redhead and Singer (1981). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: QUEBEC:

Brossard, Rte. 10, June 20, 1980, G. Guerin 18 (DAOM 185078). U.S.A.: NEW YORK: Westchester Co., Arrnonk, July 7, 1981, S. Stein (NY); Snyder's (14 mi W of Albany), July 25, C. H. Peck (NYS as Omphalia candida). RHODE

ISLAND: Washington Co., Aug. 6, 1988, R. Lowen (DAOM 198647).

(44) Resinomycena rhododendri (Peck) Redhead & Singer = Agaricus rhododendri Peck = Marasmius decurrens Peck, non M. decurrens Montagne = Marasmius resinosus Peck = Marasmius resinosus var. niveus Peck

MAP: Fig. 64. RANGE: Southern Ontario west to Minnesota, east to Massa-

chusetts, south to northern Georgia. HABITAT: On leaf and twig litter of Quercus, Fagus,

Castanea, Carya, and Rhododendron, and occasionally Pinus. SELECTED LITERATURE: Redhead and Singer (198 1). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: U.S.A.: CONNECTICUT:

Redding, Aug. 22, 1902, E. M. Underwood (NY). MASSA- CHUSETTS: Berkshire Co., N of Williamstown, Aug. 16, 1986, R. E. Halling 4793 (NY); Franklin Co., Conway, July 17, 1977, R. E. Halling 2133 (NY); Stow, Sept. 11, 1901, S. Davis (NYS). NEW YORK: Albany Co., Selkirk, Aug., C. H. Peck (NYS, as Marasmius resinosus); Bronx, July 27, 1902, F. S. Earle (NY); Deleware Co., Arkville, Aug. 7 - 17, 1916, W. A. Mumll (NY); Long Is., Aug. 6, 1912, C. H. Peck and F. S. Earle (NY); Worchester, North Greenbush, C. H. Peck (NYS as M. resinosus). OHIO: Lima, C. W. Dawson (NY). PENNSYLVANIA: Allegheny Co., Glenshaw, Aug. 15, 1939, L. K. Henry 3021 (NY); Berks Co., Antietum, Aug. 19, 1938, L. K. Henry 2334 (NY); Indiana Co., Glen Campbell, Aug. 4, 1938, L. K. Henry 2100 (NY); Monroe Co., Delaware Water Gap, Aug. 1 - 15, 1917, W. A. Mumll (NY); Somerset Co., NW of Trent, July 27, 1949, L. K. Henry (NY ex CM 147031); Warren Co., SW of Youngsville, Sept. 17, 1947, L. K. Henry (NY ex CM 14267); Westmoreland Co., Water- ford, Sept. 1, 1940, D. R. Sumstine (NY ex CM 12510). VIRGINIA: Giles Co., Mountain Lake, July 8- 14, 1909, W. A. Mumll (NY).

HABITAT: Colonizing roots of hardwoods in the eastern deciduous forest.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Redhead et al. (1987). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: NOVA

SCOTIA: Annapolis Co., North Mt. near Delaps Cove, Sept. 24, 1987, S. A. Redhead 6172 (DAOM 19823 1); Colchester Co., Upper Brookside, Penny Mt., July 8, 1931, A. H. Smith (MICH); Pictou Co., Mt. Thom, Aug. 15, 1931, A. H. Smith 758 (MICH); Tmro, A. H. Smith 630 (MICH). ONTARIO: Magnetawan, M. Broedel and L. C. Krieger (H. A. Kelly 1536, MICH). QUEBEC: Portneuf Co., L. St. Joseph, July 18, 1967, R. L. Shaffer 5433 (MICH). U.S.A.: CONNECTICUT: New London Co., Pachaug State Forest, Aug. 5, 1988, J. Poirier (DAOM 198644). KENTUCKY: Cumberland State Park, Oct. 22, 1955, L. R. Hesler (TENN 22196 p.p.). MAINE: Aroostook Co., Madawaska L., July 10, 1956, H. E. and M. E. Bigelow 3140 (MICH). MARYLAND: Baltimore, July 29, 1919, L.C.C. Krieger (H. A. Kelly 42, MICH). MICHIGAN: Baraga Co., Slate R., June 27, 1969, J. F. Ammi- rati 2851 (MICH); Bany Co., Yankee Springs, Sept. 3, 1955, A. H. Smith 51191 (MICH); Cheboygan Co., Burt L., July 5, 1969, A. H. Smith 77562 (MICH); Chelsea, June 1937, A. H. Smith (MICH); Chippewa Co., Detour, Aug. 14, 1949, H. Imshaug 3401 (MICH); Cross Village, June 30, 1959, A. H. smith 60861 (MICH); Emerson, ~ u l ~ 29, 1959, A. H. Smith 61203 (MICH); Emmet Co., Wilderness Park, July 20, 1953, A. H. Smith 41634 (MICH); Frankfort, Aug. 1908, E. T. and S. A. Harper 2208 (F); Ithaca, June 23, 1949, V. Potter 7465 (MICH); Kalamazoo, Aug. 21, 1966, S. J. Mazzer 4363 (MICH); Kalkaska Co., Lannin School, June 15, 1968, J. LaRue 17 (MICH); Luce Co., Tahquamenon Falls State Park, Sept. 2, 1949, A. H. Smith 33193 (MICH); Mack- inac Co., Hessel, Aug. 22, 1949, H. Imshaug 3837 (MICH); Mackinaw City, Sept. 4, 1949, A. H. Smith 33295 (MICH); Marquette Co., Huron Mts., July 8, 1968, H. D. Thiers 594 (MICH); Milford, 1945, A. H. Smith (MICH); Mt. Nebo Wilderness State Park, H. D. Thiers 3538 (MICH); Oakland Co., LaBadie L., Aug. 8, 1937, A. H. Smith 6870 (MICH); Oceana Co., Shelby, Aug. 20, 1972, F. Hoseney 2284 (MICH); Portage Co., West Branch, F. Hoseney 2037 (MICH); Quincy, Sept. 3, 1928, B. B. Kanouse (MICH); Washtenaw Co., Sharon Hollow, R. L. Shaffer 2772 (MICH). MISSISSIPPI: Adams Co., Natchez Trace Parkway, April 27, 1973, D. Guravich 284 (MICH). NEW YORK: Alcove, Aug. and Sept. 1892, C. L. Shear (New York Fungi 6, F); Genesseo Co., Oct. 14, 1961, R. H. Petersen (TENN 27566); Newcomb, Aug. 16, 1934, A. H. Smith 357 (MICH). NORTH

CAROLINA: Flat Creek, Aug. 27, 1938, A. H. Smith 10580 (MICH); Highlands, Aug. 18, 1970, L. R. Hesler (TENN 35664); Pisgah, July 31, 1963, R. H. Petersen (TENN 26684 p.p.); Swain Co., Deep Cr., Sept. 15, 1971, K. A. Harrison 11 158 (MICH). OHIO: Warren Co., Fort Ancient, Oct. 21, 1961, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 32986 p.p. (MICH). PENNSYL- VANIA: Blue Ridge Summit, July 3, 1920, L. C. C. Krieger (H. A. Kelly 475, MICH). SOUTH CAROLINA: Winnsboro, June 4, 1966, C. Fyles (TENN 2915 1 p.p.). TENNESSEE: Great Smoky Mountains Natl. Park, Cades Cove, Sept. 21, 1972, L. R. Hesler (TENN 37523), La Conte, Aug. 12, 1938, A. H.

(45) Xerulafi&racea (Peck) Redhead, Ginns & Shoemaker Smith 10076 (MICH). VERMONT: orleans Co., Barton, = Collybia radicata var. firjkracea Peck Aug. 20, 1986, E. 0 . Farwell (F 1068942); Windham Co.,

MAP: Fig. 62. Newfane Hill, July 26, 1961, R. L. Shaffer 3072 (MICH).

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VIRGINIA: Giles Co., Oct. 5, 1962, R. H. Petersen (TENN 26808); Mountain Lake, Sept. 15, 1958, H. R. Milliken (TENN 3981 p.p.). WISCONSIN: Bayfield Co., Chequamegon Natl. Forest, July 7, 1971, S. J. Mazzer (MICH).

(46) Xerula megalospora (Clements) Redhead, Ginns & Shoemaker = Clitocybe megalospora Clements = Collybia umbrina Clements = Collybia radicata var. minor Peck

MAP: Fig. 66. RANGE: Southern Ontario and Quebec, west to Nebraska,

east to eastern New York, south to Louisiana. HABITAT: Colonizing roots of hardwoods in the eastern

deciduous forest. SELECTED LITERATURE: Redhead et al. (1987). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ONTARIO:

Magnetawan, July 26, 1921, H. A. Kelly 1272 (MICH). U.S.A. : ILLINOIS: Evanston, Sept. 29, 1968, R. Singer N1753 (F); Geneseo, Aug., 1915, E. T. and S. A. Harper 3705 (F); Lake Co., Highland Park, Sept. 3, 1975, R. Singer N7558 (F); Port Byron, June 13, 1898, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F); Wheaton, June 10, 1982, R. Singer N4106 (F). INDIANA: Montgomery Co., The Shades State Park, Aug. 25, 1961, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 327 16 (MICH); Owen Co., Spencer, Aug. 22, 1970, R. L. Shaffer 6341 (MICH); Warren Co., High Bridge, Aug. 26, 1961, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 32853 (MICH). MICHIGAN: Alpen Co., Sinks, June 26, 1959, A. J. Sharp (MICH); Baraga Co., Slate R., June 27, 1969, J. F. Ammirati 2850 (MICH); Belleville, June 30, 1970, F. Hose- ney 2021 (MICH); Bois Blanc Island, July 27, 1947, M. Lange and A. H. Smith 26053 (MICH); Emmet Co., Pellston Hills, June 27, 1957, R. L. Shaffer 1302 (MICH); Iosco Co., Iargo Pond, July 29, 1973, C. Nimke 372 (MICH); Ithaca, Aug. 12, 1948, V. Potter 6029 (MICH); Kalamazoo Co., Kalamazoo, June 3, 1973, S. Rosegrant 1 (MICH); Kalkaska Co., Lannin School, June 29, 1968, J. LaRue 56 (MICH); Livingstone Co., E. S. George Res., July 19, 1971, F. Hoseney 1804 (MICH); Luce Co., Tahquamenon Falls State Park, July 23, 1953, A. H. Smith 41655 (MICH); Mackinac Co., Hessel, Aug. 22, 1949, H. Imshaug (MICH); Mackinac Island, July 13, 1899, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F); Mackinaw City, July 26, 1949, A. H. Smith 32713 (MICH); Oakland Co., Haven Hill, July 24, 1972, A. H. Smith 81 182 (MICH); Ontonagon Co., Porcupine Mts. State Park, Aug. 23, 1962, H. Peters 1124 (MICH); Summer, July 19, 1948, V. Potter 5702 (MICH); Washtenaw Co., Ann Arbor, July 24, 1970, R. Chaud 15 (MICH), Sept. 24, 1894, L. N. Johnson (MICH). MINNESOTA: Dakota Co., June 14, 1968, M. G. Weaver 1298 (MICH); Rice Co., Wheeling Twp., June 23, 1965, M. G. Weaver 1 164 (MICH). MISSOURI: Franklin Co., Meramec State Park, May 31, 1940, J. B. Routien (TENN 13232). NEW YORK: Alleghany State Park, July 7, 1964, R. H. Petersen (TENN 27589); Kingston, Binnewater L., July 9, 1955, R. P. Korf and Denison (MICH); Wyoming Co., July 15, 1964, R. H. Petersen (TENN 27450). NORTH CAROLINA: Great Smoky Mts. Natl. Park, Mt. Mitchell, July 30, 1958, L. R. Hesler (TENN 23087). OHIO: Warren Co., Fort Ancient, Oct. 21, 1961, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 32986 p.p. (MICH). TENNESSEE: Great Smoky Mts. Natl. Park, Cades Cove, July 20, 1966, L. R. Hesler (TENN 29200); Hamilton Co., Lookout Mt., May 27, 1934, L. R. Hesler (TENN 3634); Knoxville, May 8, 1944, R. M. Boarts (ex TENN 18342,

MICH); Nashville, Sept. 1976, M. Dement (MICH); New Hopewell, Aug. 27, 1950, L. R. Hesler (TENN 19726); Noms, June 11, 1955, L. R. Hesler (TENN 21679). VIRGINIA: Fairfax Co., N. Rochester, Sept. 19, 1977, D. Nash (F 1059677). WISCONSIN: Lake ~ e n e v a , July 16, 1983, R. singer N5 124 (F).

(47) Xerula rubrobrurzrzescens Redhead, Ginns & Shoemaker MAP: Fig. 60. RANGE: From Iowa to southern Quebec, south to the Great

Smoky Mountains along the Appalachians. HABITAT: Colonizing roots of hardwoods in the eastern

deciduous forest. SELECTED LITERATURE: Redhead et al. (1987). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ONTARIO:

Shaw Wood Lot near Eganville, Aug. 11, 1987, J. Ginns and S. A. Redhead 5931 (DAOM 197189). U.S.A.: ILLINOIS: Evanston, Sept. 29, 1968, R. Singer (F 101437 p.p.); Glencoe, Aug. 1907, E. T. and S. A. Harper 1627 (F 1322726). IOWA: Iowa City, Sept. 12, 1938, J. M. McGuire (MICH). KEN- TUCKY: Cumberland State Park, Oct. 22, 1955, T. H. Camp- bell and L. R. Hesler (TENN 22196). MICHIGAN: Bemen Co., Warren's Woods, Oct. 7, 1955, R. L. Shaffer and A. H. Smith 50713 (MICH); Cheboygan Co., Sept. 13, 1964, A. H. Smith 78083 (MICH); Emmet Co., W Branch of Maple R., Aug. 5, 1953, L. R. Hesler (MICH); Luce Co., Tahquamenon Falls State Park, July 6, 1955, A. H. Smith 49733 (MICH); Mar- quette Co., Canyon L. Rd., Aug. 29, 1970, A. H. Smith 78696 (MICH), Ives L., Aug. 27, 1970, A. H. Smith 78580 (MICH); Oakland Co., Highlands Rec. area, Aug. 10, 1972, A. H. Smith 81432 (MICH), Milford, Sept. 18, 1945, A. H. Smith 20547 (MICH), Proud L., Sept. 3, 1969, A. H. Smith 75101 (MICH). NEW HAMPSHIRE: Grafton Co., W. Thorton, Aug. 31, 1940, P. M. Rea 703 (MICH). NEW YORK: Adiron- dack Park; Floodwood, Meacham L., Aug. 21, 1987, M. Waitkins (DAOM 197354), North Elba, Aug. 22, 1987, M. Illich (DAOM 197334). NORTH CAROLINA: Blue Ridge Parkway, mile post 363, Aug. 4, 1955, L. R. Hesler (TENN 232 16 p.p.). RHODE ISLAND: Washington Co., Aug. 6, 1988, Van Matie (DAOM 198645). TENNESSEE: Great Smoky Mts. Natl. Park, Husky Gap, Aug. 4 , 1938, A. H. Smith 9717 (MICH). VIRGINIA: Giles Co., Mountain Lake, Sept. 15, 1958, H. R. Milliken (TENN 3981 p.p.).

Eastern maritime - Great Lakes endemic (48) Laccaria trullisata (Ellis) Peck = Agaricus trullisatus Ellis

MAP: Fig. 74. RANGE: Scattered along the eastern seaboard from Florida to

New Bmnswick, P. E. I., and GaspC, Quebec, and to Missis- sippi on the Gulf coast, around the Great Lakes and Ottawa valley, also associated with the Mississippi drainage.

HABITAT: Sparsely vegetated dunes along ocean, lake, and river shores.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Anderson (1950); Anonymous (1903); Bigelow and Barr (1962); Ellis (1874); Hgiland (1976); Huhtinen (1988); Malloch and Thorn (1985); Peck (19 12); Redhead and Watling (1979); Singer (1942a, 196 1); Smith (1934, 1952); Weaver and Shaffer (1969).

NOTES: This species is easily recognized by its habitat and its elongated, nearly smooth spores. It is assumed to be mycorrhizal with dune inhabitors such as Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt.

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(Malloch and Thorn 1985). Its distribution is mostly linked to the ocean or the Great Lakes, and therefore follows a pattern exhibited by a number of dune-inhabiting vascular plants. The Ottawa valley collections are in an area formerly covered by the Champlain Sea in postglacial history.

For the purposes of mapping, the following three records, which have been verified by Dr. G. Mueller, have been plotted: U.S.A.: FLORIDA: Levy Co., Cedar Keys, Way Key, Jan. 22, 1949 (F). NORTH CAROLINA: Carteret Co., Bogue, Oct. 31, 1977, Randall 106 (NCSC). WISCONSIN: Trempealoa Co., near Osseo, Sept. 18, 1977, G. Mueller 127 (SIU).

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: PRINCE

EDWARD ISLAND: Kings Co., E side of mouth of St. Peter's Bay, Oct. 17, 1988, S. A. Redhead 6768 (DAOM 198752); Queens Co., W Brackley Beach, P.E.I. Natl. Park, Aug. 1970, M. Granter (QFB 19019). QUEBEC: Gasp6 peninsula, Forillon Natl. Park, Penouille, Oct. 2, 1988, S. A. Redhead 6538 (DAOM 199157). U.S.A.: ILLINOIS: Mason Co., Oct. 1959, R. H. Runde (MICH). MICHIGAN: Anne Arundel Co., Severn R., Oct. 3, 1919, H. A. Kelly 270 (MICH); Chippewa Co., Whitefish Point, Sept. 12, 1955, A. H. Smith 50404 (MICH); Magothy R., Dec. 29, 1923, H. A. Kelly 1921 (MICH); Mar- quette Co., Chocolay R., Oct. 5, 1970, K. A. Hamson 9968 (MICH), Le Vasseur, Sept. 30, 1970, K. A. Hamson 9883 (MICH); Muskegan Co., Cedar Creek Twp., Sept. 16, 1979, A. A. and S. A. Reznicek and P. A. Keddy (MICH); Oceana Co., Grant Twp., Sept. 26, 1970, E. Robinson 37 (MICH); Standish, Sept. 25, 1938, A. H. Smith 1 1095 (MICH); Talbot Co., Clora's Point, Choptank R., Aug. 26, 1925, W. H. Fisher (H. A. K. 1979, MICH). MINNESOTA: Crow Wing Co., Pelican Twp., Oct. 4, 1961, M. G. Weaver (MICH). MISSIS- SIPPI: Jackson Co., Gulf Islands Natl. Seashore, Horn Is., Dec. 3, 1982, N. S. Weber 4669 (MICH). NEW YORK: Suffock Co., Hither Hills State Park, Oct. 3, 1965, C. T. Rogerson (NY). VIRGINIA: Virginia Beach Co., Sandbridge, N of Back Bay Wild Life refuge, Dec. 4, 1985, E. Neilson ( 0 . K. Miller 22475, VPI).

Amphi-Beringian: Eurasian - western cordillera (49) Marasmius tremulae Velen.

MAP: Fig. 40. RANGE: Columbian mountains, British Columbia to the

Alaskan panhandle; eastern USSR to central Europe; probably introduced to Iceland.

HABITAT: In Eurasia and Iceland, where the host has been introduced, restricted to fallen leaves of Populus tremula L., in North America on leaves of P. trichocalpa Torr. & Gray.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Azbukina et al. (1984); Bulakh (1977); Favre (1955); Hallgninsson (1981); Horak (1985); Urbonas et al. (1 986).

NOTES: In most European keys, M. tremulae is characterized by growth on leaves of P. tremula while M. epiphyllus occurs on many hosts. Favre (1955) noted other differences such as the absence of clamp connections in M. tremulae and its bisporic basidia, in addition to smaller size and fewer recog- nizable lamellae. Based on these features it is clear that the common species on Populus tremuloides Michx., the vicariant North American counterpart to P. tremula, is not M. tremulae but M. epiphyllus. Marasmius tremulae switches hosts and appears to be restricted to P. trichocarpa in the western cordillera.

Marasmius minutissimus Peck is neither synonymous with

M. tremulae as suggested by Favre (1955) nor synonymous with M. epiphyllus as suggested by Gilliam (1976), but is a distinct species restricted to the east coast of North America.


COLUMBIA: Glacier Natl. Park, Roger's Pass, Sept. 14, 1980, S. A. Redhead 3736 (DAOM 199049). U.S.A.: ALASKA: Gla- cier Bay Natl. Park, Sept. 7 and 9, 1979, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 57282, 57338, 57349 (DAOM 193752, 193751, 175884).

(50) Mycena lohwagii Singer MAP: Fig. 38. RANGE: Coastal from southern Vancouver Island to Oregon,

again in the interior wet belt of British Columbia (Columbian Mts.); eastern USSR and the Caucasus mountains.

HABITAT: On buried rhizomes of Athyrium felix-femmina (L.) Roth. in North America and Asia, and also Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai in the USSR in loamy, wet soil, often near streams or rivers.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Azbukina et al. (1984); Maas Gees- teranus (1986); Nakhutsrishvili (1975); Redhead (1984d); Vaasma et al. (1986); Vasil'eva (1973).

(5 1) Phaeolepiota aurea (Matt. :Fr.) Maire = Agaricus aureus Matt. = Agaricus vahlei Fr. = Lepiota pyrenaeca Qu61.

MAP: Fig. 30. RANGE: South central Alaska to southern British Columbia,

Washington, and northern Idaho in the Coastal, Cascade, Monashee, Columbian, Selkirk, and Rocky Mountains; throughout Europe (Austria, Belgium, Britain, Czechoslova- kia, Denmark, France, East and West Germany, Hungary, Italy, Greece, Portugal, Estonian SSR, Latvian SSR, Lithua- nian SSR, Yugoslavia, and Leningrad, Georgian, Krasnodar, and Arkhangelsk regions of USSR, Karel Republic USSR, Ukranian SSR, Belorussia) and Tibet, the far eastern USSR (Kavkaz, Khabarovsk, and Primorski regions, Mariiskaia Republic), and Japan.

HABITAT: Often on flood plains in mountainous areas, on soil under poplars and conifers.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Bach (1956); Hongo (1986); Ito (1959); Nakhutsrishvili (1975); Overholts (1927); Reid (1975b); Schmid-Heckel (1985); Smith and Hesler (1968); Urbonas et al. (1986); Vaasma et al. (1986); Wang and Zang (1983); Wasser (1980, 1985); Wells and Kempton (1965, 1967).

NOTES: Welden and Guzman (1978) reported this species from Veracruz, Mexico; however, a specimen determined as P. aurea by Guzman (leg. F. Ventura, April 3, 1972, 1360 m elev., El Esqilon, Municipio de Jilotepec, Veracruz, Mexico (NY)), on wood, is actually a large pleurocystidiate Agrocybe with a membranous annulus.

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ALBERTA: Jasper, Sept. 21, 1980, H. M. E. Schalkwyk 1656 (DAOM 1913 19). BRITISH COLUMBIA: Glacier Natl. Park, Beaver River valley, Sept. 16, 1980, S. A. Redhead 3794 (DAOM 178195); Hope, Oct. 8, 1961, W. G. Ziller (DAOM 89721, ex DAVFP 12950); Ladner, Deese Creek, Oct. 5, 1974, L. C. Schisler (DAOM 176289); Revelstoke, Nov. 1965, M. Hume (DAOM 113986); Vancouver, Sept. 5 , 1946, J. Bowman (DAOM 23943); Vancouver Island, Goldstream Prov. Park, July 20, 1957, M. C. Melburn (DAOM 56931); Vernon, Sept. 22, 1965, E. J. Dede (DAOM 110471); Wells Gray Prov. Park,

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Clearwater confluence, Aug. 20, 1980, T. Goward 80-502 (DAOM 188946). FINLAND: POHJOIS-POHJANMAA: Oulu, Sept. 18, 1974, J. Hakosalo (DAOM 149903). U.S.A.: ALASKA: Anchorage, Sept. 6, 1970, V. Wells and P. Kempton 4881 (MICH); Haines, Sept. 11, 1967, V. Wells and P. Kempton 1 (MICH); Mile 40, Haines Cutoff Road, Sept. 20, 1970, V. Wells and P. Kempton 4967 (MICH); Sutton area, Buffalo L., Sept. 8, 1970, V. Wells and P. Kemp- ton 4887 (MICH). IDAHO: Bonner Co., Priest L., Sept. 1973, B. Poqette (MICH). WASHINGTON: Island Co., Whidbey Is., Oct. 20, 1966, K. A. Hamson 6472 (MICH); Kittitas Co., Stampede Pass Rd., Oct. 11, 1984, E. Farwell5009 (F); Lake Crescent, Oct. 19, 1935, A. H. Smith 3117 (MICH); Mt. Rainier Natl. Park, Lower Tahoma Creek, Sept. 20, 1948, A. H. Smith 31491 (DAOM 24727); Olympic Mts., Elwha R., Oct. 25, 1935, A. H. Smith 3355 (MICH).

Amphi-Beringian: Asian - western cordillera (52) Boletus mirabilis (Murr.) Murr. = Ceriomyces mirabilis Murr.

MAP: Fig. 36. RANGE: South central Alaska south to northern California

along the coast and west to Idaho, disjunct to Japan and Taiwan.

HABITAT: Mycorrhizal with Tsuga rooting on decaying conifer logs and stumps (usually Tsuga).

SELECTED LITERATURE: Bandoni and Szczawinski (1976); Hongo (1973); Hongo and Chen (1985); Kauffman (1925a); Mumll (1912a); Singer (1945); Slipp and Snell (1944); Smith (1949); Smith and Weber (1980); Thiers (1966, 1975).

NOTES: This species is mycorrhizal with hemlock (Kropp 1982; Kropp and Trappe 1982) and does not occur outside of the range of that genus. Its habitat, rotting conifer logs, mainly hemlock, and distinctive appearance make it an easily recognized species. Boletus mirabilis was reported from Pennsyl- vania under pine by Overholts (1940), but this collection was later determined to be the closely allied B. projectellus Murr. by Snell and Dick (1961). Similarly, the reports of B. mirabilis from Victoria Beach, Manitoba (Bisby et al. 1938; Snell 1936), outside of the range of Tsuga (Hosie 1969), were based on misdetermined collections of B. projectellus (DAOM 198160 and 198161, Victoria Beach, Manitoba, Aug. 23, 1935, G. R. Bisby). The one specimen cited from Michigan by Smith and Thiers (1971), A. H. Smith 38627, Tahquamenon Falls State Park, Luce Co., Mich. (MICH), is also B. projectellus. The spores on this specimen measure 26-28 x 9.3 - 10 pm, and when compared directly with typical B. mirabilis from western North America and B. projectellus from eastern North America, clearly match the latter. There are no other determined eastern North American specimens at Ann Arbor (MICH), hence the report of B. mirabilis from "Michigan and westward" by Snell and Dick (1970) should be considered erroneous.


COLUMBIA: Glacier Natl. Park, upper Illecillewaet River valley, Sept. 27, 1980, S. A. Redhead 4106 (DAOM 191912); Revelstoke, Aug. 29, 1949, J. R. Tannhauser (DAOM 22 1 1 I) , Sept. 26 and 27, 1962, M. Pantidou (DAOM 91258, 91259); Terrace, Sept. 11, 1956, W. G. Ziller (DAOM 117912); Vancouver Island: 56 km W of Port Alberni, Sept. 30, 1979, S. A. Redhead 3253 (DAOM 198170), Lake Cowichan, Oct. 7, 1966, H. M. Craig (DAOM 117915).

U.S.A.: CALIFORNIA: Mendocino Co., Jackson State Forest, Nov. 3, 1962, B. Thiers, HDT 9346 (DAOM 113931), Nov. 4, 1962, B. Thiers (DAOM 91261). IDAHO: Kanisku Natl. Forest, Binarch Creek, Sept. 20, 1964, K. A. Hamson (DAOM 11329). OREGON: Cascade Mts., Waupunta Summit, Sept. 25, 1944, A. H. Smith 19096 (DAOM 97621). WASH-

INGTON: Mt. Rainier, Oct. 24, 1962, M. Pantidou (DAOM 91260).

(53) Chroogomphus tomentosus (Murr.) 0. K. Miller = Gornphidius tomentosus Mum.

MAP: Fig. 32. RANGE: From the Queen Charlotte Islands to southern Cali-

fornia along the coast, also in the Cascades, Selkirks, Sierra Nevada mountains, the Colorado Plateau, and Japan.

HABITAT: Mycorrhizal, possibly with hemlock. SELECTED LITERATURE: Miller (1964); Mumll (19 12b);

Hongo (1960); Imai (1938); Singer (1949); Smith (1949, 1975); Thiers (1985).

NOTES: The genus Chroogomphus was monographed for North America by Miller (1964). Previously it had been treated in the genus Gomphidius that had twice before been monographed (Kauffman 1925b; Singer 1949). Chroogorn- phus tornentosus had in the past (Kauffman 1925b) been confused with a then undescribed species, C. leptocystis (Singer) 0. K. Miller, but this confusion was resolved by Singer (1 949).


COLUMBIA: Glacier Natl. Park, upper Illecillewaet River valley, Sept. 27, 1980, S. A. Redhead 41 11 (DAOM 182538); Queen Charlotte Islands, Graham Is., Naikoon Prov. Park, Cape Fife trail, Sept. 16, 1982, S. A. Redhead 4303 (DAOM 187504); Shuswap Lake, Seymore Arm near Alba, Oct. 27, 1982, T. Goward 82-1695 et al. (DAOM 192 121); Vancouver Island: Cowichan Lake, Oct. 20, 1971, J. Ginns 200F (DAOM 170660), Sooke, Oct. 16, 1962, M. Pantidou (DAOM 91256), 48 km E of Ucluclet, Oct. 6, 1973, S. A. Redhead AM-6 (DAOM 17517). U.S.A. : ARIZONA: Cocon- nico Co., Flagstaff, Quinby 124c (MICH). CALIFORNIA:

Mendicino Co., Jackson State Forest, Oct. 29, 1972, M. Con- cannon (DAOM 187487). IDAHO: Bonner Co., Coolin, Sept. 18, 1968, A. H. Smith 76439 (MICH), Kanisku Natl. Forest, Binarch Creek, Sept. 20, 1964, K. A. Hanison (DAOM 113731); Boundary Co., Upper Priest L., Sept. 28, 1966, A. H. Smith 73690 (MICH); Kootenai Co., E. Coeur dlAlene, Sept. 18, 1966, A. H. Smith 53518 (MICH). OREGON: Cascade Mts., Waupinita summit, Sept. 25, 1944, A. H. Smith 19077 (MICH); McKenzie Pass, Oct. 18, 1937, A. H. Smith 7957 (MICH); Mt. Hood, Oct. 20, 1944, W. B. Gmber and A. H. Smith 20004 (MICH); Rhododendron, Oct. 19, 1945, W. B. Gruber 696 (MICH); Tillamook Co., Cascade Head, Oct. 6, 1970, E. Javarsky (A. H. S. 78837, MICH). WASHINGTON: Cape Flattery, Sept. 18, 1935, A. H. Smith 2493 (MICH); Franklin, Sept. 18, 1915, C. H. Kauff- man (MICH); Lake Crescent, Oct. 6, 1935, A. H. Smith 3012 (MICH); Lake Quinnault, Oct. 14, 1925, C. H. Kauffman (MICH); Mt. Baker, Sept. 13, 1941, A. H. Smith 16924 (MICH); Mt. Rainier Natl. Park, Sept. 25, 1952, A. H. Smith 40290 (MICH); Mt. Shuksan, Aug. 18, 1941, A. H. Smith 16243 (MICH); Olympic Hot Springs, Sept. 29, 1935, A. H. Smith 2760 (MICH); Olympic Natl. Park, Humcane Ridge, Sept. 20, 1941, A. H. Smith 17057 (MICH).

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Amphi-Beringian: Asian - west coast

(54) Marasmius plicatulus Peck MAP: Fig. 35. RANGE: Coastal from southern California to southern British

Columbia, and rare in southwestern Idaho. HABITAT: Humus under various conifers or oaks. SELECTED LITERATURE: Desjardin (19870); Hardy (1946,

misdetermined as M. bellipes). NOTES: This species has been reported from China (Tai

1979), but this report needs to be confirmed by specimens before being accepted.


COLUMBIA: Vancouver Island, Saanich, Oct. 28, 1941, G. A. Hardy (DAOM 10621, misdetermined as M. bellipes), Nov. 1, 1958, W. G. Ziller (DAOM 59782, ex DAVFP 10620). U.S.A. : CALIFORNIA: Alameda Co., Oakland, January 7, 1934, W. Lucke (DAOM 55635); N of Campanile, Feb. 28, 1937, L. Bonar (DAOM F7905); Del Norte Co., Crescent City, Oct. 30, 1937, A. H. Smith 8268 (MICH), Jedediah Smith State Park, Nov. 11, 1967, K. Kaneko (DAOM 128245); Eugene, Nov. 1934, F. P. Sipe 1 19 (MICH); Hum- bolt Co., Trinidad, Dec. 12, 1935, A. H. Smith 3945 (MICH); Mendocino Co., Nov. 3, 1962, M. Pantidou (DAOM 92231); Oakland, Feb. 25, 1934, W. Lucke (in Dearness herb. in DAOM); Orick, Dec. 7, 1935, A. H. Smith 3868 (MICH); San Francisco Co., San Francisco, Nov. 16, 1972, M. Concannon (DAOM 144063); Santa Barbara, Jan. 25, 1941, R. and M. Rea 849 (MICH). IDAHO: Owyhee Co., Silver City, July 1970, E. Trueblood 3883 (MICH). OREGON: Marion Co., Salem, no date, W. A. Mum11 (MICH); Mult- nomah Co., Portland, Nov. 21, 1945, W. B. Gruber 739 (MICH); Sandy, Nov. 5, 1947, A. H. Smith 28537 (MICH); Siskiyou Natl. Forest, Takilma, Nov. 27, 1925, C. H. Kauff- man (MICH); Tillamook Co., Pacific City, Nov. 7, 1970, A. H. Smith 79661 (MICH). WASHINGTON: Elwha R., June 23, 1935, A. H. Smith 14583 (MICH); Hoh R., June 30, 1939, A. H. Smith 14717 (MICH); Joyce, Whisky Cr., Oct. 15, 1935, A. H. Smith (MICH).

(55) Neolentinus kaufSmanii (Smith) Redhead & Ginns = Lentinus kaufSmanii A. H. Smith

MAP: Fig. 41. RANGE: Coastal from the Queen Charlotte Islands and the

Alaskan panhandle to northern California; Japan. HABITAT: Causing a brown cubical rot in living and fallen

Picea sitchensis in North America. SELECTED LITERATURE: Bier and Nobles (1946); Cash

(1953); Comer (1981); Englerth (1947); Pegler (1983b); Redhead and Ginns (1985).


COLUMBIA: Queen Charlotte Islands, Cumshewa Inlet, Sept. 23, 1942, J. E. Bier (DAOM 1 1 17 l), Graham Island: Naikoon Prov. Park, Tow Hill, Sept. 21, 1982, S. A. Redhead 4465 (DAOM 187995), Yakoun River 6 km S of Port Clements, Sept. 15, 1982, S. A. Redhead 4261 (DAOM 187562); Van- couver, Stanley Park, Aug. 13 and Oct. 12, 1983, Nov. 4, 1985, P. Kroeger 492, 701, 930 (DAOM 199069, 199067, 199071). U.S.A. : CALIFORNIA: Humbolt Co., Trinidad, Dec. 7, 1956, A. H. Smith 56454 (MICH). OREGON: Eugene, Nov. 10, 1946, F. P. Sipe 928 (MICH); Otis, Oct. 7, 1970, A. H. Smith 78856 (MICH); Tillamook Co., Cascade Head, Nov. 14, 1972, A. H. Smith 83775 (MICH). WASHINGTON:

Cape Flattery, Oct. 18, 1941, A. H. Smith 18033 (MICH); Lake Quinnault, Oct. 1, 1925, C. A. Brown (MICH), Oct. 31, 1925, C. H. Kauffman (MICH); Mt. Rainier, Carbon R., Oct. 6, 1952, A. H. Smith 40666 (MICH); Pierce Co., Wilke- son, Oct. 8, 1954, A. H. Smith 48695 and H. E. Bigelow (MICH) . (56) Stereopsis hurnphreyi (Burt) Redhead & Reid = Craterellus hurnphreyi Burt

MAP: Fig. 48. RANGE: Coastal from the Queen Charlotte Islands, British

Columbia to the Olympic Peninsula, Washington; ? Tibet. HABITAT: MOSSY or bare needle beds under Sitka spruce in

wet depressions. SELECTED LITERATURE: Redhead and Reid (1983). NOTES: This is a very distinctive species not likely to be con-

fused with any other species in North America. One collection reported from Tibet (Wang and Zang 1983) was not described in detail and therefore needs to be confirmed.

European - west coast (57) Hernirnycena tortuosa (Orton) Redhead = Mycena tortuosa Orton

MAP: Fig. 47. RANGE: Queen Charlotte Islands to southern Vancouver

Island, France and England. HABITAT: Bark of conifers and hardwoods. SELECTED LITERATURE: Orton (1960); Redhead (1980~);

Romagnesi (1 978). NOTES: This is a minute but distinctive species restricted to

growth on bark. It will undoubtedly be found along the coast in the Pacific Northwest of the U.S. when sought. Attempts to find it elsewhere in Canada, including the eastern Maritimes, have been unsuccessful.


COLUMBIA: Queen Charlotte Islands, Graham Island, Naikoon Prov. Park, Tow Hill, Sept. 22, 1982, S. A. Redhead 4473 (DAOM 187535).

(58) Melanotus textilis Redhead & Kroeger MAP: Fig. 49. RANGE: Southwestern coastal British Columbia to northern

California; British Isles (possibly introduced). HABITAT: Bits of loose bark, well-decayed wood, and cloth

of other fabrics left outdoors. SELECTED LITERATURE: Redhead and Kroeger (1984); Wat-

ling and Gregory (1987). NOTES: According to Watling and Gregory (1987) this spe-

cies probably has been introduced into the British Isles.

(59) Mycena culrnigena Maas G. MAP: Fig. 45. RANGE: Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, to

Oregon along the coast; Denmark, Germany and Sweden. HABITAT: On sedges and rushes along lake, river, and ocean

shores. SELECTED LITERATURE: Einhellinger (1976, 1977); Maas

Geesteranus (1986); Redhead (1981b, 1984b). NOTES: This is a distinctive species often reported under the

name Mycena juncicola (Fr.) Gillet. However, M. juncicola is a distinct species with a rosy pileus and a dark stipe. It has not been recollected and described since Fries' days. Mycena cari- ciophila Redhead, described from New Brunswick, is not

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3026 CAN. J . BOT.

synonymous with M. juncicola as suggested by Maas Geester- anus (1.c.).

(60) Omphalina viridis (Hornem.) Kuyper = Agaricus ericetorum var. viridis Hornem. = Omphalia viridis (Hornem.) J. Lange = Clitocybe atroviridis Bigelow

MAP: Fig. 43. RANGE: Queen Charlotte Islands south to northern California

along the coast, also in Britain, the Netherlands, France, Den- mark, and northern Africa.

HABITAT: Among acrocarpous mosses on sandy soil along creeks, beaches, and in grassy areas.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Arnolds (1982); Bigelow (1982, 1985); Bigelow and Smith (1962); Dennis et al. (1960); Malen~on and Bertault (1975); Redhead (1986); Smith (1941).

NOTES: The specific name for this species has been debated for years. It has been called Omphalina urnbellifera var. viridis (Hornem.) QuCl., Omphalina chlorocyanea (Pat.) Singer, and Clitocybe smaragdina (Berk.) Bigelow & Smith. The nomenclature and taxonomy were discussed by Bigelow (1985) and Redhead (1986). This species is distinctive because of its unusual blue-green pigment and its often early fruiting in the spring.

Thiers' collections from California cited by Bigelow (1985) are all from Mendocino (H. D. Thiers, personal communication, 1988).

(61) Resinomycena saccharifera (Berk. & Br.) Redhead = Agaricus sacchariferus Berk. & Br. = Omphalia quisquilaris Josserand, nom. invalid. = Mycena kalalochensis A. H. Smith = Mycena pudica Hora

MAP: Fig. 42. RANGE: Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia to north-

ern California along the coast; Denmark, Britain, and France. HABITAT: On wet decaying vegetation, grasses, leaf litter,

small twigs, along beaches, in seepage areas, and in dense hummocks.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Hora (1960); Josserand (1937); Kiihner (1938, 1985); Lange (1946); Maas Geesteranus (1982); Pearson (1946); Redhead and Singer (1981); Redhead (1984b).

NOTES: This is a small but microscopically distinctive species.

Amphi-Atlantic: European - east coast (62) Luccaria maritima (Teod.) Singer ex Huhtinen = Hygrophorus maritima Teod. = Luccaria trullisata f. rugulospora M. Lange

MAP: Fig. 52, also see Elborne (1989, Fig. 4). RANGE: Coastal around the Baltic Sea and the North Sea in

Europe; from one locality each in Greenland and Post-de-la- Baleine, Quebec.

HABITAT: Shifting coastal sand dunes, sometimes sparsely vegetated.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Andersson (1950); Bresinsky (1987); Elborne (1989); Hpliland (1976); Huhtinen (1988); Kallio and Heikkila (1963); Lamoure et al. (1982); Lange (1955); Singer (1961); Teodorowicz (1936); Ulvinen et al. (1981); Urbonas et al. (1986); Vellinga (1982).

NOTES: It is possible that this species has been introduced to both North America and Greenland from Europe as a ballast

fungus equivalent to ballast plants (Baum 1978; Ridley 1930). Its sporadic distribution in North America, the presence of a much commoner North Amerian vicariant species, L. trullisata, and its habitat, beach sand, make this a likely possibil- ity. Another fungus, Uromyces ervi West., parasitic on Vicia hirsuta (L.) S. F. Gray, was first reported from North America near Tracadiae, N.S. by Savile (1957), who now believes it may also be a ballast fungus (D. B. 0. Savile, personal communication).

(63) Panellus violaceofulvus (Batsch:Fr.) Singer = Agaricus violaceofulvus Batsch = Agaricus elatinus Pers. = Agaricus blakei Berk. & Curt.

MAP: Fig. 54 (*exact location in Maine not known). RANGE: Western Newfoundland, Anticosti Island, and

Gasp6 Peninsula, Quebec, Nova Scotia, Saint-Pierre, Maine; Europe (Austria, Czechoslovakia, Estonian SSR, France, Ger- many, Italy, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, Switzerland), Asia Minor, the western Caucasus (Krasnodar region), and Geor- gian USSR.

HABITAT: On senescent lower branches, rarely over 2 cm diam, of living fir or recently killed understory trees.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Abraham (1986); Boudier (1904- 191 I), Konrad and Maublanc (1928); Malkovskjl (1932); Miller (1970); Nakhutsrishvili (1975); Pilit (1935 - 1936); Schmid-Heckel (1985); Thorn (1986b); Ulvinen et al. (1981); Urbonas et al. (1986); Vaasma et al. (1986).

NOTES: In older European literature this species was often divided into two forms or varieties, e.g., f. typica and f. delas- trei. The latter taxon is now considered to be a distinct species, P. ringens (Fr.) Romagnesi, which occurs on hardwoods. As pointed out by Miller (1970), most older North American reports of P. violaceofulvus were based on the latter form or variety and hence refer to P. ringens. For example, the report of P. violaceofulvus from Kenora, Ontario, by Bisby et al. (1938) was based on a misidentified collection of P. ringens (DAOM 198216, on Betula, Sept. 30, 1934, G. R. Bisby et al.). Panellus violaceofulvus is notable for its absence in eastern Asia east of Georgia and the western Caucasus Moun- tains, USSR, and in North America west of the eastern Mari- times.

ADDITlONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: NEWFOUND- LAND: Gros Morne Natl. Park, Western Brook trail, Sept. 24, 1983, J . Ginns and S. A. Redhead 4988 (DAOM 187858). NOVA SCOTIA: Queen's Co., Kejimkujik Natl. Park seaside adjunct, Port Joli Head, Sept. 22, 1987, S. A. Redhead 61 14 (DAOM 198237); Victoria Co., Cape Breton Highlands Natl. Park, Jack Pine trail, Oct. 4 , 1987, S. A. Redhead 6453 (DAOM 198238). QUEBEC: Anticosti Island, Port Menier, July 18, 1966, G. Bard (QFB 5083); Gasp6 Peninsula, Forillon Natl. Park, La Chute trail, Oct. 2, 1988, S. A. Redhead 6550 (DAOM 198753).

Amphi-Atlantic: European- boreal

(64) Lyophyllum palustre (Peck) Singer = Agaricus palustris Peck = Agaricus leucomyosotis Cooke & Smith = Agaricus obstans Britz. = Collybia papilliformis Kauff.

MAP: Fig. 57. RANGE: Southern boreal forest of Manitoba east through the

northern Great Lakes region, to Nova Scotia and New Jersey;

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REDHEAD 3027

Europe (Britain, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonian SSR, France, Germany, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, Romania, Sweden, Leningrad region USSR); Japan.

HABITAT: Parasitic on Sphagnum in bogs. SELECTED LITERATURE: Bauchet (1967); Britzelmayer

(1881); Cooke (1885); Favre (1939b); Gourley (1982); Kauff- man (1929); Kobayasi (1954); Kotlaba and KubiCka (1960); J. Lange (1936b); M. Lange (1948); McNeil(1983); Redhead (1981~); SBlBgeanu and $tefureac (1972); Singer (1939); Smith (1936); Ulvinen et al. (1986); Velenovsky (1920).

NOTES: Lyophyllum palustre is a host specific parasite that kills and then digests Sphagnum, causing necrotic patches in the turf (Redhead 1981a; Simon 1987; Untiedt and Mueller 1985).

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: MANITOBA: Riding Mountain Natl. Park, Birdtail Creek, Aug. 27, 1979, S. A. Redhead 3092 (DAOM 176591). NEW BRUNSWICK: Kouchibouguac Natl. Park, July 6, 1977, S. A. Redhead 2294 (DAOM 166812), July 19, 1977, R. Millikin (DAOM 169669). NOVA SCOTIA: Colchester Co., Upper Brookside, June 27, 1931, A. H. Smith (MICH); Shelburne Co., Ingomar, Sept. 23, 1987, S. A. Redhead 6132 (DAOM 198224). ONTARIO: Algonquin Prov. Park, Pitcher Plant Pond, June 11, 1983, G. Thorn 830611108 (DAOM 189964); Carp, July 4, 1956, J. W. Groves (DAOM 54143); Lake Temagami, Aug. 20, 1936, A. H. Smith 4037 (MICH); Mer Bleue bog, Aug. 15, 1957, J. W. Groves (DAOM 55740), May 24, 1977, S. A. Redhead (DAOM 162813), May 24, 1978, S. A. Red- head 2625 (DAOM 175740), June 26, 1979, S. A. Redhead (DAOM 183616); Nepean, Aug. 4, 1981, K. Spicer (DAOM 181127); Petawawa, Aug. 29, 1947, A. H. Smith and I. L. Conners (DAOM 17357); Ramsayville, May 30, 1957, J. W. Groves et al. (DAOM 5575 1); South March, Aug. 2 1, 1956, J. W. Groves (DAOM 541 16); Thunder Bay Dist.: Black Stur- geon L., Aug. 8, 1974, S. A. Redhead 1046 (DAOM 174860), Aug. 9, 1974, S. A. Redhead 1099, 1105, 1106, 1117 (DAOM 174861, 174862, 174863, 174864), Eskwanonwatin R. and Black Sturgeon R., Aug. 15, 1974, S. A. Redhead 1287, 1289, 1303, 1305 (DAOM 174865, 174866, 174867, 174869), Poshkakagan R. on Hurket Road, June 6, 1976, S. A. Redhead 1908 (DAOM 174870). QUEBEC: Gatineau Park, May 31, 1953, S. C. Hoare (DAOM 40063); St. Adolph, June 22, 1957, H. E. Bigelow et al. 4965 (DAOM 55756); La Verendrye Park, Hwy. 58, 45 and 61 krn N of Grand- Remous, July 8, 1980, S. A. Redhead 3523, 3521 and K. Spicer (DAOM 176547, 176545); Lac St. Jean Ouest Co., 5.4 krn S of Chiboubiche R. on Hwy. 167, Sept. 4, 1976, S. A. Redhead 2190 (DAOM 174873); Reserve Chibou- gamau, 15 krn N of Bochart, Aug. 22, 1976, S. A. Redhead 1982 (DAOM 174872); Ste.-Lucie-de-Beauregard, July 7, 1979, R. McNeil 366 (DAOM 180913). ENGLAND: Crum- mock, Water Lancashire, June 6, 1962, D. A. Reid (DAOM 96968); Malham Moss, Yorkshire, Sept. 1964, C. Jeffrey (DAOM 107745). SWEDEN: UPPLAND: Balinge Parish, Sept. 20, 1949, A. Melderis (DAOM 65326), Upsala, Sept. 28, 1949, A. Melderis (DAOM 65325). U.S.A. : CONNECTICUT: Litchfield Co., Colebrook, Sept. 8, 1984, R. E. Halling 3838 (NY); New London Co., Pachaug State Forest, Aug. 5, 1988, NE Mycol. Foray (DAOM 198648). MASSACHUSETTS: Hamp- shire Co., Aug. 18, 1986, R. E. Halling 4814 (NY). MICHIGAN: Cheboygan CO., Douglas L., July 27, 1951, A. H. Smith (DAOM 27948); Marquette Co., Huron Mts., Sullivan Creek, June 20, 1970, J. F. Ammirati 4100 (MICH); Mont-

morency Co., July 21, 1969, A. H. Smith 77607 (MICH); Washtenaw Co., Cades Comer N of Salise, July 23, 1923, C. H. Kauffman (MICH, type of Collybia papilliformis Kauff.). NEW YORK: Hamilton Co., Raquette L., July 18, 1985, R. E. Halling 4453 (NY); Newcomb, Aug. 8, 1934, A. H. Smith 65 (MICH); Seneca Co., Waterloo Twp., June 1, 1947, C. T. Rogerson 1451 (NY). WISCONSIN: Bayfield Co., Pigeon L., July 6, 1971, S. J. Mazzer 6430 (MICH).

(65) Hypholoma j7avifolium (Smith) Redhead comb.nov. = Naematoloma dispersum var. flavifolium Smith, Myco- logia, 43: 515. 1951.

MAP: Fig. 56. RANGE: North of Lake Superior to western Newfoundland,

northern Michigan to northern New York; France. HABITAT: MOSSY coniferous debris often with Pleurozium

schreberi (Brid.) Mitt. SELECTED LITERATURE: Kiihner (1936); Smith (1951). NOTES: The true distribution in Europe is obscured by the

differing taxonomic concepts and the misapplication of names in this genus.

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: NEW BRUNS-

WICK: Kouchibouguac Natl. Park, Sept. 22, 1977, S. A. Red- head 252 1 (DAOM 165873), July 6, 1978, K. Egger (DAOM 169692). NEWFOUNDLAND: Gros Morne Natl. Park, Beny Hill Pond, Sept. 17, 1983, S. A. Redhead 4747 (DAOM 187846); Gros Morne base, Sept. 16, 1983, S. A. Redhead 4689 (DAOM 187831). NOVA SCOTIA: Annapolis Co., Kejimkujik Natl. Park, Big Dam L., Sept. 20, 1987, S. A. Redhead 6032 (DAOM 198225); Kentville, Aug. 27, 1953, K. A. Harrison (DAOM 39112); Paradise, Aug. 29, 1953, S. C. Hoare (DAOM 40528); Shelburne Co., Villagedale, Sept. 27, 1987, S. A. Redhead 6231 (DAOM 198226). ONTARIO: Lake Temagami, Sept. 13, 1936, R. F. Cain (MICH); Thunder Bay Dist., Circle L. W of Black Sturgeon L., Aug. 19, 1974, S. A. Redhead 138 1 (DAOM 182 146). QUEBEC: Parc Laurentide near L. Grandprt and L. Nadrea, 47"27'N, 71°14'W, Aug. 15, 1981, S. A. Redhead et al. (DAOM 180858); Raco- don, Aug. 12, 1981, R. McNeil 1217 (DAOM 185856); Rtserve Chibougamau, Lac Nicabau, Aug. 21, 1976, S. A. Redhead 1974 (DAOM 182147); St. Donat, Aug. 25, 1964, Father Bauchet (DAOM 107068). U.S.A.: MICHIGAN: Ogeman Co., Rifle R., Oct. 6, 1951, A. H. Smith 38904 (MICH); Tah- quamenon Falls, Sept. 11, 1949, A. H. Smith 33538 (MICH). NEW YORK: Adirondack Mts., N Creek Road, Sept. 1, 1934, A. H. Smith 294 (MICH); Warrensburg, Sept. 9, 1934, A. H. Smith (MICH).

Amphi-Atlantic: Mediterranean - eastern deciduous forest

(66) Lentinus tigrinus (Bull. :Fr.) Fr. = Agaricus tigrinus Bull. = Agaricus dunalii Fr. = Agaricus denticulatus Schw . = Lentinus schweinitzii Fr. = Lentinus contortus Fr. = Lentinus ravenelii Berk. & Curt. = Lentinus jimbriatus Currey = Lentodiuin squamulosum Morg. = Lentinus ghattasensis P. Henn. = Lentinus omphalopsis Reichert

MAP: Fig. 68. RANGE: Southern Ontario and Quebec south to Florida and

Cuba, west to South Dakota and Texas; Europe (Austria,

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3028 CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989

Belgium, Britain, Bulgaria, Corsica, Czechoslovakia, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Yugoslavia, Romania), Northern Africa (Algeria, Morocco, Egypt, Tunisia, Sudan Republic), Asia (Afghanistan, India, Iran, Japan, Nepal, Pakistan, Tibet, western and southern USSR); Peru.

HABITAT: On decorticated hardwood stumps, logs, and roots, often in silt or wet sand, often in arid areas but associated with microenvironments near water and where periodi- cally inundated.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Eliade (1965); Ito (1959); Pegler (1983b and references therein); Pilit (1946); Vanev and Reid (1986); Wang and Zang (1983); Watling and Gregory (1977, 1980).

NOTES: Although today basically an amphi-Atlantic species, its presence in Peru indicates that it once had a much broader range.

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: AFGHANISTAN: near Kabul, 1770 m alt., May 27, 1951, Mr. Gilli (MICH). CANADA: ONTARIO: Bright's Cove, Lake Huron, Oct. 4, 1986, P. M. Banks (DAOM 199053); Britannia (Ottawa), Sept. 18, 1903, J. Macoun (DAOM 5 1309); Constance Bay at Constance Creek, May 3 1, 198 1, K. Spicer (DAOM 180004); Gloucester, Lower Duck Island, Ottawa River, July 5, 198 1, A. and J. Ginns 6319 (DAOM 180796); Jock River, S of Barr- haven, Nepean, Aug. 16, 1987, S. A. Redhead 5954 (DAOM 197321); Nottawasaga River near Edenvale, June 1983, G. Thorn (DAOM 190332); Ottawa, July 10, 1897, J. Macoun (DAOM 51310); Point Pelee Natl. Park, Sept. 18, 1981, J. E. and S. A. Redhead 4240 (DAOM 188319); Rockcliffe, July 20, 1962, D. W. McLain 1584 (DAOM 150738). QUEBEC:

Aylmer, Blueberry Point, Sept. 24, 1898, J. Macoun (DAOM 5131 1); Chateauguay, Oct. 8, 1978, R. McNeil 31 (DAOM 174365); Hull, Leamy's Lake, Oct. 7, 1897, J. Macoun (DAOM 51312); Montreal, Cap St. Jacques, May 30, 1980, R. McNeil 552 (DAOM 176752); St. Anne's, Aug. 1941, L. M. Terrill (DAOM 87171); Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Sept. 3, 1941, L. M. Temll (DAOM 87277). CUBA: Santiago de las Vegas, Oct. 2, 1904, F. S. Earle (NY). PERU: SE of Iquitos, Rio Yarapa, Mar. 1986, G. Mueller (F 1069019). U.S.A.: ALABAMA: Hale Co., Prairie Cr., June 27, 1952, C. G. Hollis (TENN 21524); Lee Co., Auburn, April 1896, J. M. Under- wood (NY); Montgomery Co., no date, R. P. Burke (NY); Sipsey Swamp, Hwy. 83, Oct. 1952, C. G. Hollis (TENN 20647). DELAWARE: Laurel, Feb. 24, 1892, anonymous, 1920 (NY); Sussex Co., Ellendale, Sept. 27, 1895, anonymous, 2738 (NY). FLORIDA: Dade Co., Hattie Bauer Hammock, June 22, 1915, J. K. Small et al. (NY); Gainesville, Aug. 27, 1938, W. A. Munill (MICH); Volusia Co., New Smyrna, no date, H. C. Beardslee (MICH). ILLINOIS: Cook CO., Harms Wood, Sept. 1975, R. Singer et al. 1021 16 (F); Geneseo, July 1915, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F); Glen Ellyn, Oct. 13, 1900, W. S. Moffat (F 1322717); Johnson Co., Little Black Slough, Sept. 25, 1976, P. D. Obekia (TENN 40541); OREGON: Sept. 29, 1984, R. Singer N 5175 (F); River Forest, April 1908, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F 1322747); Riverside, May 2 1, 1900, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F); Rock River, Oct. 1918, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F1322715); Union Co., Goose Pond, Sept. 25, 1976, A. H. Smith 87267 (MICH). INDIANA: Lafayette, Sept. 26, 1911, F. D. Kern (NY); Vigo Co., Goose Pond, Oct. 1893, L. M. Underwood (NY). IOWA: Iowa City, Aug. 12, 1934, G. W. Martin (NY). KENTUCKY: no data, S. F. Price (NY). LOUISIANA: New Orleans, Sept. 5, 1908, F. S. Earle 52 (NY). MASSACHUSETTS: Waverly, Nov. 1912, G. R. Lyman (Reli-

quae Farlowianae 336 Lentodium squamulosurn, MICH). MICHIGAN: Benier Co., Warren Woods, Sept. 4, 1955, A. H. Smith (DAOM 51 175, 51184, 54158); Gratiot Co., Ithaca, Aug. 30, 1956, V. Potter 1 1288 (MICH); Harbart, Oct. 1938, C. B. Stifler (F 1150651): Midland Co., Midland, Sept. 29, 1963, A. H. Smith 67762 (MICH); New Richmond, Aug. 3 1, 1910, C. H. Kauffman (MICH); Roscommon Co., Houghton L., Sept. 8, 1963, A. H. Smith 67578 (MICH); Washtenaw Co., Homer's Woods, Sept. 27, 1964, R. L. Homola 1128 (MICH). MINNESOTA: Minneapolis, S. Whetstone (NY); St. Paul, June 2, 1912, Mrs. M. W. Hill (NYS). MISSISSIPPI:

Jackson, Dec. 1, 1914, E. Bartholomew (Fungi Columbiana 4546 Lentodium squamulosurn, MICH). MISSOURI: no data, Demetrio (NY). NEBRASKA: no data (NY). NEW JERSEY: Middlesex Co., New Brunswick, 1966, C. M. Haenselor (MICH). NEW YORK: Dutchess Co., Millbrook, Oct. 18, 1987, P. Katsaros and B. Bakaitis (NY); Essex Co., Ft. Ticon- deroga, Sept. 1926, C. H. Peck (NYS); Genesee Co., Bergen Swamp, June 5, 1948, A. Hotchkiss et al. (NY); Greene Co., N of Coxsackie, Nov. 10, 1969, S. J. Smith 45202 (NY); Long Island, Greenport, June 8, 1919, R. Latham 1062 (MICH), Orient, June 1, 1914, R. Latham (NY); Rochester, Oct. 10, 1913, W. E. Abbs (NY); Seneca Co., Lyre, Sept., C. H. Peck (NYS); Syracuse, Nov. 1888, L. M. Underwood (NY); Tonawanda, Nov. 1957, W. Marsden (MICH); West- chester Co., Westmoreland Nat. Res., Nov. 1982, S. Stein and S. Sheine (NY). NORTH CAROLINA: Hatteras Is., N of Box- ton, Aug. 14, 1956, L. K. Henry (NY); Winston-Salem, E. A. Lehman (NYS). OHIO: Elyria, Sept. 25, 1982, S. Ristich (NY); Painesville, Aug. 4, 1922, H. C. Beardslee 22054 (MICH); Perry, Sept. 23, 1938, H. C. Beardslee 38053 (MICH). PENNSYLVANIA: Crawford Co., Pymatuning, July 29, 1950, F. H. Beer (NY); Erie Co., Presque Isle, July 25, 1893, 0 . E. Jennings (NY). SOUTH DAKOTA: Spink Co., Irmi- dale, Aug. 10, 1950, R. Muir (J. F. Brenckle 50290) (MICH). TENNESSEE: Athens, May 26, 1932, L. R. Hesler (TENN 3762); Great Smoky Mts. Natl. Park, Alum Cave, 5000 ft elev., June 27, L. R. Hesler (TENN 3763); Knoxville, Chero- kee Bluffs, D. Pfister (TENN 14770); Sparta, Oct. 20, 1956, A. J. Sharp (TENN 22445). TEXAS: Alamo Rd., April 15, 1933, E. Clover 922 (MICH); Hardin Co., Big Thicket Natl. Pres., Nov. 1982, G. Lincoff (MICH); Hams Co., Galveston Bay, April 3, 1869, W. W. R. (NY); S Mission, June 2, 1933, E. Clover (MICH); Sam Houston Natl. Forest, Stubblefield L., May 11, 1952, H. D. Thiers 1569 (MICH). WISCONSIN: Kil- bourn, June 1927, A. H. Povah (MICH); Spring Green NW of Madison, Oct. 1910, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F 1289141).

Amphi-Pacific: Asian - Appalachian, Great Lakes or Coastal Plain

(67) Crinipellis campanella (Peck) Singer = Collybia campanella Peck = Collybia stipitaria var. robusta Lloyd

MAP: Fig. 58, also see Redhead (1986b, Fig. 2). RANGE: Southern Manitoba to New Brunswick; far eastern

USSR. HABITAT: On twigs and bark of conifers, mainly Picea,

Abies, Ruja, usually slightly elevated from the ground. SELECTED LITERATURE: Redhead (19866); Singer (19426).

(68) Crinipellis setipes (Peck) Singer = Collybia stipitaria var. setipes Peck

MAP: Fig. 63, also see Redhead (19866, Fig. 4).

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REDHEAD 3029

RANGE: Wisconsin to Maine, south to North Carolina and Texas, also in China.

HABITAT: On deciduous leaf litter, and sometimes pine litter mixed with deciduous leaves.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Doyle (1987); Redhead (1986b). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: U.S.A.: ILLINOIS: Olga

Co., White Pines Forest State Park, July 5, 1941, J. A. Steyer- mark (F 1179920). MAINE: Piscataquis Co., Milo, Sept. 2 - 6, 1905, W. A. Mum11 2086 (NY). MICHIGAN: Neebish Is., Sept. 1909, E. T. and S. A. Harper 2496 (F). NEW YORK: Bronx, Aug. 4, 1903, F. S. Earle 1648 (NY); Genesee Co., Bergen Swamp, Sept. 21, 1946, W. C. Muenscher and C. T. Roger- son 1147 (NY); Hamilton Co., Raquette L., July 25, 1983, T. J. Baroni and R. E. Halling 3628 (NY). NORTH CAROLINA: Cherokee Co., June 29, 1957, L. R. Hesler (TENN 9174). TENNESSEE: Knox Co., Timberlake Rd., July 18, 1957, L. R. Hesler (TENN 10103).

(69) Lactarius indigo (Schw.) Fr. = Agaricus indigo Schw. = Lactarius canadensis Winder, non L. canadensis Hesler & Smith

MAP: Fig. 69. RANGE: Southwestern Manitoba and southern and eastern

Ontario to Quebec, south to the Gulf of Mexico from Florida to Texas, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Columbia, disjunct to Japan.

HABITAT: Presumably mycorrhizal, under both conifers and hardwoods.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Hesler and Smith (1979); Singer (1957); White (1905).

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: MANITOBA: Beausejour, Sept. 15, 1935, G. R. Bisby and J. Cameron (DAOM 198191); Victoria Beach, Sept. 6, 1926, Aug. 5, 1931, G. R. Bisby (DAOM 198190, 5719). ONTARIO: Algon- quin Prov. Park, Canisby Twp., Pog Lake, Aug. 30, 1974, P. Johnson (DAOM 186630); Bothwell, Aug. 17, 1924, A. Jones (Dearness herb. in DAOM); W of Byron, Sept. 1897 (Dearness herb. in DAOM); Ottawa, Green's Creek, Aug. 25, 1921, W. S. Odell (DAOM 40950), Sept. 8, 1938, J. W. Groves and W. S. Odell (DAOM 8788); Petawawa, Aug. 2, 1938, R. M. Lewis (DAOM 8785), Sept. 13, 1939, J. W. Groves (DAOM 9573), Sept. 6, 1943, J. W. and E. Groves (DAOM 11289), July 15, 1947, C. G. Riley and L. T. White (DAOM 21291); Pinery Prov. Park, Grand Bend, Aug. 18, 1983, D. Campbell 57 (DAOM 189218). QUEBEC: Berthier- ville Co., Berthierville, Sept. 6, 1952, R. Pomerleau (QFB 12379); Cascades, Aug. 16, 1976, L. Gerbrandt (DAOM 165592); Gatineau Park, Sept. 20, 1965, W. N. Keenan (DAOM 1 10454); Oka, Deux-Montagnes, Sept. 14, 195 1, R. Pomerleau (QFB 1 143 1); Pontiac Co., Shawville, Aug . 30, 1984, P. Moisan and R. Blais (QFB 16646); Ste. Foy, Aug. 9, 1958, E. Aubin (QFB 6418); Vercheres Co., L. Greves, Aug. 1951, C. Ledoux (QFB 6417). COLOMBIA: CUNDIAMARCA: Bojaca, Bosque de la Mercedes, April 8, 1968, R. Singer B6014 (F). COSTA RICA: Cartago, Chonta, Jan. 17, 1983, R. Singer B14352 (F); Guanacaste, NW of Bagaces, Oct. 1982, L. D. Gomez 18714 (F). GUATEMALA: Dept. SuchitepCquez, Volcan Santa Clara, Sta. Finca El Naranjo, May 23, 1942, J. A. Steyermark (F). MEXICO: JALISCO: S of Talpa de Allende, 1200-1700 ft alt., Oct. 19, 1960, R. McVaugh 537 (MICH); heb la : h e , Aug. 4, 1945, A. J. Sharp (MICH ex TENN 17398); Tamaulipas, above Gomez

Farias, Aug. 1950, A. J. Sharp (TENN 19808); Tenango del Valle, July 31, 1957, R. Singer MI618 (MICH). U.S.A.: ALABAMA: DeSoto State Park, Oct. 8, 1960, A. J. Sharp (TENN 23787). ARKANSAS: Ashley Co., Georgia Pacific Forest, Aug. 13, 1975, D. Guravich 686 (MICH). FLORIDA: Alachua Co., Gainesville, July 28, 1965, B. Isaacs 2413 (MICH); Eustis, June 12, 1920, Kelly 634 (MICH); Seminole Co., Altamonte Springs, Oct. 29, 1937, H. C. Beardslee 36044 (MICH). GEORGIA: Hams Co., Chipley , Aug. 3, 1955, F. Gale (TENN 21974); Towns Co., (S of Haysville, N.C.), Oct. 15, 1972, C. Home (MICH). INDIANA: Monroe Co., Cedar Bluffs near Victor, Aug. 23, 1970, R. L. Shaffer 6366 (MICH). IOWA: Iowa City, Aug. 7, 1938, G. W. Martin (MICH). KENTUCKY: McCreary Co., Natural Arch Natl. Forest, Sept. 17, 1950, R. M. Boarts (TENN 19738). LOUI-

SIANA: Baton Rouge, Aug. 24, 1960, J. Stevens (DAOM 71865); St. Tammany Parish, Abita R. near Covington, June 5, 1976, R. L. Shaffer 7153 (MICH). MARYLAND: Annapolis, Aug. 1920, F. C. Nicholas (Kelly 521) (MICH); Rockville, Aug. 18, 1919, C. H. Kauffman (MICH). MASSACHUSETTS: North Pond, Aug. 25, 1963, K. A. Hamson (DAOM 113717). MICHIGAN: Crawford Co., Sept. 19, 1978, A. H. Smith 89301 (MICH); Livingston Co., E. S. George Res., Aug. 20, 1968, A. H. Smith 76046 (MICH); Marquette Co., Chocolay River, Oct. 5, 1970, K. A. Hamson 9967 (MICH); Ontonagon Co., Porcupine Mts., mouth of Presque Isle R., Oct. 8, 1958, A. H. Smith 62074 (MICH); Washtenaw Co., Ann Arbor, Aug. 9, 1907, C. H. Kauffman (MICH), W of Chelsea, Aug. 6, 1935, A. H. Smith 1731 (DAOM 97725). MINNESOTA: Clearwater Co., Itasca State Park, Aug. 3, 1963, M. G. Weaver 1623 (MICH). MISSOURI: Oregon Co., Grand Gulf S of Kosh- konong, Aug. 2 1, 1949, J. A. Steyermark (F 1000139). NEW

YORK: Ithaca, Sept. 4, 1952, J. W. Groves (DAOM 33837). NORTH CAROLINA: Madison Co., Hot Springs, Aug. 20, 1924, C. H. Kauffman (MICH); Swain Co., Great Smoky Mts. Natl. Park, Aug. 23, 1972, R. L. Shaffer 6907 (MICH). SOUTH

CAROLINA: Oconee Co., Sumpton Natl. Forest, Sept. 25, 1980, D. Guravich 1108 (MICH). TENNESSEE: Blount Co., Great Smoky Mts. Natl. Park, Cades Cove, Aug. 16, 1938, A. H. Smith 10251 (MICH); Knox Co., New Hopewell, Sept. 16, 1938, L. R. Hesler (MICH ex TENN 11757); Sevier Co., Gatlinburg, Aug. 6, 1938, A. H. Smith 9805 (MICH); Tellico Plains, Cherokee Natl. For., Aug. 13, 1975, A. J. Sharp (TENN 35352); near Walland, Oct. 21, 1966, L. R. Hesler (TENN 29426). TEXAS: Aransas Co., Rockport, May 11, 1966, J. Dean 51 (MICH): Brazoria Co., Liverpool, no date, E. Hillhouse 130 (MICH); Hardin Co., Big Thicket Natl. Pres., Lance Rosiei Unit, June 20, 1982, D. P. Lewis 3086 (F); Orange Co., Vidor, 1978, D. Lewis 1138 (MICH). VER-

MONT: Middlebury, Aug. 13, 1896, E. A. Burt (Dearness herb. in DAOM).

(70) Neolecta irregularis (Peck) Korf & Rogers = Geoglossum irregularis Peck = Spragueola americana Massee

MAP: Fig. 59. RANGE: From northem Michigan east to Nova Scotia and

western Newfoundland, with a southern record from Tennes- see, also from Japan.

HABITAT: Probably parasitic on rootlets of unidentified hosts.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Imai (1941); Redhead (1977a, 1979~).

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3030 CAN. 1. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: NEWFOUND-

LAND: Gros Morne Natl. Park, Berry Hill Pond, Sept. 17, 1983, S. A. Redhead 4746 (DAOM 187966). PRINCE EDWARD

ISLAND: Queens Co., near Tracadie Cross, Oct. 13, 1988, S. A. Redhead 6682 (DAOM 198750).

(71) Pleuroflamrnula flammea (Murr.) Singer = Crepidotus flammeus Murr. = Pleuroflammula chocoruensis Singer = Pleuroflammula squarrulosa Singer

MAP: Fig. 73. RANGE: Coastal in the northern part of its range, from

southern Nova Scotia to the southern Appalachians and down to Florida; Columbia; ? far eastern USSR.

HABITAT: Small hardwood twigs on or just above the forest floor.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Azbukina et al. (1984); Hesler and Smith (1965); Horak (1978); Singer (1947); Singer and Smith (1946).

NOTES: The report from the USSR needs to be confirmed with specimens or detailed descriptions.

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: NOVA

SCOTIA: Shelburne Co., Ingomar, Sept. 23, 1987, J. Ginns and S. A. Redhead 6119 (DAOM 198223). U.S.A.: FLORIDA: Gainesville, Aug. 11, 1985, S. A. Redhead 5169 (DAOM 194781); New Smyra, 1920, H. C. Beardslee (MICH); San Felasco Hammock State Preserve, Aug. 10, 1985, S. A. Red- head 5156 (DAOM 194891). NORTH CAROLINA: Asheville, Aug. 1917, H. C. Beardslee 17047 (MICH): Highlands, July 27, 1934, A. J. Sharp (TENN 51 17); Indian Cr. near Bryson, Aug. 11, 1940, A. J. Sharp (TENN 12782). TENNESSEE: Anderson Co., Demaree, July 1 1, 1934, L. R. Hesler (TENN 4100); Blount Co., Rich Mt., June 24, 1934, L. R. Hesler (TENN 3655); Great Smoky Mts. Natl. Park, Cades Cove, June 12, 1968, L. R. Hesler (TENN 30203); Knox Co., Timberlake Rd., July 4, 1956, L. R. Hesler (TENN 18678).

(72) Xeromphalina kaufSmanii A. H. Smith MAP: See Redhead (1988, Fig. 93). RANGE: From Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, and

southern Quebec, south to Tennessee and North Carolina; Costa Rica; Japan.

HABITAT: On decaying hardwood stumps, logs, especially oak in the south, yellow birch in the north.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Miller (1968); Redhead (1988); Smith (1953).

Amphi-Pacific: South Pacific - Appalachian - Great Lakes

(73) Mycena leaiana (Berk.) Smith = Agaricus leaiana Berk. = Flammulina glutinosa Stevenson

MAP: Fig. 67. RANGE: Southern Manitoba east to Nova Scotia, south to

Tennessee and North Carolina, southern Mexico, New Zealand, and New Guinea.

HABITAT: On standing or fallen hardwood trunks and branches.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Beardslee and Coker (1924); Bell (1933); Bisby et al. (1938); Gourley (1982); Hesler (1960); Horak (1971, 1983~); Smith (1947); Welden and Guzman (1978); White (1910).

NOTES: This is a distinctively coloured, bright yellow-orange

species which grows cespitosely on hardwoods. Mycena leaiana var. australis Dennis (1955), with an avellaneous coloured pileus, was described from Queensland, Australia. This taxon possibly represents a distinct species.

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: MANITOBA: Riding Mountain Natl. Park, Gorge Creek trail, July 3 and 5, 1979, D. R. H. Hammersley (DAOM 191866, 191864); Vic- toria Beach, July 18, 1931, G. R. Bisby (DAOM 198203). NEW BRUNSWICK: York Co., Tay Fall Road, June 25, 1954, C. A. Arthurs (DAOM 46372). NOVA SCOTIA: Colchester Co., Truro, Sept. 9, 1959, K. A. Harrison (DAOM 1135 13); Inver- ness Co., Cape Breton Highlands Natl. Park, Macintosh Brook, Sept. 14, 1983, S. A. Redhead 4634 and J. Ginns (DAOM 191860), Lone Shieling, Sept. 30, 1987, S. A. Red- head 6285 (DAOM 198235); Kentville, Sept. 1 1, 193 1, Sept. 13, 1936, June 12, 1937, Aug. 26 and Sept. 24, 1953, K. A. Harrison (DAOM 110794, 110997, 111889, 11212, 39085); Queen's Co., Kejimkujik Natl. Park, Grafton Lakes, Sept. 19, 1987, S. A. Redhead 6002 (DAOM 198236); Yarmouth Co., North Kemptville, July 8, 1954 (DAOM 46753). ONTARIO: Algonquin Prov. Park: Canisby Twp., July 3 1, 1975, H. Kirsh (DAOM 186496), Found Lake trail, June 23, 1976, P. John- son (DAOM 182372); Belleville, Sept. 24, 1878, J. Macoun (DAOM 51410); Huntsville, June 16, 1932, R. F. Cain and H. S. Jackson (DAOM 80539); Middlesex Co., Lobo Twp., Sept. 10 1955, W. W. Judd (DAOM 48927); Nepean, Aug. 31, 1949, J. W. Groves (DAOM 21701); Petawawa, Sept. 1, 1943, Sept. 19, 1945, Aug. 27, 1947, J. W. Groves (DAOM 11569, 16419, 17486); Port Stanley, Aug. 23, 1907, J. Dear- ness (Dearness herb. in DAOM); Renfrew Co., Shaw Wood Lot near Eganville, Sept. 11, 1980, K. Spicer (DAOM 178664), Aug. 22, 1986, S. A. Redhead 5221 (DAOM 196020); Rondeau Prov. Park, Sept. 10, 1962, J. W. and N. Groves (DAOM 89875); St. Lawrence Islands Natl. Park, Thwartway Is., Oct. 2, 1975, M. Kaufert (DAOM 153714), P. Hammond (DAOM 1537 151; South March. June 18. 1952 and June 10, 1953, J. W. ~ k v e s (DAOM 35284, 40042). QUEBEC: Chelsea, Gilmore's Grove, Aug. 2, 1923, June 1930, W. S. Ode11 (DAOM 51409, 51408); Duchesnay, L. Jaune, Aug. 24, 1938, R. F. Cain 11265 (DAOM 80538), Aug. 26, 1938, J. W. Groves (DAOM 6614); Eardley, Oct. 3, 1945, I. L. Conners (DAOM 16381); Gatineau Co., Cantley, Aug. 26, 1952, E. Groves (DAOM 33834), Sept. 26, 1970, June 18 and July 13, 1972, July 3, 1978, J. Ginns (DAOM 194545, 144193, 144185, 16761 8); Gatineau Park, June 23, 1959, J. W. Groves (DAOM 63315), Aug. 27, 1971, D. Mal- loch (DAOM 151 170); Montreal, Cap St. Jacques, June 5, 1980, R. McNeil (DAOM 176748); North Hatley, July 2, 1985, H. M. E. Schalkwyk 2082 (DAOM 193830); Pointe au Platon, Lobinier, Sept. 7, 1969, R. Cauchon (QFB 4353); St. Pierre, July 6, 1964, G. Talbot (QFB 1754); Wakefield, June 15, 1951, J. Parmelee (DAOM 27489); Weedon Co., Wolfe, July 1962, M. Lortie (QFB 1755). U.S.A.: INDIANA:

Kieweg Woods, 8 krn SW of Terre Haute, Sept. 11, 1980, I. L. Conners (DAOM 185757). MARYLAND: Princes Georges Co., Laurel, Aug. 12, 1966, M. E. Elliott (DAOM 115355). MICHIGAN: Benien Co., Warren Woods, Sept. 4, 1955, R. A. Shoemaker (DAOM 5 1 190); Cut River, June 25, 195 1, S. C. Hoare (DAOM 26919); Douglas L., June 22, 1951, S. C. Hoare (DAOM 26830); Harbour Springs, June 18, 1948, J. W. Groves (DAOM 21256). NEW YORK: Ithaca, May 27, 1953, R. P. Korf and R. A. Shoemaker (DAOM 41700); New- comb, June 28, 1957, M. Pantidou and M. Elliott (DAOM

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REDHEAD 303 1

55746); Michigan Hollow, Cornell Univ., Sept. 4 , 1952, (DAOM 182769). QUEBEC: Rte. 138 N of Ste. Joachim, J . W. Groves (DAOM 33732). VERMONT: Burlington, June Aug. 19, 1981, D. Lahaie (DAOM 180837). MEXICO: 20, 1951, R. Homer (DAOM 26617). VIRGINIA: Floyd Co., OAXACA: Sierra Mazateca, July 7, 1969, R. Singer M 8308 Buffalo Mt. near Blue Ridge Parkway, May 13, 1978, P. Bush (F). PUERTO RICO: Mayaguez, F. S. Earle (NY); near Rio San- ( 0 . K. Miller 18037, VPI). andora, El Verde Rainforest Research area, Sept. 10, 1984,

D. J. Dodge (F 106850). U.S.A.: ALABAMA: Lee Co., Auburn, Amphi-Pacific: Gondwanaland - West coast July 3, 1897, F. S. Earle and C. F. Baker 198 (NY). FLORIDA:

(74) Panellus longinquus (Berk.) Singer Gainesville, Aug. 15, 1985, S. A. Redhead 5173 (DAOM

= Agaricus longinquus Berk. 194880). MASSACHUSETTS: Boston, Aug. 1905, S. Davis.

= Agaricus tarnenis Speg. (NYS). NEW YORK: Hamilton Co., Piseco, C. H. Peck (NYS);

= Agaricus minusculus Speg. Minerva, July, C. H. Peck (NYS). NORTH CAROLINA: Great

= Agaricus tasmanicus Berk. Smoky Mts. Natl. Park, Hemitooga Overlook, June 22, 1954,

= Panellus roseollus Stev. L. R. Hesler (TENN 21410). SOUTH CAROLINA: Oconee Co.,

= Pleurotus sutherlandii Singer Coley Cr., July 24, 1965, L. R. Hesler (TENN 28081). VIR-

MAP: Fig. 44. GINIA: Jefferson Natl. Forest, Oct. 15, 1978, H. and 0. K.

RANGE: Coastal from the Queen Charlotte Islands to Oregon, Miller 17924 (VPI).

Chile, Argentina, New Zealand, eastern Australia. HABITAT: On branches and logs of Alnus rubra, and stumps

of Tsuga heterophylla chemically treated to prevent Hetero- basidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. attack.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Comer (1986); Horak (1979, 1983a); Libonati-Barnes and Redhead (1984); Singer (1954, 1969).

NOTES: Panellus longinquus subsp. pacijicus Libonati- Barnes & Redhead is present in North America while subsp. longinquus is restricted to the southern hemisphere.

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH I COLUMBIA: Vancouver, Nov. 4 and Dec. 9, 1985, P. Kroeger

929, 944 (DAOM 199070, 199068).

3 Pantropical - eastern deciduous forest (75) Cyptotrama asprata (Berk.) Redhead & Ginns = Agaricus aspratus Berk. = Lentinus chrysopeplus Berk. & Curt. = Agaricus scabriusculus Peck = Agaricus lacunosus Peck = Agaricus aureotomentosus Kalchbr. = Agaricus echinodermatus Cooke & Massee = Marasmius aculeatus Pat. = Armillaria carneogelatinosus Rick = Lepiota aurantiogemmata Charles = Tricholomopsis streetsii Gilbertson

MAP: Fig. 7 1. RANGE: Africa (Kenya, Madagascar, South Africa, Tanza-

nia); Asia (Japan, Sri Lanka, Vietnam); Australia; North America (from the Great Lakes region, southern Ontario and Quebec to Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, south to Florida and Louisiana, and from New Mexico and Arizona south to Mexico; Greater and Lesser Antilles (Dominica, Cuba, Gua- deloupe, Martinique); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia); Oceania (Bonin Islands, Hawaii, New Caledonia, New Guinea).

HABITAT: On decorticated logs or branches of hardwoods and conifers, sometimes raised above the ground.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Hongo (1956); Pegler (1977, 1983a, 1986); Redhead and Ginns (1980, see references); Singer (1957); Welden and Guzmfin (1978).

NOTES: This distinctive species is noteworthy for its exten- sion into the Arizona - New Mexico region, an area in which Xeromphalina tenuipes has not been found.

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ONTARIO:

Lake Superior Prov. Park, Sept. 18, 1981, G. Thorn 378

(76) Tetrapyrgos nigripes (Schw .) Horak = Agaricus nigripes Schw. = Marasmius subcinereus Berk. & Br. = Marasmius dichromopus Speg. = Gymnopus floridanus Murr. = Marasmius caesius Murr. = Marasmius cineraceus Petch

MAP: Fig. 70. RANGE: Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda), Asia (Japan,

Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka), eastern North America (southern Quebec and Ontario, Canada, to Florida and Texas, U.S. A,, Barbados, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mex- ico, Trinidad), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Venezuela).

HABITAT: On plant litter on the forest floor. SELECTED LITERATURE: Dennis (195 1); Horak (19836); Ima-

zeki and Hongo (1987); Pegler (1977, 1983a, 1986); Singer 1957, 1973a); Welden and Guzmfin (1978).

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ONTATIO: Constance Bay, Ottawa River, Aug. 2, 1980, K. W. Spicer (DAOM 179997); Lake Opinicon, Sept. 12, 1949, E. and J. W. Groves and H. M. Good (DAOM 21929); Petawawa, Sept. 3, 1947, A. H. Smith and J. W. Groves (DAOM 17469); Pinery Prov. Park, Aug. 4 , 1983, D. Campbell (DAOM 189192), Aug. 22, 1983, G. Thorn (DAOM 187616); Point Pelee Natl. Park, Sept. 17 and 18, 1981, J. E. and S. A. Red- head 4209, 4227 (DAOM 192758, 186918); St. Lawrence Islands Natl. Park, Camelot Is., Aug. 10, 1976, E. Kokko (DAOM 170351), Thwartway Is., June 30, 1976, A. Carter (DAOM 158849), Aug. 11, 1976, J . Bond (DAOM 158846). QUEBEC: Brossard, Aug. 20, 1979, G. Guerin (DAOM 176581); St. Nicolas, Levis, Sept. 3, 1961, R. Pomerleau (QFB 3386). COLOMBIA: Dpto. Anitoquia, Municipio Cocorna, Refugio Canon de Rio Claro, 5"50fN, 74"55'W, Nov. 22, 1986, R. E. Halling 5048 (NY). U.S.A.: DISTRICT

OF COLUMBIA: Washington, July 14- 15, 1905, W. A. Munill (NY). FLORIDA: Gainesville, Aug. 9, 1985, S. A. Redhead 5136, 5148 (DAOM 194772, 194876). ILLINOIS: Cook CO., Carle Woods, Aug. 14, 1940, A. E. Edgecombe (F); Geneseo, June 1902, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F 1289975); River Forest, June 1902, E. T. and S.A. Harper (F 1289968); Shabbona Grove, July 1918, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F 1289967); Winetka, Aug. 18, 1968, R. Singer N 1737 (F). INDIANA: Monroe Co., Cedar Bluffs near Victor, Aug. 23, 1970, R. L. Shaffer (M. Gilliam 934) (MICH). IOWA: Iowa City, Sept. 6, 1936, G. W. Martin (TENN 10590); W. Okobogi, Aug. 24,

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3032 CAN. J. BOT.

1933, G. W. Martin (NY). LOUISIANA: Baton Rouge, Oct. 5, 1956, B. Lowy (TENN 22470). MASSACHUSETTS: Hampshire Co., Amherst, Aug. 7, 1978, D. Black (NY); Suffolk Co., Harvard Univ., Jamaica Plain, July 21, 1981, R. E. Halling 3363 (NY). MICHIGAN: Ann Arbor, Aug. 15, 1925, C. H. Kauffman (MICH); Dexter, July 26, 1935, A. H. Smith 1652 (MICH); Ernmet Co., Cross Village, July 9, 1947, A. H. Smith 25622 (MICH); Oakland Co., Proud L., July 21, 1970, M. Gilliam 764 (MICH); Washtenaw Co., Saginaw For., Aug. 9, 1937, A. H. Smith 6914 (MICH); Wayne Co., Powell Rd., Sept. 19, 1978, W. W. Patrick 5189 (MICH). MINNE- SOTA: Rice Co., Wheeling Twp., July 15, 1968, M. G. Weaver 1589 (MICH). MISSOURI: Montgomery Co., Mineola, Aug. 13, 1940, J. B. Routin (TENN 13289 and NY). NEW

YORK: Bronx, July 28, 1902, Miss Vail (NY); Ithaca, Aug. 6, 19003, C. H. Kauffman (MICH); Madison Co., Oneida, Aug. 1914, H. D. House 1468 (MICH). NORTH CAROLINA: Great Smoky Mts. Natl. Park, Blount Co., Cades Cove, Aug. 10, 1938, A. H. Smith 9998 (MICH); Swain Co., Almond, Sept. 21, 1971, K. A. Hamson 11218 (MICH). PENNSYLVA- NIA: Allegheny Co., Ben Avon Heights, Aug. 1, 1939, L. K. Henry 2994 (NY); Blue Ridge Summit, Aug. 23, 1920, L. C. C. Kreiger (Kelly 470) (MICH); Monroe Co., Delaware Water Gap, Aug. 1 - 15, 1917, W. A. Mum11 (NY). TENNES-

SEE: near Knoxville, Aug. 19, 1934, L. R. Hesler (TENN 5409). TEXAS: Sam Houston Natl. Forest near Richard, May 17, 1953, H. D. Thiers 1875 (MICH). VERMONT: Windham Co., Newfane-Wardsboro Rd., Aug. 26, 1961, H. E. Bigelow (R. L. Shaffer 3442) (MICH). VIRGINIA: Blacksburg, July 27 to Aug. 3, 1904, W. A. Munill (NY). WISCONSIN: La Crosse Co., Gundersen Arboretum, Sept. 21, 1979, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 57535 (DAOM 193770); Palmyra, July 1968, R. Singer N 1664 (F); Wolworth Co., Geneva, Aug. 17-19, 1956, R. L. Shaffer 874 (MICH).

(77) Xeromphalina tenuipes (Schw.) Singer = Agaricus tenuipes Schw. = Agaricus hilarinus Mont. = Agaricus rheicolor Berk. = Agaricus cayennensis Mont. = Agaricus amabilipes Peck = Agaricus melinosarcus Kalchbr. = Marasmius pilopus Kalchbr. = Agaricus aurantiellus Speg. = Collybia velutina Clements. = Tricholorna flammulaecolor Beeli = Crinipellis velutipes Stevenson = Collybia neovelutipes Hongo

MAP: See Redhead (1988, Fig. 100). RANGE: Africa (Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda,

Zaire), Asia (India, Japan), Australia, Oceania (Bonin Islands, New Zealand, Philippine Islands, New Guinea), North America (southern Ontario and Quebec, Canada, south to Louisiana, Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Cuba, British Honduras, Haiti), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, French Guiana, Peru, Paraguay, Venezuela).

HABITAT: On hardwood woody debris on or in soil in forests. SELECTED LITERATURE: Pegler (1983~); Redhead (1988, see

literature cited); Welden and Guzman (1978).

Mediterranean- Continental (78) Heliocybe sulcata (Berk.) Redhead & Ginns = Lentinus sulcatus Berk.

= Panus fulvidus Bres. = Lentinus miserculus Kalchbr. = Russelia pringlei Robinson, nom. herb.

MAP: Fig. 19. RANGE: From the Yukon east to eastern Ontario along the

southern boreal forest, generally east of the continental divide, south through Alberta to New Mexico, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Peru; Poland, Italy; South Africa.

HABITAT: On often raised, decorticated deciduous or coniferous wood, Saguaro cactus, Mesquite, and Ocotillo, in xeric sites.

SELECTED LITERATURE: Courtenay and Burdsall(1982); Gil- bertson and Lindsey (1975); Gilbertson et al. (1974, 1976); Lindsey and Gilbertson (1975); Nakasone and Gilbertson (1978); Pegler (19836); Redhead and Ginns (1985).

NOTES: This species basically has a mediterranean - continental North America distribution, but its presence in South Africa, based on a single collection, indicates that it may have had a much wider distribution at one time.

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: MEXICO: GUERRERO: Iguala Canyon, 2500 ft alt., Sept. 22, 1905, C. G. Pringle (Plantae Mexicanae 10148 Russelia pringlei, MICH). U.S.A. : ARIZONA: Coconino, Sedona, June 1973, C. Barrows (MICH). COLORADO: Chaffee Co., St. Elmo, July 22, 1973, L. Gillman (MICH); Pitkin Co., Aspen, Aug. 13, 1975, A. H. Smith 85719 (MICH), Snowmass Creek, Aug. 27, 1974, A. H. Smith (MICH). MICHIGAN: Cheboygan Co., Lower Maple R., May 1, 1947, M. Lange (A. H. Smith 25 133, MICH); Living- ston Co., Unadilla, May 27, 1951, P. Harding (A. H. Smith 36317, MICH); Marquette Co., Mill Yard, June 22, 1965, J. F. Ammirati 1596 (MICH); Ogenaw Co., Lupton, May 17, 1948, A. H. Smith 28694 (MICH); Washtenaw Co., Lake Winnawana, May 2, 1977, A. H. Smith 87282 (MICH), Waterloo area, May 15, 1968, F. Hoseney (MICH). NEW

MEXICO: Bandeoler Natl. Monument near Los Alamos, May 1968, C. Barrows (MICH). NEW YORK: Essex Co., Keene, June 6, 1905, C. H. Peck (NYS as Panusfulvidus = Lentinus sulcatus). WYOMING: Medicine Bow Mts., Pole Mt., July 1950, H. D. Thiers 504 (MICH).

Discussion

In many cases it is still too early to state that the patterns are correct. o n e need only compare ~ o s e r ' s (1953) early attempt to map the global distribution of Rozites species against Horak's (1981) later map and Halling and Ovrebo's (1987) documentation of a new-species from Colombia to see how greatly known distributions vary from reality. Much of eastern Asia remains unexplored mycologically and many species have yet to attract the attention of collectors. Even in ~ o r t h America some areas have been relatively unexplored. In Canada this is true of the entire province of Saskatchewan and the northern parts of British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. However, there is no doubt than many native Canadian macrofungi have distinctive ranges similar to those of other groups of organisms, particularly vascular plants. To simply state that a given species is a western species or an eastern species is inadequate. Both Rhodotus palmatus and ~leuro~lammula flammea-are eastern species, but their known ranges scarcely overlap. The former is commonest in the midwest to the Ottawa Valley in Ontario and Quebec. It has not been found in the southern Appalachians and only rarely east of the Adirondack-Appalachian mountains even after decades of collecting by notable collectors such as C. H.

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REDHEAD

Peck, W. A. Mumll, L. R. Hesler, and others. Pleurojlam- mulajlammea occurs from Colombia to southern Nova Scotia, swinging through the southern Appalachians and towards the coast further north on the east side of the mountain system.

Statements contrasting so-called European species versus North American species must also be questioned when in fact only an eastern or only a western North American population has been sampled. The complexity of the biogeographical components making up our mycota is much greater than most agaricologists have appreciated, but reassuringly similar to those of the vascular plant, lichen, and bryophyte floras. The professional mycologist should endeavor to depict where the species has been collected.

The number of distinct mycoflora distributional patterns in Canada appears greater than the five mushroom provinces outlined by Smith (1978). They correspond to well established floras represented by the distributions of our forest trees (Hosie 1969; Little 1971, 1976, 1977) and (or) herbaceous plants (HultCn 1964, 1971), although not necessarily linked to these plant species. The following paired examples serve to demonstrate that the ranges, which can only now be resolved based on scant information, resemble those of dominant vascular plants. The Pacific coast mycota harbors both southern coastal species, ranging from southern Vancouver Island south to California, and northern coastal species, ranging from Alaska or the Queen Charlotte Islands south to northern Cali- fornia or Oregon. Many of these species can be found again in the interior wet zone of British Columbia or Idaho, roughly equivalent to the Interior Western Hemlock and Douglas-fir zones of Krajina (1959, 1965), and (or) may have disjunct eastern North American populations, or populations on other continents. Examples of southern coastal species are Marasmiellus candidus, M. pluvius, Marasmius plicatulus, Melanotus textilis, Tetrapyrgos subdendrophora, and coastal populations of Mycena lohwagii, a species also found in the interior wet belt. Tree species with equivalent ranges are Acer circinnatum Pursh, Arbutus menziesii Pursh, Cornus nuttallii Audubon, Quercus garyana Dougl., and coastal populations of Abies grandis (Dougl.) Lindl., and Pinus monticola, both found also in the interior wet belt. Examples of northern west coast fungal species are Crinipellis piceae, Marasmiellus papillatus, Marasmius salalis, Neolentinus kaufianii , Stereopsis humphreyi, Hemimycena tortuosa, Mycena culmigena, Resinomycena saccharifera ssp. kalalochensis, and Panellus longinquus ssp. paczjicus, all absent from the interior wet belt, although most are found elsewhere in the world. Tree species with similar western distributions are Acer macro- phyllum Pursh and Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes (although both absent from the Queen Charlotte Islands), and Picea sitchensis. Northern coastal fungal elements also found in the interior wet belt are Baeospora myosura, Cyphellostereum laeve, Hypholoma dispersum, Psilocybe semilanceata, and Xeromphalina fulvipes. Tree species with similar western ranges are Alnus rubra Bong., Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach, Taxus brevifolia Nutt., n u j a plicata Donn, Tsuga heterophylla, and T. mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. Examples of fungal species more typical for the western cordillera than just the coast are Boletus mirabilis, Collybia bakerensis, Resinomycena montana, Strobilurus occidentalis, S. trullisatus, Marasmius tremulae, Phaeolepiota aurea, and Chroogomphus tomentosus. Arboreal representatives are Acer glabrum Torr., Alnus sinuata (Reg.) Rydb., Crataegus douglasii Lindb., Picea englmanii, Populus trichocarpa, and Pseudotsuga menziesii.

Fungal species that are predominantly boreal in North America are Cantharellula umbonata, Galerina paludosa, Marasmiellus$lopes, Marasmius androsaceus, M. epiphyllus, M. pallidocephalus, Neolecta vitellina, Phaeomarasmius erinaceus, Tricholoma magnivelare, and Xeromphalina campanella. Tree species with similar North American distributions are Betula papyrifera Marsh., Picea glauca, P. mariana (Mill.) B. S. P., Populus balsamifera L., P. tremuloides, and Sorbus sitchensis Roem., although none except P. tremuloides has as wide a range in the western cordillera as the fungal examples. Southern boreal - eastern deciduous forest linked fungal species are Crepidotus cinnabarinus and Rhodotus palmatus. Acer negundo L. has a somewhat similar distribution, and the continental range of Heliocybe sulcata is nearly matched by that of Salk exigua Nutt.

There is a distinct mycota around and east of the Great Lakes to Nova Scotia and sometimes Newfoundland that encom- passes the southern boreal forest and northern deciduous forest, with some species extending south along the Appalachians. Members of this mycota are Mitrula lunulatospora (A), Xerula fu@racea, and X. rubrubrunnenscens (A), and the eastern North American populations of Baeospora myosura (A), Stro- bilurus albipilatus, Marasmiellus papillatus, Mitrula elegans (A), Hypholoma jlavifolium, Lyophyllum palustre, Crinipellis campanella (a), and Neolecta irregularis (A). Arboreal representatives are Betula alleghaniensis Britton (a), Fraxinus nigra Marsh. (a), Pinus resinosus Ait., P. strobus (A), Populus grandidentata Michx. (a), n u j a occidentalis L. (A), and Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. (A). (A) designates species well represented along the Appalachians and (a) those poorly represented. The eastern deciduous forest mycota includes species in southern Ontario and Quebec commoner south of the Great Lakes, unrestricted to the Appalachians, and sometimes with disjunct extensions in Central America (C), or elsewhere in the tropics (T). These include Crinipellis setipes, Cyptotrama asprata (C and T), Gerronema subclavatum (C), Lactarius indigo (C), Tetrapyrgos nigripes (C and T), Marasmius pyrrhocephalus, Mycena leaiana (C and T), Resinomycena rhododendri, Xeromphalina kaufianii (C), X. tenuipes (C and T), Xerula megalospora. Tree species which in North America have similar distributions are, Acer saccharum Marsh., A. sac- charinum L., Carpinus caroliniana Walt. (C), Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch. (C), Cephalanthus occidentalis L. (C), Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. (C), Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. (C), Prunus serotina Ehrh. (C), and Sambucus canadensis L.

The eastern maritimes species show at least three patterns, one being a concentration in the Maritime Provinces, e.g., Panellus violaceofulvus and perhaps Resinomycena acadiensis, a distribution somewhat matched by Betula populifolia Marsh. and Picea rubens Sarg., although neither tree species makes it to Newfoundland where P. violaceofulvus occurs, and both tree species occur scattered down the Appalachians. A second pattern appears restricted to Newfoundland, e.g., the eastern North American populations of Hypholoma dispersum and Lyophyllum gibberosum. The third is from southern Nova Scotia south along the coast and inland to the southern Appala- chians, e.g., Pleurojlammulajlammea, somewhat matched by Alnus serrulata (Ait.) Willd.

Ranges of the species contributing to the remaining mycotas, Arctic and alpine tundra and prairies, are comparable to those of herbaceous or shrubby plants, of which there are many circumpolar examples discussed and mapped by HultCn (1964, 1971), or to bryophytes or well-known ascolichens. For example, Marasmius epidryas is restricted to growth on Dryas

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3034 CAN. I . BOT. VOL. 67, 1989

species, and therefore the circumpolar distribution of Dryas species such as D. octopetala sensu lato (Hult6n 1971) is particularly significant.

All of the above-mentioned data supports the idea that fleshy fungi are governed by many of the same physioecological and historical factors that control vascular plant ranges just as Cul- berson (1972) suggested for lichens. This is difficult to recon- cile with the ease with which fungal spores are disseminated. Fungal spores are minute compared to the seeds of vascular plants, and can be transported vast distances by winds or storm systems. However, the current evidence suggests that most macrofungi are not transported across oceans or large continental areas without first colonizing the intermediate ground. For example, while large numbers of fungal spores, including basidiospores and even moss protonema were recovered in air over the Atlantic Ocean by Pady and Kapica (1955), most spores were no longer viable. And although Pady and Kapica concluded that some viable fungal spores could make the trans- atlantic crossing, additional evidence indicates that this is not the case for most macrofungi. One of the problems facing all spores transported long distance is contacting a suitable target. Target size and abundance of targets becomes crucial to survival. For species colonizing specific wild plants or plant parts, the targets are very small compared to those inhabiting soil, grasslands, or at least plant species in large scale mono- culture. Examples of long distance dispersal are difficult to find.. One case involves Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici, which may have been introduced in eastern Australia from South Africa by wind (Watson and de Sousa 1983). Even then some doubt exists as Wellings et al. (1987) note that at least in the case of Puccinia striiformis Westend. f.sp. tritici, other means of introduction, such as transport on clothing, are more probable. Wind obviously plays an important role in the dis- semination of fungi when the target sizes are sufficiently large and not thousands of kilometers distant. The spread of coffee rust, Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Br., by wind in Central and South America following prevailing winds is well documented (Schieber and Zentmeyer 1984). However, no evidence has been found to support the idea of transoceanic dispersal by wind.

A second problem facing most basidiomycetes is the estab- lishment of a dikaryon to complete their life cycle. Given that a viable spore can make an oceanic or continental crossing and does fall on a suitable substrate, the odds against there being a compatible colony nearby must be astronomical. Even where compatible species occur on opposite sides of a barrier, thus vastly increasing this probability, there is little evidence of gene flow. Vilgalys and Johnson (1987) noted considerable genetic divergence between geographically isolated populations of single mating groups in the Collybia dryophila (Bull.:Fr.) Kummer group in Europe and eastern North America. Similarly, Macrae (1942) showed that luminosity in Panellus stypticus (Bull.:Fr.) Karst. only occurs in eastern North American strains and is absent in European strains. Fur- thermore, she showed that luminosity was caused by a single Mendelian factor and was the dominant form, expressed in the F, generation. The absence of the luminous form in Europe indicates that eastern North American spores are failing either to make the crossing or to establish themselves. At least in coastal British Columbia, the nonluminescent form of P. stypticus is established. Fresh, sporulating collections seen by me on Vancouver Island, and their mycelium in culture are nonluminescent. The absence of various other species from other-

wise suitable habitats in eastern North America when they occur in western North America, also indicates that there is little if any long distance transport of viable inoculum. Phaeolepiota aurea, which is widespread in Europe and Asia, is only known from the west in North America. Strobilurus occidentalis has its most distinctive form along the Pacific coast on cones of Picea sitchensis, and a less distinctive form in the western cordillera on Picea engelmanii, also occurs east of the continental divide in Alberta on cones of Picea glauca, but has never been picked up further east following that host. In eastern North America, Rhodotus palmatus apparently has not yet extensively colonized the eastern side of the Appala- chians where suitable substrates occur. Maryland is the-only location where it is known to have reached the Atlantic coast. All three examples, P. aurea, S. occidentalis, and R. palmatus, may represent species still in the slow process of mkra- tion and colonization. Watling (1978, 1987) also noted that two conspicuous species, Amanita caesarea (Scop. : Fr.) Grev. and Albatrellus ovinus (Fr.) Kotl. & Pouz., were absent in the British Isles in spite of the presence of suitable habitats and hosts and in spite of the presence of these fungi in adjacent Europe.

In concurrence with Bisby et al. (1929), in general it has been established that macrofungi have wider global ranges than vascular plants. However, the ranges are not so broad as to be biogeographically meaningless. On the contrary, fungi offer yet another dimension to the study of biogeography. Whereas many of the transoceanic disjunct patterns exhibited by vascular plants are exhibited at the generic or family level (Axelrod 1970; Raven and Axelrod 1974), they are exhibited at the species level by many higher fungi just as they are for the lichenized ascomycetes and bryophytes (Culberson 1972; Schofield and Crum 1972). Horak (1983~) listed 75 species common to southern South America and Australia or New Zealand, many of which must be remnants of populations fragmented by the breakup of Gondwanaland approximately 100 million years ago. Similarly, Imai (1961), Hongo (1978), Hongo and Yokoyama (1978), Mao et al. (1986), and Zang (1986) have noted several species disjunct between eastern Asia and eastern North ~ m e r i c a . It is known that saprophytic ~asidiomycet'es existed approximately 300 million years BP in the Middle Pennsylvania (Dennis 1970), and that woody per- ennial polypores associated with conifers were extant in the Upper Mesojurassic approximately 150 million years ago (Singer and Archangelsky 1958). Therefore it would not be . ~

surp&sing if agarics and other higher fungi populated Gond- wanaland. To have their present distributions, some of the fungal species listed by Horak must be at least 100 million years old. Cyptotrama asprata, Tetrapyrgos nigripes, and Xeromphalina tenuipes, represented in Canada and with pantropical distributions including Australia and South America, are possibly northern examples of this ancient Gondwanaland mycoflora. Heliocybe sulcata with its peculiar South Africa, Mediterranean, continental North American range (cf. Axelrod 1970) may be another species originating in Gondwanaland. Some species must be at least 25 -30 million years old if corre- lated with the connection of mesic forests between southeast Asia and eastern North America (Wolfe and Leopold 1967). These species include Crinipellis setipes, C. campanella, Lac- tarius indigo, and others listed by Imai and Hongo, e.g., Marasmius siccus (Schw.) Fr., Lactarius gerardii Peck, T.10- pilus chromapes (Frost) Smith & Thiers, T. ballouii (Peck) Singer, Boletellus russellii (Frost) Gilbert, Catathelas~na ven-

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tricosa (Peck) Singer, Entoloma rnurrayi (Berk. & Curt.) Sacc. (= E. cuspidatum (Peck) Sacc.), E. quadraturn (Berk. & Curt.) Horak (= E. salrnoneum (Peck) Sacc.), Entolorna abor- tivum, Suillus spraguei (Berk. & Curt.) Kuntze (= S. pictus (Peck) Kuntze (see Palm and Stewart 1986)), S. salmonicolor (Frost) Halling (= S. subluteus (Peck) Snell), Boletus griseus Frost, B. ornatipes Peck, Porphyrellus gracilis (Peck) Singer, and others common to eastern North America and southeastern Asia treated by Comer (1972), e.g., Pulveroboletus ravenelii (Berk. & Curt.) Murr., Tylopilus albo-ater (Schw.) Murr., as well as T. ballouii, E. rnurrayi and E. quadratum (Horak 1975), Leucocoprinus arnericanus (Peck) Redhead (Mao et al. 1986), and Boletellus jalapensis (Murr.) Gilbert (Zang 1986). Mycena leaiana, found in New Zealand, New Guinea, as well as North America, is either of Gondwanaland origin or linked to the above-mentioned species. Species in genera occupying coniferous forests where all North American representatives are differentiated from Eurasian species, e.g., Strobilurus, must be no older than 10- 15 million years, and possibly only 2-2.5 million years old if coniferous forests were close enough (cf. Colinvaux 1967) for successful spore dispersal. These conclusions lend support to Demoulin's (1973) hypothe- sis that some fungi have evolved relatively slowly since the Mesozoic.

Conclusions The Canadian macromycete mycoflora is a complex mosaic

1 of introduced and native species. The latter group has recolonized this country from southern locations in the u.s.A., particularly the southern Appalachians, and possibly Mexico, and probably from refugia in the Arctic, Bering Strait area, the Queen Charlotte Islands, and possibly Newfoundland. The ori- gins and compositions of these sources of the present Canadian mycoflora were themselves regulated by the same factors regu- lating the plant floras, i.e., some were remnants of even older and more widespread mycofloras. Species found from coast to coast in the boreal forest probably survived glaciation in at least two separate locations as did some boreal vascular plant species like Picea glauca (Turner 1972). This could explain subtle east-west differences such as the subs~eciation of Xerornphalina cauticinalis, the host differences in western and eastern Baeospora myosura, the luminosity of only eastern Panellus stypticus, and species with widely separated oceanic populations. Even Arctic species may show east-west differ- entiation, as in the case of pigment differences between eastern Arctic collections of Phytoconis luteovitellina and western Arctic collections (Redhead and Kuyper 1987) that may be the result of survival in different Arctic refugia. Additional collecting is needed in the central prairie regions, especially Sas- katchewan, the Northwest Territories, northern British Columbia, and along the east coast of Asia to test and confirm the theories advanced here. As stated bv Culberson (1972: p. 165) about higher basidiomycetes, " . . . our ignorance of phytogeographically significant ranges may reflect only the magnitude of problems inherent in the study of organisms known only from ephemeral sporocarps. "

Acknowledgements I thank Dr. J . Bissett, Dr. R. A. Shoemaker, and Dr. A.

Stahevitch (DAOM and DAO) for reviewing the manuscript, and Dr. J. Ginns and Dr. Y. Dalpt for helpful comments in the earlier stages. Dr. Ginns especially helped by collecting

agarics in the Yukon for me. The following persons generously provided access to collections in their care or to their own personal collections, and in some cases provided working space, materials, and facilitated use of the collections in every way: Dr. R. J. Bandoni (UBC), Dr. R. Cauchon (QFB), Dr. J. Haines (NYS), Dr. R. E. Halling and Dr. C. T. Rogerson (NY), Dr. D. W. Malloch and Mr. G. Thorn (TRTC), Dr. 0. K. Miller (VPI), Dr. G. M. Mueller and Dr. R. Singer (F), Dr. R. H. Petersen and Mr. D. E. Desjardin (TENN), Dr. D. Pfister (FH), Dr. A. Rossman (BPI), Dr. R. L. Shaffer (MICH), and Dr. H. D . Thiers (SFU). The assistance of Mrs. H. M. E. Schalkwyk (Edmonton) in the field has been particularly rewarding. I am truly grateful to these individuals. Technical assistance was provided by Mrs. R. McGregor and earlier by Mr. K. Spicer. Parks Canada provided collecting permits for Cape Breton Highlands, Glacier, Gros Morne, Kejimkujik, Kouchibouguac, Mt. Revelstoke, Pacific Rim, Riding Mountain, and St. Lawrence Islands National Parks, and the B.C. provincial government provided access to Naikoon Provincial Park.

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FIG. 1. Distribution of Lepista mulriforme.

FIG. 2. Distribution of Coprinus martinii.

FIG. 3. Distribution of Phytoconis luteovitellina.

FIG. 4. Distribution of Marasmius epidryas.

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FIG. 5. Distribution of Arrhenia aursicalpium.

FIG. 6. Distribution of Bryoglossum gracile.

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FIG. 7. Distribution of Arrhenia lobata.

FIG. 8. Distribution of Phyloconis ericetorurn.

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3046 CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989

FIG. 9. Distribution of Marasrnius androsaceus.

- -

FIG. 11. Distribution of Neolecta vitellirla.

I

FIG. 10. Distribution of Marasrni~rs pallidocephalus.

1

FIG. 12. Distribution of Marasmius epiphyllus.

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FIG. 13. Distribution of Cantharellula umbonata. FIG. 15. Distribution of Galerina paludosa.

FIG. 14. Distribution of Tricholoma magnivelare. FIG. 16. Distribution of Phaeomarasmius erinaceus.

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3048 CAN. J . BOT. VOL. 67, 1989

Fm. 17. Distribution of Crepidotus cinnabarinus. FIG. 19. Distribution of Heliocybe sulcata.

FIG. 18. Distribution of Rhodotus palmatus.

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FIG. 21. Distribution of Mitrula elegans. I

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FIG. 23. Distribution of Strobilurus albipilatus.

FIG. 22. Distribution of Baeospora myosura. FIG. 24. Distribution of Marasmiellus candidus.

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3050 CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989

FIG. 25. Distribution of Marasmiellus papillatus. FIG. 27. Distribution of Crinipellis piceae.

FIG. 26. Distribution of Cyphellostereu~n laeve. FIG. 28. Distribution of Psilocybe semilanceata.

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FIG. 29. Distribution of Hypholoma dispersum.

FIG. 30. Distribution of Phaeolepiota aurea.

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FIG. 31. Distribution of Strobilurus occidentalis.

FIG. 32. Distribution of Chroogomphus tomentosus.

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3052 CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989

FIG. 33. Distribution of Strobilurus trullisatus. FIG. 35. Distribution of Marasmius plicatulus.

FIG. 34. Distribution of Collybia bakerensis. FIG. 36. Distribution of Boletus mirabilis.

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FIG. 37. Distribution of Chrysomphalina aurantiaca. FIG. 39. Distribution of Resinomycena montana.

FIG. 38. Distribution of Mycena lohwagii. FIG. 40. Distribution of Marasmius tremulae.

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3054 CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989

FIG. 41. Distribution of Neolentinus kaufianii.

FIG. 42. Distribution of Resirzotnycena saccharifera. FIG. 44. Distribution of Panellus longinquus.

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FIG. 45. Distribution of Mycerza culmigena. FIG. 47. Distribution of Hemimycena tortuosa.

FIG. 48. Distribution of Stereopsis humphreyi.

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FIG. 49. Distribution of Melanotus textilis. FIG. 51. Distribution of Marasmiellus pluvius.

FIG. 50. Distribution of Tetrapyrgos subdendrophora. FIG. 52. Distribution of Laccaria maritima.

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FIG. 53. Distribution of Lyophyllum gibberosum. FIG. 55. Distribution of Resinomycena acadiensis.

FIG. 54. Distribution of Panellus violaceofilvus.

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FIG. 56. Distribution of Hypholoma jlavifolium.

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FIG. 57. Distribution of Lyophyllum palustre.

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FIG. 58. Distribution of Crinipellis campanella. FIG. 60. Distribution of Xerula rubrobrunnescens.

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FIG. 61. Distribution of Mitrula lunulatospora.

FIG. 62. Distribution of Xerula fir@racea.

FIG. 63. Distribution of Crinipellis setipes.

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FIG. 64. Distribution of Resinomycena rhododendri.

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FIG. 65. Distribution of Marasmius pyrrhocephalus. FIG. 67. Distribution of Mycena leaiana.

FIG. 66. Distribution of Xerula megalospora. FIG. 68. Distribution of Lentinus tigrinus.

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FIG. 69. Distribution of Lactarius indigo.

FIG. 70. Distribution of Tetrapyrgos nigripes.

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FIG. 71. Distribution of Cyptotrama asprata.

FIG. 72. Distribution of Gerronema subclavatum.

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FIG. 73. Distribution of Pleurojlarnrnula jlarnrnea. FIG. 74. Distribution of Laccaria trullisata.

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