Redbull y History

7/31/2019 Redbull y History

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Red Bull

Esto es un HOAX que me ha llegado por mail. Pero parece casi una historia de terrorperfecta para contar el da de Halloween. Solo hay que apagar las luces, encender unalinterna, comer castaas y panellets (como hacemos en Catalunya) y empezar a decir:

Haba una vez

"y nunca para ser consumido como una bebida

inocente o refrescante.

Fue creada por Dietrich Mateschitz, un empresario de origen austriaco que descubrila bebida por casualidad.

Sucedi en un viaje de negocios a Hong Kong, cuando trabajaba para una empresafabricante de cepillos de dientes. El lquido, basado en una frmula que contenacafena y taurina, causaba furor en ese pas.

Justamente, imagin un rotundo xito de esta bebida en Europa, donde todava noexista el producto, adems de ver una oportunidad inmejorable de convertirse enempresario.

PERO LA VERDAD DE ESTA BEBIDA ES OTRA: FRANCIA y DINAMARCA

, qumico altamente peligroso, elcual fue desarrollado por el durantelos aos 60 para estimular la moral de las tropas acantonadas en , el cualactuaba como una droga alucingena que calmaba el estrs de la guerra. Pero susefectos en el organismo fueron tan devastadores, que fue descontinuado, ante el altondice de casos de migraas, tumores cerebrales y enfermedades del hgado, quemostraron los soldados que la consumieron.

Y a pesar de ello, en la lata de RED BULL an se lee entre sus componentes:GLUCURONOLACTONE , .

Pero lo que no dice la lata de RED BULL, son las consecuencias de su consumo, queobligan a colocar una serie de ADVERTENCIAS:
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoaxhttp://www.acocinar.com/panellet.htmhttp://centroeu.com/noticias/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=176http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucuronolactonehttp://centroeu.com/noticias/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=176http://www.acocinar.com/panellet.htmhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoaxhttp://www.ginatonic.net/2006/10/25/red-bull-es-malo-maligno/


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Es peligroso tomarlo si despus no haces ejercicio fsico, ya que su funcinenergizante acelera el ritmo cardiaco y .

Corres el peligro de sufrir una , debido a que el RED BULLcontiene componentes que diluyen la sangre para que al corazn le cueste mucho

menos bombear la sangre, y as poder hacer un esfuerzo fsico con menos agotamiento.

Est prohibido mezclar el RED BULL con alcohol, porque la mezcla convierte labebida en una "Bomba Mortal" que a , provocando que la

zona afectada no se regenere nunca ms.

Uno de los componentes principales del RED BULL es la vitamina B12, utilizada enmedicina para recuperar a pacientes que se encuentran en un coma etlico; de aqu lahipertensin y el estado de excitacin en el que te encuentras despus de tomarlo,como si estuvieras .

El consumo regular del RED BULL.

CONCLUSION:como ya est

despertando otras naciones pues se mezcla con alcohol y crea una bomba de tiempopara el cuerpo humano, principalmente entre adolescentes y adultos ignorantes por supoca experiencia.

http://www.ginatonic.net/2006/10/25/red-bull-es-malo-maligno/


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The ancient greece

According to legend, Rome was founded in 753 BC by Romulus and Remus, who were

raised by a she-wolf.

According to legend, Rome was founded on April 21, 753 BC by twin brothersdescended from the Trojan prince Aeneas.[2]

and are the grandsons of the Latin King, Numitor ofAlba Longa. TheKing was ejected from his throne by his cruel brother Amulius while Numitor'sdaughter, Rhea Silvia, gave birth.[3][4]

Rhea Silvia was a Vestal Virgin who was raped by Mars, making the twins half-divine.The new king feared that Romulus and Remus would take back the throne, so theywere to be drowned.[4]A she-wolf (or a shepherd's wife in some accounts) saved andraised them, and when they were old enough, they returned the throne of Alba Longa

to Numitor.[5][6]The twins then founded their own city, but Romulus killed Remus in aquarrel over which one of them was to reign as the King of Rome, though somesources state the quarrel was about who was going to give their name to the city.[7]

Romulus became the source of the city's name.[8]As the city was bereft of women,legend says that the Latins invited the Sabinesto a festival and stole their unmarried

maidens, leading to the integration of the Latins and the Sabines.

[9]

The city ofRomegrew from settlements around a ford on the river Tiber, a crossroadsof traffic and trade.[5]According to archaeological evidence, the village of Rome wasprobably founded sometime in the 8th century BC, though it may go back as far as the10th century BC, by members of the Latin tribe of Italy, on the top of the PalatineHill.[10][11]The Etruscans, who had previously settled to the north in Etruria, seem tohave established political control in the region by the late 7th century BC, forming thearistocratic and monarchial elite. The Etruscans apparently lost power in the area by

the late 6th century BC, and at this point, the original Latin and Sabine tribesreinvented their government by creating a republic, with much greater restraints on

the ability of rulers to exercise power.[12]

Roman tradition, as well as archaeological evidence, points to a complex within theForum Romanum as the seat of power for the king and the beginnings of the religiouscenter there as well. Numa Pompilius was the second king of Rome, succeeding

Romulus. He began Rome's great building projects with his royal palace the Regia andthe complex of the Vestal virgins.
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Main article:Roman Republic

The Roman Republic was established around 509 BC, according to later writers such

as Livy, when the last of the seven kings of Rome, Tarquin the Proud, was deposed,and a system based on annually elected magistrates and various representativeassemblies was established.[13]A constitution set a series of checks and balances, and aseparation of powers. The most important magistrates were the two consuls, who

together exercised executive authority in the form ofimperium, or militarycommand.[14]The consuls had to work with the senate, which was initially an advisorycouncil of the ranking nobility, or patricians, but grew in size and power over time.[15]Other magistracies in the Republic include praetors, aediles, and quaestors.[16]Themagistracies were originally restricted to patricians, but were later opened to commonpeople, or plebeians.[16]Republican voting assemblies included the comitia centuriata

(centuriate assembly), which voted on matters of war and peace and elected men tothe most important offices, and the comitia tributa(tribal assembly), which electedless important offices.[17]

The Romans gradually subdued the other peoples on the Italian peninsula, includingthe Etruscans.[18]The last threat to Roman hegemony in Italy came when Tarentum, amajor Greek colony, enlisted the aid ofPyrrhus of Epirus in 281 BC, but this effortfailed as well.[19][20]The Romans secured their conquests by founding Roman coloniesin strategic areas, establishing stable control over the region.[21]In the second half of

the 3rd century BC, Rome clashed with Carthage in the first of three Punic Wars.

These wars resulted in Rome's first overseas conquests, ofSicily and Hispania, and therise of Rome as a significant imperial power.[22][23]After defeating the Macedonian andSeleucid Empires in the 2nd century BC, the Romans became the dominant people of

the Mediterranean Sea.[24][25]

Gaius Marius, a Roman general and politician who dramatically reformed the Roman

military

Foreign dominance led to internal strife. Senators became rich at the provinces'expense, but soldiers, who were mostly small-scale farmers, were away from homelonger and could not maintain their land, and the increased reliance on foreign slavesand the growth oflatifundiareduced the availability of paid work.[26][27]Income fromwar booty, mercantilism in the new provinces, and tax farmingcreated new economicopportunities for the wealthy, forming a new class ofmerchants, the equestrians.[28]

Thelex Claudiaforbade members of the Senate from engaging in commerce, so whilethe equestrians could theoretically join the Senate, they were severely restricted interms of political power.[29][28]The Senate squabbled perpetually, repeatedly blockingimportant land reforms and refusing to give the equestrian class a larger say in the
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government. Violent gangs of the urban unemployed, controlled by rival Senators,intimidated the electorate through violence. The situation came to a head in the late2nd century BC under the Gracchi brothers, a pair oftribunes who attempted to passland reform legislation that would redistribute the major patrician landholdings among

the plebeians. Both brothers were killed, but the Senate passed some of their reforms

in an attempt to placate the growing unrest of the plebeian and equestrian classes.The denial ofRoman citizenshipto allied Italian cities led to the Social War of 9188BC.[30]The military reforms ofGaius Marius resulted in soldiers often having moreloyalty to their commander than to the city, and a powerful general could hold the cityand Senate ransom.[31]This led to civil war between Marius and his protect Sulla, andculminated in Sulla's dictatorship of 8179 BC.[32]

In the mid-1st century BC, three men, Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, formed asecret pactthe First Triumvirateto control the Republic. After Caesar's conquestof Gaul, a stand-off between Caesar and the Senate led to civil war, with Pompey

leading the Senate's forces. Caesar emerged victorious, and was made dictator forlife.[33]In 44 BC, Caesar was assassinated by senators who opposed Caesar's assumptionof absolute power and wanted to restore constitutional government, but in theaftermath a Second Triumvirate, consisting of Caesar's designated heir, Octavian, andhis former supporters, Mark Antony and Lepidus, took power.[34][35]However, thisalliance soon descended into a struggle for dominance. Lepidus was exiled, and whenOctavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra ofEgypt at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC,he became the undisputed ruler of Rome.[36]

Main article:Roman Empire

With his enemies defeated, Octavian took the nameAugustusand assumed almostabsolute power, retaining only a pretense of the Republican form of government.[37]His designated successor, Tiberius, took power without serious opposition,establishing the Julio-Claudian dynasty, which lasted until the death ofNero in 68.[38]

The territorial expansion of what was now the Roman Empire continued, and the stateremained secure,[39]despite a series of emperors widely viewed as depraved andcorrupt (for example, Caligula is argued by some to have been insane and Nero had areputation for cruelty and being more interested in his private concerns than the

affairs of the state[40]). Their rule was followed by the Flavian dynasty.[41]During thereign of the "Five Good Emperors" (96180), the Empire reached its territorial,economic, and cultural zenith.[42]The state was secure from both internal andexternal threats, and the Empire prospered during the Pax Romana ("Roman

Peace").[43][44]With the conquest ofDacia during the reign ofTrajan, the Empirereached the peak of its territorial expansion; Rome's dominion now spanned 2.5 millionsquare miles (6.5 million km).[45]
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rg/wiki/Battle_of_Actiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(triumvir)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Triumviratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome#cite_note-Scullard2-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_dictatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_Warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_Warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Triumviratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome#cite_note-Scullard1-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_dictatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sullahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Mariushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9388_BC)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_citizenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracchi


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The Roman Empire at its greatest extent under Trajan in AD 117.

The period between 193 and 235 was dominated by the Severan dynasty, and saw severalincompetent rulers, such as Elagabalus.[46]This and the increasing influence of thearmy on imperial succession led to a long period of imperial collapse and external

invasions known as the Crisis of the Third Century.[47][48]The crisis was ended by themore competent rule ofDiocletian, who in 293 divided the Empire into an eastern andwestern half ruled by a tetrarchy of two co-emperors and their two juniorcolleagues.[49]The various co-rulers of the Empire competed and fought for supremacyfor more than half a century. On May 11, 330, Emperor Constantine I firmly established

Byzantium as the capital of the Roman Empire and renamed it Constantinople.[50]TheEmpire was permanently divided into the Eastern Roman Empire (later known as the

Byzantine Empire) and the Western Roman Empire in 395.[51]

The Western Empire was constantly harassed by barbarian invasions, and the gradual

decline of the western Empire continued over the centuries.[52]

In the 4th century, thewestward migration of the Huns caused the Visigothsto seek refuge within theborders of the Roman Empire.[53]In 410, the Visigoths, under the leadership ofAlaric I,sacked the city of Rome itself.[54]The Vandals invaded Roman provinces in Gaul, Spain,and northern Africa, and in 455 sacked Rome.[55]On September 4, 476, the GermanicchiefOdoacer forced the last Roman emperor in the west, Romulus Augustus, toabdicate.[56]Having lasted for approximately 1200 years, the rule of Rome in the Westcame to an end.[57]

The Eastern Empire, by contrast, would suffer a similar fate, though not as drastic.

Justinian managed to briefly reconquer Northern Africa and Italy, but Byzantinepossessions in the West were reduced to southern Italy and Sicily within a few yearsafter Justinian's death.[58]In the east, partially resulting from the destructive Plagueof Justinian, the Byzantines were threatened by the rise ofIslam, whose followersrapidly conquered territories in Syria and Egypt and soon presented a direct threat toConstantinople.[59][60]The Byzantines, however, managed to stop Islamic expansion into

their lands during the 8th century, and beginning in the 9th century reclaimed parts ofthe conquered lands.[61][59]In 1000 AD the Eastern Empire was at its height: BasileiosII reconquered Bulgaria and Armenia, culture and trade flourished.[62]However, soonafter the expansion was abruptly stopped in 1071 at the Battle of Manzikert. Thisfinally lead the empire into a dramatic decline. Several centuries of internal strife and

Turkic invasions ultimately paved the way for Emperor Alexius I Comnenusto send acall for help to the West in 1095.[59]The West responded with the Crusades, eventuallyresulting in the Sack of Constantinople by participants in the Fourth Crusade. Theconquest of Constantinople in 1204 would see the fragmentation of what littleremained of the empire into successor states, the ultimate victor being that ofNicaea.[63]After the recapture of Constantinople by imperial forces, the empire was
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little more than a Greek state confined to the Aegean coast. The Eastern Empirecame to an end when Mehmed II conquered Constantinople on May 29, 1453.[64]

The imperial city of Rome was the largest urban center of its time, with a populationof about one million people (about the size of London in the early 19th century, when

London was the largest city in the world), with some high-end estimates of 14 millionand low-end estimates of 450,000.[65][66][67]The public spaces in Rome resounded withsuch a din of hooves and clatter of iron chariot wheels that Julius Caesar had onceproposed a ban on chariot traffic during the day. Historical estimates indicate thataround 20 percent of the population under jurisdiction of ancient Rome (2540%,depending on the standards used, in Roman Italy[68]) lived in innumerable urban

centers, with population of 10,000 and more and several military settlements, a veryhigh rate of urbanization by pre-industrial standards. Most of these centers had aforum and temples and same type of buildings, on a smaller scale, as found in Rome.

Area under Roman control Roman Republic Roman Empire Western Empire

Eastern Empire Inheriting countries of the Byzantine Empire

Roman society is largely viewed as hierarchical, with slaves (servi) at the bottom,

freedmen (liberti) above them, and free-born citizens (cives) at the top. Free citizenswere themselves also divided by class. The broadest, and earliest, division was between

the patricians, who could trace their ancestry to one of the 100 Patriarchs at thefounding of the city, and the plebeians, who could not. This became less important in

the later Republic, as some plebeian families became wealthy and entered politics, andsome patrician families fell on hard times. Anyone, patrician or plebeian, who couldcount a consul as his ancestor was a noble (nobilis); a man who was the first of hisfamily to hold the consulship, such as Marius or Cicero, was known as anovus homo("new man") and ennobled his descendants. Patrician ancestry, however, still conferredconsiderable prestige, and many religious offices remained restricted to patricians.

A class division originally based on military service became more important.Membership of these classes was determined periodically by the Censors, according toproperty. The wealthiest were the Senatorial class, who dominated politics andcommand of the army. Next came the equestrians (equites, sometimes translated"knights"), originally those who could afford a warhorse, who formed a powerfulmercantile class. Several further classes, originally based on what military equipment
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their members could afford, followed, with the proletarii, citizens who had noproperty at all, at the bottom. Before the reforms of Marius they were ineligible formilitary service and are often described as being just barely above freed slaves in termsof wealth and prestige.

Voting power in the Republic was dependent on class. Citizens were enrolled in voting"tribes", but the tribes of the richer classes had fewer members than the poorer ones,all the proletariibeing enrolled in a single tribe. Voting was done in class order andstopped as soon as a majority of the tribes had been reached, so the poorer classeswere often unable even to cast their votes.

Allied foreign cities were often given the Latin Right, an intermediary level betweenfull citizens and foreigners (peregrini), which gave their citizens rights under Romanlaw and allowed their leading magistrates to become full Roman citizens. While therewere varying degrees of Latin rights, the main division was between those cum

suffragio("with vote"; enrolled in a Roman tribe and able to take part in the comitiatributa) and sine suffragio("without vote"; unable to take part in Roman politics).Some of Rome's Italian allies were given full citizenship after the Social War of 9188

BC, and full Roman citizenship was extended to all free-born men in the Empire byCaracalla in 212. Women shared some basic rights with their male counterparts, butwere not fully regarded as citizens and were thus not allowed to vote or participate inpolitics.

A group portrait depicted on glass, dating from c.250 A.D., showing a mother, son and

daughter. It was once considered to be a depiction of the family ofValentinian III.

The basic units of Roman society were households and families.[69]Householdsincluded the head (usually the father) of the household,pater familias(father of thefamily), his wife, children, and other relatives. In the upper classes, slaves and servantswere also part of the household.[69]The head of the household had great power (patriapotestas, "father's power") over those living with him: He could force marriage (usuallyfor money) and divorce, sell his children into slavery, claim his dependents' property ashis own, and even had the right to punish or kill family members (though this last rightapparently ceased to be exercised after the 1st century BC).[70]

Patria potestaseven extended over adult sons with their own households: A man wasnot considered a paterfamilias, nor could he truly hold property, while his own fatherlived.[70][71]During the early period of Rome's history, a daughter, when she married,fell under the control (manus) of the paterfamiliasof her husband's household,although by the late Republic this fell out of fashion, as a woman could choose tocontinue recognizing her father's family as her true family.[72]However, as Romans
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reckoned descentthrough the male line, any children she had would belong to herhusband's family.[73]

Groups of related households formed a family (gens). Families were based on blood tiesor adoption, but were also political and economic alliances. Especially during the

Roman Republic, some powerful families, orGentes Maiores, came to dominatepolitical life.

Ancient Roman marriage was often regarded more as a financial and political alliancethan as a romantic association, especially in the upper classes. Fathers usually beganseeking husbands for their daughters when they reached an age between twelve andfourteen. The husband was almost always older than the bride. While upper class girlsmarried very young, there is evidence that lower class women often married in theirlate teens or early twenties.

Main article:Roman school

In the early Republic, there were no public schools, so boys were taught to read andwrite by their parents, or by educated slaves, calledpaedagogi, usually of Greekorigin.[74][75][76]The primary aim of education during this period was to train young menin agriculture, warfare, Roman traditions, and public affairs.[74]Young boys learntmuch about civic life by accompanying their fathers to religious and politicalfunctions, including the Senate for the sons of nobles.[75]The sons of nobles wereapprenticed to a prominent political figure at the age of 16, and campaigned with thearmy from the age of 17 (this system would still be in use among some noble familieswell into the imperial era).[75]Educational practices were modified following theconquest of the Hellenistic kingdoms in the 3rd century BC and the resulting Greekinfluence, although it should be noted that Roman educational practices were stillsignificantly different from Greek ones.[77][75]If their parents could afford it, boys andsome girls at the age of 7 were sent to a private school outside the home called aludus, where a teacher (called a litteratoror amagister ludi, and often of Greekorigin) taught them basic reading, writing, arithmetic, and sometimes Greek, until theage of 11.[78][75][76]Beginning at age 12, students went to secondary schools, where the

teacher (now called agrammaticus) taught them about Greek and Roman

literature.[75][78]At the age of 16, some students went on to rhetoric school (where theteacher, almost always Greek, was called arhetor).[75][78]Education at this levelprepared students for legal careers, and required that the students memorize the lawsof Rome.[75]Pupils went to school every day, except religious festivals and market days.

There were also summer holidays.
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Main articles:Roman ConstitutionandHistory of the Roman Constitution

Initially, Rome was ruled by kings, who were elected from each of Rome's major tribesin turn.[79]The exact nature of the king's power is uncertain. He may have held near-absolute power, or may also have merely been the chief executive of the Senate and

the people. At least in military matters, the king's authority (Imperium) was likelyabsolute. He was also the head of the state religion. In addition to the authority of

the King, there were three administrative assemblies: the Senate, which acted as anadvisory body for the King; the Comitia Curiata, which could endorse and ratify lawssuggested by the King; and the Comitia Calata, which was an assembly of the priestlycollege which could assemble the people in order to bear witness to certain acts, hearproclamations, and declare the feast and holiday schedule for the next month.

Representation of a sitting of the Roman Senate: Cicero attacks Catilina, from a 19th

century fresco

The class struggles of the Roman Republic resulted in an unusual mixture ofdemocracy and oligarchy. The word republic comes from the Latin res publicawhichliterally translates to public business. Roman laws traditionally could only be passed bya vote of the Popular assembly (Comitia Tributa). Likewise, candidates for publicpositions had to run for election by the people. However, the Roman Senaterepresented an oligarchic institution, which acted as an advisory body. In the

Republic, the Senate held great authority (auctoritas), but no actual legislative power;it was technically only an advisory council. However, as the Senators were individually

very influential, it was difficult to accomplish anything against the collective will of

the Senate. New Senators were chosen from among the most accomplished patriciansby Censors (Censura), who could also remove a Senator from his office if he wasfound "morally corrupt"; a charge that could include bribery or, as under Cato theElder, embracing one's wife in public. Later, under the reforms of the dictator Sulla,Quaestors were made automatic members of the Senate, though most of his reformsdid not survive.

The Republic had no fixed bureaucracy, and collected taxesthrough the practice oftax farming. Government positions such as quaestor, aedile, or praefect were fundedfrom the office-holder's private finances. In order to prevent any citizen from gaining

too much power, new magistrates were elected annually and had to share power with acolleague. For example, under normal conditions, the highest authority was held by twoconsuls. In an emergency, a temporary dictator could be appointed. Throughout the

Republic, the administrative system was revised several times to comply with newdemands. In the end, it proved inefficient for controlling the ever-expanding dominionof Rome, contributing to the establishment of the Roman Empire.
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In the early Empire, the pretense of a republican form of government was maintained.The Roman Emperor was portrayed as only aprinceps, or "first citizen", and the Senategained legislative power and all legal authority previously held by the popularassemblies. However, the rule of the emperors became increasingly autocratic over

time, and the Senate was reduced to an advisory body appointed by the emperor. The

Empire did not inherit a set bureaucracy from the Republic, since the Republic did nothave any permanent governmental structures apart from the Senate. The Emperorappointed assistants and advisers, but the state lacked many institutions, such as acentrally planned budget. Some historians have cited this as a significant reason for

the decline of the Roman Empire.

Main article:Roman law

The roots of the legal principles and practices of the ancient Romans may be traced tothe law of the twelve tables (from 449 BC) to the codification of Emperor Justinian I(around 530 AD). Roman law as preserved in Justinian's codes continued into the

Byzantine Empire, and formed the basis of similar codifications in continental WesternEurope. Roman law continued, in a broader sense, to be applied throughout most ofEurope until the end of the 17th century.

The major divisions of the law of ancient Rome, as contained within the Justinian andTheodosian law codes, consisted ofIus Civile, Ius Gentium, and Ius Naturale. The IusCivile("Citizen law") was the body of common laws that applied to Roman citizens.[80]

ThePraetores Urbani(sg. Praetor Urbanus) were the individuals who had jurisdictionover cases involving citizens. The Ius Gentium("Law of nations") was the body ofcommon laws that applied to foreigners, and their dealings with Roman citizens.[69]ThePraetores Peregrini(sg. Praetor Peregrinus) were the individuals who had jurisdictionover cases involving citizens and foreigners. Ius Naturaleencompassed natural law, thebody of laws that were considered common to all being.

Ancient Rome commanded a vast area of land, with tremendous natural and humanresources. As such, Rome's economy remained focused on agriculture and trade.

Agricultural free trade changed the Italian landscape, and by the 1st century BC, vastgrape and olive estates had supplanted the yeoman farmers, who were unable to matchthe imported grain price. The annexation ofEgypt, Sicily and Tunisia in North Africaprovided a continuous supply of grains. In turn, olive oil and wine were Italy's mainexports. Two-tier crop rotation was practiced, but farm productivity was overall low,around 1 ton per hectare.
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Industrial and manufacturingactivities were smaller. The largest such activity werethe miningand quarryingof stones, which provided basic construction materials forthe buildings of that period. In manufacturing, production was on a relatively smallscale, and generally consisted of workshops and small factories that employed at mostdozens of workers. However, some brick factories employed hundreds of workers.

The economy of the early Republic was largely based on smallholding and paid labor.However, foreign wars and conquests made slaves increasingly cheap and plentiful, andby the late Republic, the economy was largely dependent on slave labor for both skilledand unskilled work. Slaves are estimated to have constituted around 20% of the

Roman Empire's population at this time and 40% in the city of Rome. Only in the RomanEmpire, when the conquests stopped and the prices of slaves increased, did hiredlabor become more economical than slave ownership.

Although barter was used in ancient Rome, and often used in tax collection, Rome

had a very developed coinage system, with brass, bronze, and precious metal coins incirculation throughout the Empire and beyondsome have even been discovered inIndia. Before the 3rd century BC, copper was traded by weight, measured in unmarkedlumps, across central Italy. The original copper coins (as) had a face value of one

Roman pound of copper, but weighed less. Thus, Roman money's utility as a unit ofexchange consistently exceeded its intrinsic value as metal. After Nero begandebasing the silver denarius, its legalvalue was an estimated one-third greater than itsintrinsic.

Horses were too expensive, and other pack animalstoo slow, for mass trade on theRoman roads, which connected military posts rather than markets, and were rarelydesigned for wheels. As a result, there was little transport ofcommodities between

Roman regions until the rise ofRoman maritime trade in the 2nd century BC. Duringthat period, a trading vessel took less than a month to complete a trip from GadestoAlexandriavia Ostia, spanning the entire length of the Mediterranean.[45]Transport bysea was around 60 times cheaper than by land, so the volume for such trips was muchlarger.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarryinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precious_metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_(coin)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_(coin)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_(coin)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_(weight)#Originshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic_value_(numismatics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denariushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_tenderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pack_animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_commerce#Sea_routeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostia_Antica_(archaeological_site)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome#cite_note-Atlas-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome#cite_note-Atlas-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome#cite_note-Atlas-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome#cite_note-Atlas-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostia_Antica_(archaeological_site)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_commerce#Sea_routeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pack_animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_tenderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denariushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic_value_(numismatics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_(weight)#Originshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_(coin)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precious_metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarryinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry


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Redbull y History

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Transcript of Redbull y History