Red Raspberries

Jessie Salmon

• Indigenous to Asia Minor and North America• People of Troy gathered wild fruits • The domestication of raspberries: recorded 4th century

writings of Palladius, a Roman agriculturist. • Seeds first discovered at Roman forts in Britain• Romans spread the cultivation throughout Europe.• British popularized and improved throughout the middle

ages, and exported to New York by 1771.

• “Bramble” means “envy” in the language of flowers• On both sides of the Atlantic, brambles were used

medicinally hundreds of years ago.• Roots were once used to remedy dysentery.

A great picture!

red raspberries on Flickr - Photo Sharing! Accessed on March 28, 2006

• Red raspberries are termed “brambles” along with blackberries.

• Diverse group of species and hybrids in genus Rubus. Members of the Rosaceae family, closely related to the strawberry in the subfamily Rosuideae.

• Termed an aggregate fruit because it’s formed by smaller fruits (drupelets) gathered together into a mass

• Most types require cooler summers. They’re poorly adapted to southern U.S. or hot, arid climates.

• It takes 2 years to establish raspberry planting• They grow and produce on many soil types; the best is

sandy loam soils with organic matter and plant nutrients.• Also need good drainage and an open site that gets 6 to

8 hours of sunlight. • Care: weed free, water when necessary, fertilize, prune,

keep insect and disease pest free!• Raspberry pests: aphids, leaf rollers, cane borers, cane

maggots, fruit worms, crown borers, sawflies, sap beetles, and Japanese beetles.

Statistics

• Worldwide 2002 911 million pounds of raspberries produced• 37 countries worldwide on 184,000 acres• Production increased 38% since 1992• Average yield 5000 pounds per acre• Top Countries with raspberry production: Russia (24% of world

production) and Serbia and Montanegro • U.S. 173 million pounds• Almost all grown in Washington, California, and Oregon• Total value of industry: $85 million a year with 90% or more of the

crop processed• In the off season, small quantities grown in Chile and other Latin

American countries, exported in the off-season

Heritage-

High quality with excellent, mild flavor

Boyne-

Sweet flavor

Nova-

Beautiful fruit with fine flavor

Pictures provided by: Raspberries Accessed on

March 29, 2006

Picture provided by:

Caroline Raspberries -

Nourse Farms - Fruit Nursery Online Catalog

Accessed on March 29, 2006

•They’re the new standard for fall-bearing varieties

•Larger berry than Heritage and more productive

•High adaptable, growing from the East Coast to the

West Coast

• A study was conducted by University of Maryland on raspberry production in Somerset County, on the Eastern Shore. Also in Garret County in the Appalachian Plateau in Maryland.

• Eastern shore had problems with establishment and disease, however the Appalachian met expectations with a good fruit season, size, firmness, and productivity.

• Annual returns from the top producer Caroline raspberries would be $66,000 per acre

• For more information, see the website:• http://agroecology.widgetworks.com/pdfs/harryswartzfullre

port122004 Accessed on March 28, 2006

Raspberries are known for:

• High fiber content

• Vitamin A

• Folate

• Antioxidants

• Phytochemicals

and much more~~

And finally: The Nutrients!

Nutrients:Serving Size: ¼ cup 30.75g (golf ball sized)

Energy:

Kilocalories 16

Protein .369g

Carb 3.67g

Fat, total .1998g

Fat:

Saturated .0058g

Monounsaturated

.0196g

Polyunsaturated

.1153g

Cholesterol 0mg

Essential Fatty Acids:

Omega-6 .0765g

Omega-3 .0387g

Carbs:

Dietary Fiber, total 1.9987g

Sugar, total 1.3591g

Other:

Water .0263 L

Alcohol 0g

More Nutrients:

Vitamins:

Thiamin .0098 mg

Riboflavin .0116mg

Niacin .1838mg

Vitamin B6 .0169mg

Folate 6.4575ug

Vitamin C 8.0565 mg

Vitamin D 0ug

Vitamin A 3.0746 ug

Alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E)

.1107mg

Minerals:

Calcium 7.6875mg

Iron .2121mg

Magnesium 6.765mg

Potassium 46.4325

Zinc .1291mg

Sodium .3075mg

In depth on…Phytochemicals

• Contains cancer fighting beta-carotene, ellagic acid, catechins, and monoterpenes.

Chart provided by: Photochemicals

- Washington Red Raspberry Commission

Accessed on March 28, 2006

Phytochemicals Values

Anthocyanins 20-65 mg/100g

Ellagic Acid 3.39 mg/g dry wt

ORAC Values 24 µmole TE/g

Salicylic Acid 5 mg/100 g

Quercitin 12 mg/100 g

Catechins 0.83 mg/100 g

• Ellagic acid is an anti-carcinogen that prevents HIV binding to cells, blood clotting, growth of tumors, and cancer.

• Currently double blind studies* conducted at the Hollings Cancer Center at the Medical University of South Carolina that show ellagic acid keeping cancer cells from dividing in a test tube.

• Forms a chemical compound (an adduct) to the DNA to mask binding cites with a carcinogen.

• Can be seen as an alternative to chemotherapy, radiation or other conventional treatments by aiding in cancer death without destroying the immune system.

* See Breakthrough Cancer Prevention for

more information! Accessed on March 29, 2006

In depth on…Ellagic Acid

• Act as pigments to give color• Naturally found in fruits and vegetables• Close to 300 different kinds• Current research for each anthocyanin and how they

impact human health. Under investigation is their anti-cancer potential, if they lower LDL cholesterol, prevent blood clotting, and defend cells against carcinogens.

• Most recent study shows that the anthocyanins in red raspberries can help reduce the risk of heart disease.

See anthocyanins Accessed on March 29,

2006

In depth on…Anthocyanins

In depth on…Antioxidants

• Protect plant cells from damage that make them susceptible to disease.

• May help prevent a number of different types of cancer. • Antioxidant vitamins: Beta-carotene (from Vitamin A),

Vitamin E, and Vitamin C, all found in raspberries.

Uses and Preparation

•Freshly prepared, sugared, raspberry sundae, jams, jellies

•Shopping- delicate structure, handle with care!

•Berries should be plump, dry, firm, well shaped, and uniformly

colored

Fat Free Raspberry Muffins 1/2 c Sugar1/2 ts Salt

2 Egg whites1 c Skim milk

2 c Flour3 ts Baking soda

1 1/2 c RaspberriesIn a small bowl, combine sugar, salt, egg whites, & milk; mix well. Add flour, baking soda, & raspberries. Combine thoroughly.

Pour into baking tins (use non-stick cooking spray on the tins). Bake 15-20 minutes in a 425 degree oven. Makes 6 big or 12 little

muffins.

Recipe

Bibliography:• (2000). Raspberries.

Wholehealthmd.<http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_vi• Ew/1,1523,109,00.html>. Accessed March 13, 2006. • (2002-2006). Raspberries. The George Mateljan Foundation. The World’s

Healthiest Foods. <http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=39>.

• Accessed March 6 2006. • (2005). Caroline Raspberries. Nourse Farms.

<http://www.noursefarms.com/catalog/rasp• berries/everbearing_red_raspberries/caroline_raspberries/>. Accessed

March 29, 2006. • (2006). Raspberries. Greenwood

Nursery.<http://greenwoodnursery.com/page.cfm/11629>. Accessed March 29, 2006.

• (2006). Diet analysis plus version 7.0.1. Thomson:Wadsworth. CD-ROM. • Blackberries and raspberries (Rubus spp.). <http://www.uga.edu/fruit/rubus.htm>.

Accessed March 11, 2006.• Breakthrough cancer prevention. Young Again Nutrients.

<http://www.youngagain.com/ellagic1.html?OVRAW=Red%20raspberries&OVKEY=red%20raspberries&OV MTC=standard>. Accessed March 11, 2006.

• Brown, Judith. (2005). Nutrition Now 4th edition. Thomson Learning, Inc. Belmont, CA. • Just berry recipes-raspberry recipes. <http://www.justberryrecipes.com/inxras.html>.• Accessed March 11, 2006.• Raspberries and more. University of Illinois Extension.

<http://www.urbanext.vicc.edu/ra• aspberries/>. Accessed March 11, 2006. • Smith, Keith. Raspberries for the backyard fruit planting. Ohio State University

Extension• Fact Sheet. <http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/1000/1421.html>.Accessed

March • 11, 2006.• Supplements: anthocyanins. Whole Healthmd.

<http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/• substances_view/0,1525,1026,00.html>. Accessed March 29, 2006. • Swartz, Harry. (2004). Bramble production in Maryland and anticancer effects of • Bramble fruits on human colon cancer cells.

<http://agroecology.widgetworks.co• M/pdfs/harryswartsfullreport/22004>. Accessed March 29, 2006. • White, Darlene. Reliable raspberries. The Taunton Press.

<http://www.taunton.com/fineg• ardening/pages/g00061.asp>. Accessed March 11, 2006. • Wholehealth MD Advisor. (2000). Cancer-fighting berries. Whole healthmd. <http://ww• w.wholehealthmd.com/hk/articles/view/1,1471,1054,00.html>. Accessed

March• 13, 2006.