Red Cross Kenneth Gulbrandsøy1 GIS and Distributed Command Control and Communication for Search and...

Kenneth Gulbrandsøy 1Red Cross

GIS and Distributed Command Control and Communication for

Search and Rescue

DISCO-SAR


Search and Rescue in Norway

• +800 missing persons, +60 missing boats each year• Search resources

– Search dogs– Personnel on foot or skies– Specialist groups– Vehicles– Aircrafts– Boats

• The Joint Rescue Coordination Center (JRCC) coordinates all SAR efforts in Norway

• The SAR activity is delegated to Local Rescue Centers• Tactical planning and execution is directed in the field by

Search and Rescue leaders


The Norwegian Rescue Service

• The Norwegian Rescue Service is based on the Cooperation Principle

• Cooperation between government, volunteer and private organizations

• The police is responsible for leading the search- and rescue effort in the field

• The local SAR-management consist usually of experienced personnel from all participating organizations


Norwegian Red Cross Search and Rescue

• +6 500 personnel• +500 events/year• A nationwide service


The Search Problem

• A geographical problem– “Where is the missing person?”

• A tactical problem– “How do we maximize the probability of detection?”

• A organization problem– “How do we organize the search effort?”

• A logistical problem– “Which resources are needed and where do we use them?”

• A technological problem– “How can information technology increase the efficiency of the

Search and Rescue effort?”


The command post


Search Leader (Role)


Tactics Leader (Role)


Logistics Leader (Role)


Shared situational awareness


Tactics documentation


Resource allocation table


Event log


Communication log


Unit (personnel) log


Briefing


The general SAR work process

Management

Tactics LogisticsCmd Post

AssignmentsMessages

ProgressMessages

Information

CoordinationInformation

CoordinationInformation

Units

AssignmentsMessages

• Principal level• Next of kin• Media• General public

CommunicationInformation


The design challenge

• Usability• Complexity• Modeling organization, work processes and

entity relations • Human-Technology-Organization interactions• Synchronization and Distribution• Lack of standardization


Expert or novice user?

Expert Novice

Voluntary SAR service

• Infrequently• ContinuousIn Use

• All functions are known• Complex mental models• Usually a experienced GIS user

• ”Search-Identify-Activate” behavior• Simple mental models• Rarely any GIS experience

The user

• Generalized• Menu based• Work process not i focus• Complex state machines

• Specialized• Few menus• Work process in focus• Simple state machines

User Interface

• www.senorge.no• www.gulesider.no

• ArcINFO• OziExplorer

Examples

– The application –


The DISCO project

• Collaboration project between the Norwegian Red Cross, The Norwegian Justice Department (Joint Rescue Coordination Centers), Geodata AS and Christian Michelsen Research AS

• Pilot application ready soon (DISKO v.0.1)• User centered design and development• Usability testing in five different parts of Norway (geographical and

demographical dispersed)• 4,5 MNOK (580 000 euro) spent so far• Only core (critical) functionality is implemented• PhD work on distributed decision support using a system dynamic

model of the production and allocation work processes and GIScience is part of the project


Some system properties

• Scaleable; from single to multi user• Enables virtual organization through shared

situational awareness using GIS and a synchronized and distributed E-R model

• Each task can be shared by N work processes• Each work process can be allocated to N roles• Each role can be identified by N concurrent

(logged on) users• Platform independent (JavaTM)


Mapping Users to Tasks

Tasks

WorkProcesses

Roles

Users


GIS

Synchronization and distribution

DISCO framework

Graphical User Interface

E-R Model

Work processes

Network


ArcGISEngine

Runtime

DISCO framework

Javax.Swing.*

MSO Model

Network

WP1 WP2 WP2

SARA Model driver

SARA API

1. SARA: Search and Rescue Application (JRCC)2. MSO: Managing Search Operations


DISCO topology

Client(Master)

Standalone

Client 1(Slave)

Client 2(Master)

Client n(Slave)

Local Network

Client 1(Slave)

Client 2(Master)

Client n(Slave)

Local Network

Client n+2(Slave)

Client n+1(Slave)

Internett

Local Network


Lessons learned

• Designing a intuitive and pleasing graphical user interface is hard!– Dependent on a functional and thoroughly tested

framework– Design, development and testing is time consuming– The process is highly iterative

• User involvement in every aspect of design, development and testing phases is important

• Development is only 20 percent of the challenge, the remaining 80 percent is organization issues.


Contact information

• Kenneth GulbrandsøyProject leader, Norwegian Red [email protected]+47 932 58 930

• Pål HusumAssistant project leader, Norwegian Red Cross [email protected]+47 918 45 821

• Camilla HaugstenProject coordinator, Norwegian Red Cross [email protected]+47 22 05 41 35+47 416 92 702

• Øyvind SkaugProject leader, Geodata [email protected] +47 452 74 494

• Vinjar WærenskjoldProject leader, Christian Michelsens Research [email protected]+47 55 57 40 40


Thank you!

www.redcross.no/disko(Norwegian, English version available soon)

Red Cross Kenneth Gulbrandsøy1 GIS and Distributed Command Control and Communication for Search and...

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