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RECONSTRUCTION Unit IVC AP United States History.
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Transcript of RECONSTRUCTION Unit IVC AP United States History.
RECONSTRUCTIONRECONSTRUCTION
Unit IVCUnit IVC
AP United States HistoryAP United States History
Fundamental Question
►How did the Civil War change the political, social, and economical landscape of the United States?
►Did the Civil War and Reconstruction solve the problems and conditions that led to the sectional conflict?
Reconstruction, Phase 1Lincoln’s Plan
► Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863) Full presidential pardons for
► 1. Oath of allegiance, ► 2. Accept end of slavery
Ten Percent Plan► Confederate state reestablished once 10% of
voters affirmed allegiance and loyalty Provide education and voting rights for
blacks► Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
Bill required 50% voters to swear ironclad oath and non-Confederates
► Second Inaugural Address “with malice toward none; with charity for all” Louisiana as example of reconstructed state
► Lincoln’s Assassination April 14, 1865 by John Wilkes Booth in
Ford’s Theater Johnson and rise of Radical Republicans…
Freedmen’s Bureau► Bureau of Refugees,
Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands in March 1865
► Food, shelter, medicine for freed blacks and displaced whites
► Education of blacks and colleges
► Viciously attacked and ridiculed by Northern racists and bitter Southerners
Reconstruction, Phase 2Andrew Johnson’s Plan
► About Andrew Johnson Tennessee Democrat and Lincoln’s
VP Represented more for poor whites
against Southern “aristocracy” White supremacist
► Reconstruction Plan Pardons for loyalty oath No pardons for Confederate leaders
and owned $20,000 taxable property
Admitted Confederate states with appointed governors who established voting procedures for state legislatures
States must abolish slavery and secession clauses
Result of Johnson Plan► Johnson’s Pardons
Alexander Stephens (former CSA VP) elected Georgia U.S. Senator► Johnson revokes General Sherman’s Special Field Orders, No. 15
40 acres and a mule for each former slave family► Readmitted states complied but did not provide provisions for blacks to vote► Black Codes
Prohibited renting land or borrowing to buy land Contract-labor systems No testifying against whites, curfews, no jury service, restricted commerce
► Race Riots Memphis (May 1-3, 1866)
► Shooting between white policemen and discharged black Union soldiers precipitated white-led rioting against black neighborhoods
► 46 blacks and 2 whites killed; 91 homes, 4 churches, 8 schools burned down New Orleans (July 30, 1866)
► Radical Republicans call convention to oppose black codes; leads to public commotion of bitter white Democrats against black parade marchers
► 34 blacks and 3 Radicals killed► The Johnson Vetoes
Freedmen’s Bureau Bill - appropriations, protect from Black Codes Civil Rights Bill of 1866 - prohibits Black Codes, secures voting rights
► Mid-Term Election of 1866 and the Radical Republicans “Waving the Bloody Shirts” during campaign
► “Not every Democrat was a rebel, but every rebel was a Democrat!” Republicans controlled 2/3 of both houses
Reconstruction, Phase 3Radical Plan
► Republicans led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner overrode Johnson’s vetoes “state suicide” and “conquered
provinces”
► Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Confederate leaders disavowed Johnson-based state
governments replaced with military districts under martial law
Former Confederate states may be admitted if…
► Ratify the Fourteenth Amendment
► Enfranchise blacks and former slaves
Radical Legislation► Fourteenth Amendment (1868)
Anyone born or naturalized was American citizen (Citizenship Clause)
“nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law” (Due Process Clause)
“nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws” (Equal Protection Clause)
Disavowed Confederate leaders; not paying state debt; penalty for preventing voters
► Johnson Impeachment (Feb.-May, 1868) Political ploy by Radical Republicans with
Tenure of Office Act Acquitted by one vote
► Fifteenth Amendment (1869) Blacks have right to vote
► Civil Rights Act of 1875 Equal accommodations for blacks;
participation on juries► Other goals and reforms
Infrastructure, penal and institutional development and codification, women property rights, public education
Freedmen in the South► Political Recognition
Right to vote Elected to state and national
legislatures► 2 U.S. Senators and a dozen
Representatives► 630 black state legislators► Black governor of Louisiana
Anger and resentment by Southern whites
► Desire for autonomy: independent churches, schools, move out West Exodusters
► Sharecropping White landowners provided seed and
farm supplies for as much as half of production
► Tenant Farming White landowners provided land, but
not tools and supplies► Only 5% of southern blacks claimed
economic independence
Northern Influence on the South► Republicans and Northerners
in the South Scalawags
►Southern Republicans fostering American System-type programs
►Cooperated with Northern politics and economics
Carpetbaggers►Northerners investing in
“New South,” ► reformers/provide aid►squatters and plunderers
Southern Life under Reconstruction► Political Corruption
Reconstruction state governments influenced by carpetbaggers and scalawags
Southern perception of corruption steadily increased and white Democrats return to dominate state legislatures
► Public services greatly improved State-funded public education Infrastructure
► Railroads, utilities, waterways► Modernized hospitals and prisons
Highly susceptible to corruption and spending cuts► Economics
Sharecropping and tenant farming not very productive► Crop-liens
Cash crops over food crops slowed Southern recovery► Cotton production significantly decreases in the early years of Reconstruction► As cotton plantations recover and more farmland converted to cotton, prices
decrease due to overproduction and profits decrease for farmers Led to foreclosures, more sharecropping and tenant farming
Tax rates and collection increased
White Southern Resistance► Paramilitary groups based
on white supremacy The South Will Rise Again! White League
► Openly criticized, attacked, killed Republicans and freedmen
Ku Klux Klan (1867)► Nathaniel Bedford Forrest► “invisible empire” to scare
or destroy Republicans and freedmen
► Force Acts (1871-1872) disband KKK
“The Union as it Was”Harper’s WeeklyOctober 1874
The North► As the South struggled to recover,
Republicans pursued economic expansion through industry and infrastructure
► Political and Financial Corruption Abuse of patronage (spoils system) Grant’s connection to stock market
speculation, tax fraud, embezzlement► Political Machines
Network of elected officials, businessmen, “behind-the-scenes” people to command the vote
► Typically run by an authoritative boss or leadership group
► Patronage and spoils system Provide for underprivileged, immigrants,
businesses in return for votes William “Boss” Tweed and Tammany
Hall (Democrats in NYC)► Reaction to Radical Republicanism
Racism entrenched in the North Immigrants and poor whites feared
losing economic opportunities to freedmen and entitled blacks
Evolution of Northern Attitude Toward Blacks During Reconstruction
“And Not This Man?”August 1865
“This Is A White Man’s Government”September 1868
“Colored Rule in aReconstructed State”March 1874
Shown through the political cartoons of Thomas Nast of Harper’s Weekly
Election of 1868► Republicans
Nominate war hero General Ulysses S. Grant
► Democrats Nominate Horatio
Seymour Radical Republican
legislatures in the South limited Democratic influence
Grantism► Civil War hero, but no political experience; linked with
moderates and Radicals► Becomes engrossed in corruption links and charges
involving his personal secretary, most of his Cabinet, and Vice President Black Friday Scandal (1869)
► Jim Fiske and Jay Gould attempted to corner gold market► Had Grant’s brother-in-law convince Grant to halt gold sales
Salary Grab Act (1873)► Double salaries of Congress retroactive to beginning of
ending terms Credit Mobilier
► Union Pacific Railroad creates dummy construction company to hire execs at inflated salaries and earn high dividends
► Sold stock to Republican congressmen and bribed press to keep quiet
Sanborn Contract Fraud► Congressman John Sanborn hired private tax collector for
50% of commission, some of which went to Republican campaign funds
Whiskey Ring► Republicans embezzled liquor tax revenues using bribes and
networks Secretary of War W.W. Belknap
► Accepted bribes for trader contract (Fort Sill)
Impact of Grant Administration► Split in Republicans
Republican Party weakened by less popular Radicals and business corruption
Liberal Republicans►Against Radical legislation and hatred of South►Civil service reform to avoid further corruption►Formed coalition with Democrats
Election of 1872►Won by Grant given war record and financial support and
Greeley’s ineffective campaign and death► Amnesty Act of 1872
Removed voting and office-holding restrictions for most secessionists
Led to Southern Democrats to retake state governments and replace black legislators
Panic of 1873: The Long Depression► Causes
Expansion of railroads, enterprises in industries and mines outpaces market demand
Coinage Act of 1873► Demonetizes silver contracting the
money supply► “Crime of 73”
Jay Cooke & Company bankrupt► Major financing investment firm
leads to chain reaction of banks
► Effects Contractionary monetary policy
increases interest rates► Harder to acquire or afford new
loans Over 100 railroads fail; 16,000
businesses fail► Unemployment at 14%
“Election” of 1876
► Republicans struggle to nominate “boring” Rutherford B. Hayes
► Democrats nominate solid and popular Samuel J. Tilden
► Tilden won the popular vote solidly and needed only 1 more electoral vote for majority
► Contested electoral votes in 3 Reconstruction states (Louisiana, South Carolina, Florida)
► Electoral Commission rewarded 3 sets of electoral votes to Hayes Split ideologically 8-7 in favor of
Republicans
Samuel Tilden (D)
Rutherford B.
Hayes (R)
Compromise of 1877► Angry Democrats and riots
around the nation due to Hayes’ “victory” forced a deal
► Hayes will become president, if… Remove federal troops from the
South Help develop infrastructure in
South, ex. Railroads Appoint Southerner to Cabinet Limited enforcement of racial
equality► End of Reconstruction
With no enforcement by federal troops, civil rights limited or eliminated in the South
Democrats return to power in the South
► Redemption Democratic state governments take hold of former Confederate states
► Democrats had majorities in House of Representatives in 1875 and also the Senate in 1877