Reconstruction Pt. 2
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Transcript of Reconstruction Pt. 2
![Page 1: Reconstruction Pt. 2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/568134eb550346895d9c2629/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Reconstruction Pt. 2
Congressional Reconstruction
![Page 2: Reconstruction Pt. 2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/568134eb550346895d9c2629/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Election 1868
• Rep. US Grant
• Reconstruction main issue
• Racist election
• Grant wins close race
![Page 3: Reconstruction Pt. 2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/568134eb550346895d9c2629/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
15th Amendment
• 1869
• Fed. & state gov’t can’t deny vote b/c of race.
• Women not included.
• Abolitionists 40 yr. struggle over.
![Page 4: Reconstruction Pt. 2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/568134eb550346895d9c2629/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Citizenship
• 1790 only white immigrants can become citizens.
• 1857 Dred Scott - blacks could never be citizens.
• New laws apply to North too.
![Page 5: Reconstruction Pt. 2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/568134eb550346895d9c2629/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Change in Constitution’s Focus
• B of R linked civil rights to states.
• Reconstruction showed rights needed federal enforcement.
• Vulnerable minorities could claim freedom and protection in Constitution.
![Page 6: Reconstruction Pt. 2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/568134eb550346895d9c2629/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Radical Reconstruction
• Majority black men registered to vote.
• 1870 all Southern states readmitted w/ new Rep. constitutions & black politicians.
![Page 7: Reconstruction Pt. 2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/568134eb550346895d9c2629/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Black Officeholder
• Black vote most of Rep. support.
• Whites highest office.
• 2000 AA did hold office
• Shift in Southern power & US gov’t.
• 14 House, 2 Senate (both MS)
• 700 in state leg. and many more in local
![Page 8: Reconstruction Pt. 2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/568134eb550346895d9c2629/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
AA Politicians
![Page 9: Reconstruction Pt. 2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/568134eb550346895d9c2629/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Black US Senators
• Hiram Revels (MS 1870)
• Blanche Bruce (MS 1875-1881)
• Edward Brooke (MA 1967-1978)
• Carol Moseley Braun (IL 1993-1998)
• Barrak Obama (IL 2005-2008)– Roland Burris (IL 2008-2011)
![Page 10: Reconstruction Pt. 2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/568134eb550346895d9c2629/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Black Officeholders
• Black w/ White allies meant blacks treated fairly.– Courts, road repair jobs, taxes, relief
• SC & LA educated & wealthy
• Some northern blacks
• Most former slaves - leadership– soldiers, ministers, teachers, craftsmen
![Page 11: Reconstruction Pt. 2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/568134eb550346895d9c2629/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Carpetbaggers
• Northerners in Rec. govts.– “Reap spoils of South”– Some corrupt– Many former soldiers
• Investors – land & RR– Opportunity to make $ & rebuild South
• Freedmen’s Bureau – help former slaves– Teachers & agents
![Page 12: Reconstruction Pt. 2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/568134eb550346895d9c2629/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Scalawags
• Most southern born white Republicans.
• “Traitors” to race & region
• Wartime Unionists– Help to prevent Cons. coming to power
• Small but important swing vote
![Page 13: Reconstruction Pt. 2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/568134eb550346895d9c2629/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Southern Republicans in Power
• Huge challenges/ some great accomplishments– 1st state public school– Civil Rights Laws– Assist poor & needy– Economic recovery?
![Page 14: Reconstruction Pt. 2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/568134eb550346895d9c2629/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Mixed Results
• Economy didn’t grow enough
• AA locked in poverty
• Biracial democratic gov’t worked
• Public facilities & schools
• Racism removed from laws
• Conservative elite excluded – 1st time
![Page 15: Reconstruction Pt. 2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/568134eb550346895d9c2629/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Reconstruction’s Opponents
• South’s traditional leaders
• Gov’t corrupt, inefficient, “black supremacy”
• Fraud small compared to North– Whiskey Ring & Tweed Ring– 10’s of millions of $
• Tax increases
• Most whites can’t accept black equality
![Page 16: Reconstruction Pt. 2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/568134eb550346895d9c2629/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Opposition
• Military rule bitterly opposed
• Carpetbaggers• Scalawags• Ku Klux Klan 1866
– Promote white supremacy
– Resist through terrorism
![Page 17: Reconstruction Pt. 2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/568134eb550346895d9c2629/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Violence
• Goal – Restore white supremacy & disciplined reliable labor force.
• Reconstruction must be overthrown
• Challenge to Reconstruction govt’s & DC
![Page 18: Reconstruction Pt. 2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/568134eb550346895d9c2629/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
“A Reign of Terror”
• Early on local & unorganized– Blacks assaulted & murdered
• After 1867 Rep. govt’s violence increases– Politics– Secret societies to destroy Rep. Party– Attack local leaders, blacks, officials
![Page 19: Reconstruction Pt. 2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/568134eb550346895d9c2629/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Terror
• Ku Klux Klan – Military arm of Dem. Party– 1866 TN social club– Respectable citizens– Criminal conspiracy
• Attack Republicans B & W
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Ku Klux Klan
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Victims
• Wartime Unionists, politicians, teachers, party organizers.
• AA leaders, buy land, defied white supremacy
• York County SC, 11 murders & 100’s whippings. (whole male pop. Klan)
![Page 22: Reconstruction Pt. 2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/568134eb550346895d9c2629/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
KKK
• Mass terror & insurrections– 1871 Meridian MS 30 blacks & 1 white judge
murdered.– 1873 Colfax LA (Bloodiest) armed white
attack town
![Page 23: Reconstruction Pt. 2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/568134eb550346895d9c2629/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
So. Govt’s Ask for Help
• 1870-1871 3 Enforcement Laws – Outlawed terrorist societies– Allowed president to use army – Fed. authority expanded– Denying rights now a federal crime not state
![Page 24: Reconstruction Pt. 2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/568134eb550346895d9c2629/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Grant vs. Klan
• 1871 sent fed. marshal's & troops
• 100’s arrested
• Trials
• 1872 Klan gone & peace 1st time
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Republicans Changing
• Commitment to reconstruction weakening– Radicals dead or gone– Commitment to black rights going
• North attitude– South solve own problems w/o DC– Slaves free, citizens, vote now leave them
alone
![Page 26: Reconstruction Pt. 2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/568134eb550346895d9c2629/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Liberal Republicans
• Mad at Grant corruption– Immigrants & working men vs. (elite)
education & talent– Machines kept them from office
• Curtail fed. power
![Page 27: Reconstruction Pt. 2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/568134eb550346895d9c2629/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Horace Greeley 1872
• So. Corruption = So. Returned to “natural leaders”
• Put CW & Rec. in the past & unite
• Dems endorsed him too.
• Lost big.
• New policy for South (Lib. Rep. & Dems unite)
![Page 28: Reconstruction Pt. 2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/568134eb550346895d9c2629/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The North’s Retreat
• After 1872 Lib. Rep. attack Reconstruction– Increased racism in North
• 1874 The Prostrate State – James Pike– Report on SC– total political corruption, extravagance– “mass of black barbarism”– Problems from “Negro Government”– Solution- restore whites to power
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Newspapers Change Position
• Against blacks participating in govt
• Visual expression in engravings
• Image change– CW vets, good citizens, victims– Caricatures as wild animals
• Racism convenient explanation for failure of reconstruction.
![Page 30: Reconstruction Pt. 2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/568134eb550346895d9c2629/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
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Depression 1873
• Economy Rep. new priority
• Dems benefited in south (really hurt)– 1874 elections Dems control House (1st CW)
• Civil Rights Act 1875– Last law of outgoing congress– Outlawed racial discrimination in public places
![Page 32: Reconstruction Pt. 2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/568134eb550346895d9c2629/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
The Triumph of the Redeemers
• By mid 1870’s Dems control TN, NC, TX
• Redeemers– Saved white south
• Corruption• Misgovernment• Northern & black control
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Grant won’t stop Violence
• 1875-1876 violence in daylight
• 1875 MS rifle clubs drill in street– Openly assault & murder Rep.
• Northern public “tired out” by So. problems
• MS Dems destroy ballots & drive blacks – Dems win landslide & end Reconstruction– SC did same
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1876 A Disputed Election
• Rep. Gov. Hayes OH
• Dem. Gov. Tilden NY
• Only SC, FL, LA under Rep. control– Close & both parties claim victory
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1877 Electoral Commission
• 15 men-Sen., Reps., SC justices
• Republican 8-7 majority
• Hayes chosen to win all 3 states = next pres.
• Bargin?
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Bargain of 1877
• Behind the scenes
• Hayes recognize Dem. control of south– Fed. aid for TX to CA RR
• Dems. promise to accept election results– Respect civil & political rights of AA
![Page 37: Reconstruction Pt. 2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/568134eb550346895d9c2629/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Results
• Hayes President– Orders troops back to bases
• So. Dems wont recognize blacks as citizens
![Page 38: Reconstruction Pt. 2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/568134eb550346895d9c2629/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Post Script
• Black continue voting & hold office in some states into 1890’s.
• When Rep. controlled – blacks had a lot of political power & fed. protected rights of all Americans.
• It ended.
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• 100 yrs will pass before nation would try again to bring rights to descendents of former slaves.
• 1950’s & 1960’s Civil Rights = 2nd Reconstruction