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AMERICA?There are many questions America has to answer after the Civil War.What does freedom and the end of slavery mean?What would happen to the 4 million freed slaves?What should happen to Confederate leadership, soldiers and supporters?On what terms should Congress restore the Confederate states to the Union?How do you rebuild the South?Presidents of the United StatesGeorge Washington; Federalist (1788)John Adams; Federalist (1796)Thomas Jefferson; Democratic-Republican (1800)James Madison; Democratic-Republican (1808)James Monroe; Democratic-Republican (1816)John Quincy Adams; Democratic-Republican (1824)Andrew Jackson; Democrat (1828)Martin Van Buren; Democrat (1836)William Henry Harrison; Whig (1840)John Tyler; Whig (1841)James K. Polk; Democrat (1844)Zachary Taylor; Whig (1848)Millard Fillmore; Whig (1850)Franklin Pierce; Democrat (1852)James Buchanan; Democrat (1856)Abraham Lincoln; Republican (1860)Andrew Johnson; Democrat (1865)

RECONSTRUCTIONBetween 1865 and 1877, the federal government carried out a program to repair the damage to the South and restore the southern states to the Union.

This program was known as ReconstructionHuman toll of the Civil War: The North lost 364,000 soldiers. The South lost 260,000 soldiers.Freedmen (freed slaves) were starting out their new lives in a poor region with slow economic activity.Plantation owners lost slave labor worth $3 billion.Poor white Southerners could not find work because of new job competition from Freedmen.The war had destroyed two thirds of the Souths shipping industry and about 9,000 miles of railroad.R E C O N S T R U C T I O NWartimeReconstruction(Lincolns Plan)President Lincolns Plan

10% PlanProclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863)Wanted to regain trust of southern whitesHe believed the South never legally withdrew from the U.S. - therefore restoration would be simpleA state could be re-entered into the Union once 10% of its 1860 election votes pledged allegiance to U.S. and emancipation

RADICAL REPUBLICANSThe Radical Republicans viewed Lincolns plan as too lenient.In July, 1864, Congress passed a stricter Reconstruction plan, the Wade-Davis Act. Among its provisionsIt required ex-Confederate men to take an oath of past and future loyalty50% of states voters take oath of allegiance Had to swear that they had never willingly borne arms against the United States. This was pocket-vetoed by Lincoln

PresidentialReconstruction(Andrew Johnson)President Andrew Johnson

Jacksonian Democrat.Anti-Aristocrat.White Supremacist.Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally left the Union.President Johnsons Plan Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson)In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession, and state debts.Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.EFFECTS?1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations.3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!POWER RESTOREDNot one southern state enfranchised blacksJohnson began issuing pardons to many ex-Confederates and restored all of their property and political rightsHundreds of ex-Confederates were getting elected to officeformer generals, military officials, and Confederate Congressmen get elected to Congress Appears the South is closer to capturing Washington in peace than they were in war

Lincolns planJohnsons planDenied pardons to officers and anyone who had killed African American war prisoners.

Permitted each state to create a new constitution after 10 percent of voters took an oath of allegiance.Offered pardons to Southerners who swore allegiance.

States could then hold elections and rejoin the Union.Each state could create a new constitution without Lincolns 10 percent allegiance requirement.

States had to void secession, abolish slavery, and repudiate the Confederate debt.

Although it officially denied pardons to all Confederate leaders, Johnson often issued pardons to those who asked him personally.Reconstruction PlansGrowing Northern Alarm!Many Southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements. Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons. Revival of southern defiance. BLACK CODESAs southern states were restored to the Union under President Johnsons plan, they began to enact black codesThese were laws passed in the fall of 1865 that restricted freedmens rights. The black codes established virtual slavery with provisions such as these:Curfews: could not gather after sunset.Vagrancy laws: Freedmen convicted of vagrancy that is, not working could be fined, whipped, or sold for a years labor.Labor contracts: Freedmen had to sign agreements in January for a year of work. Those who quit in the middle of a contract often lost all the wages they had earned.Land restrictions: Freed people could rent land or homes only in rural areas. This restriction forced them to live on plantations.Could not own weapons

BLACK CODES

Sharecropping is primarily used in farmingLandowner provided land, tools, animals, house and charge account at the local store to purchase necessitiesFreedmen provided the labor.Sharecropping is based on the credit system.SHARECROPPING

1. Poor whites and freedmen have no jobs, no homes, and no money to buy land.2. Landowners need laborers and have no money to pay laborers.4. Landlord keeps track of the money that sharecroppers owe him for housing, food or local store.5. At harvest time, the sharecropper is paid.Pays off debts.If sharecropper owes more to the landlord or store than his share of the crop is worth;6. Sharecropper cannot leave the farm as long as he is in debt to the landlord.A VICIOUS CYCLE OF DEBTECONOMICSLAVERY3. Hire poor whites and freedmen as laborersSign contracts to work landlords land in exchange for a part of the crop.Sharecroppers

Advantages Part of a business ventureRaised their social statusReceived 1/3 to 1/2 of crop when harvestedRaised their self esteem

DisadvantagesBlacks stay in SouthSome landowners refused to honor the contractStill poor and in debtEconomic slaverySHARECROPPINGSharecropping

FREEDMENS BUREAUTo prevent these laws from being enacted and to help blacks merge into free society; the U.S. government took actionThe Freedmens Bureau was created in March 1865Became the principle agency for overseeing relations between former slaves and ownersTried to establish minimum wagesAlso used sharecroppingStaffed by army officersEstablished posts throughout the South to supervise labor contracts between free people and landownersIssued daily food rations to thousands, including whites

1865, Congress created the Freedmans Bureau to help former slaves get a new start in life. This was the first major relief agency in United States history.Bureaus AccomplishmentsBuilt thousands of schools to educate Blacks. Former slaves rushed to get an education for themselves and their children. Education was difficult and dangerous to gain. Southerners hated the idea that Freedmen would go to school. FREEDMEN'S BUREAUFreedmens Bureau School

Freedmens Bureau 2

Freedmens Bureau 4Freedmens Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Plenty to eat and nothing to do.LANDOWNERS?Some black farmers did manage to save enough money to buy small plots of landBlack soldiers purchased land with army paymentsSome pooled their money together to buy plantationsSeveral northern radicals proposed legislation to confiscate ex-Confederate land and redistribute it to freed peopleThese proposals failedThe most promising effort to put slaves on land of their own was led by General William T. ShermanAfter his march through Georgia in 1865 he issued a military order setting aside thousands of acres of abandoned plantation land for settlement by freed slaves40 Acres and a MuleHowever, Johnsons pardons of ex-Confederates restored much of their land by 1866

Radical(Congressional)ReconstructionCONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTIONBy December 1865 Congress is determined to control the Reconstruction process by which former Confederate states would regain representationThey refused to admit Representatives elected under Johnsons supervisionSet up special committees to set new terms

THE 14TH AMENDMENTOn April 30, 1866 the special committee proposes to Congress the 14th AmendmentIt passed by 2/3 vote in Congress and was ratified by the statesProvisions:Section 1 defined all native-born persons as citizens regardless of color, all citizens allowed equal protection underneath the law and provided due process of lawSection 2 black enfranchisement or loss of Congressional seatsSection 3 disqualified several ex-Confederates from officeRECONSTRUCTION ACTS OF 1867In March 1867, Congress voted over Johnsons vetoes and enacted two laws for a stronger form of ReconstructionDivided 10 Southern states into 5 military districtsArmy officers would preside over voter registration and electionsWhen states had adopted a new constitution that granted equal rights, ratified the 14th Amendment it would be declared reconstructed and allowed back into CongressThese voting procedures angered many white southernersThey branded Southern white Republicans as scalawagsCarpetbaggers were northerners who settled in the South to help with voter registrationFor the first time in history the Government is not being led by the President, but is working in spite of the President

During Radical Reconstruction, the Republican Party was a mixture of people who had little in common except a desire to prosper in the postwar South. This bloc of voters included freedmen and two other groups: carpetbaggers and scalawags.

Northern Republicans who moved to the postwar South became known as carpetbaggers.Southerners gave them this insulting nickname, which referred to a type of cheap suitcase made from carpet scraps. Carpetbaggers were often depicted as greedy men seeking to grab power or make a fast buck.THE REPUBLICAN SOUTHWhite southern Republicans were seen as traitors and called scalawags. This was originally a Scottish word meaning scrawny cattle. Refers to one who is a scoundrel, reprobate or unprincipled person.Some scalawags were former Whigs who had opposed secession. Some were small farmers who resented the planter class. Many scalawags, but not all, were poor.THE REPUBLICAN SOUTHCARPET BAGGERSMany former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.Called carpetbaggers by white southern Democrats.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867Military Reconstruction Act

Command of the Army Act voter registration

Tenure of Office Act Military Reconstruction Act

The Tenure of Office Act

Edwin StantonThe Senate must approve any presidential dismissal of a cabinet official or general of the army.Designed to protect radical members of Lincolns government.In February 1868 Johnson removes Secretary of War Edwin Stanton from officeThis appeared to violate the Tenure of Office ActStanton administered the war department to support Congressional ReconstructionCongress begins impeachment hearings, mostly due to his defiance of ReconstructionBy a vote of 126 to 47 the House of Representatives impeaches Andrew Johnson on February 24, 1868On May 16, the Senate fell one vote shy of the needed 2/3 majority and Johnson stayed in officeJohnson quietly serves out the rest of his termPresident Johnsons ImpeachmentAndrew Johnson Biographyhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lm-ywpX1PL0 TheGrantAdministration(1868-1876)The 1868 ElectionRepublican nominee was Ulysses S. GrantNo political experienceCommanded greater authority and prestige than anyone due to his military backgroundOpposed Johnson and his policies from 1866-68Grant wins the electoral vote 214 to 80 and will serve 2 terms in office

Waving the Bloody Shirt!

Republican Southern StrategyTHE GRANT ADMINISTRATIONGrant is usually labeled a failure as a PresidentThis isnt as much about Grant himself as it is the people he chose to leadGrant was too trusting of subordinatesHe appointed many former military contacts, relatives, and others who were hardly qualifiedGrants inexperience and poor judgment led him to several unwise appointments of officials who were later convicted of corruptionHis 8 years in office were plagued by scandalsHis secretary of war was impeached for selling Army postsSeveral other officials resigned after corruption suspicions aroseNew York City was run by Boss William Marcy Tweed and Tammany HallStandard Oil and Carnegie Steel made millions and paid their workers little

The Biggest ScandalCredit MobilierIt was a construction company for the Union Pacific RailroadMany railroad companies received loans and land from the federal government to encourage expansion out westSeveral Congressmen accepted stock in the companyThis lead to lax enforcement of regulations as Credit Mobilier overbilled the government for work that was actually done

15th AmendmentRatified in 1870.The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.Womens rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!CIVIL WAR AMENDMENTS13th AmendmentAbolished slavery(1865)14th Amendment Provided citizenship & equal protection under the law. (1868)15th Amendment Provided the right to vote for all men which included white and black men. (1870)

Ulysses S. Granthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nCZLae7kuTI

TheAbandonmentof ReconstructionThe Mississippi PlanDemocrats devised the Mississippi Plan in the 1875 state electionsFirst step: persuade 10-15% of Republicans to switch to the DemocratsSecond step: intimidate black votersThis method worked as the state became a Democratic majorityThis leads to the creation of the Solid South

The Compromise of 1877

Corrupt BargainPart II?

1876 Presidential Tickets

369 total electoral votes, need 185 to win.1641876 Election Tilden did not receive enough electoral votes.Special Commission gives votes to Hayes.Hayes wins the electionDemocrats refuse to recognize Hayes as President**Disputed Electoral votes51

vsCORRUPT BARGAIN?The Democrats and Republicans work out a deal to recognize Hayes as PresidentIn return, President Hayes must end Reconstruction and pull the Union troops out of the South.Once this happens, there is no protection for the Freedmen and the South will regain their states and go back to the way it was.Rutherford B. Hayes Samuel TildenReconstruction EndsThere were five main factors that contributed to the end of Reconstruction.

Corruption: Reconstruction legislatures & Grants administration symbolized corruption & poor government.The economy: Reconstruction legislatures taxed and spent heavily, putting the southern states deeper into debt.Violence: As federal troops withdrew from the South, some white Democrats used violence and intimidation to prevent freedmen from voting. This tactic allowed white Southerners to regain control of the state governments.The Democrats return to power: The pardoned ex-Confederates combined with other white Southerners to form a new bloc of Democratic voters known as the Solid South. They blocked Reconstruction policies.The Country: The Civil War was over and many Americans wanted to return to what the country was doing before the war.

Successes and Failures of ReconstructionSuccessesFailuresUnion is restored.Many white southerners bitter towards US govt & Republicans.Souths economy grows and new wealth is created in the North.The South is slow to industrialize.14th and 15th amendments guarantee Blacks the rights of citizenship, equal protection under the law, and suffrage.After US troops are withdrawn, southern state governments and terrorist organizations effectively deny Blacks the right to vote.Freedmens Bureau and other organizations help many black families obtain housing, jobs, and schooling.Many black and white southerners remain caught in a cycle of poverty.Southern states adopt a system of mandatory education.Racist attitudes toward African Americans continue, in both the South and the North.Causes of the Civil War Cartoon Stylehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZajcXw3aho

THE END!