Journal Entry #1Journal Entry #1

Name at least three problems you think the Name at least three problems you think the North and South will have after the Civil North and South will have after the Civil War.War.

Journal Entry #2Journal Entry #2NotesNotes

Only write the notes from the sections that Only write the notes from the sections that are underlined. All other slides do not are underlined. All other slides do not need to be copied.need to be copied.

Objective: To analyze the government’s plan for the South after the Civil War.

• freedmen• Reconstruction

- Men and women who had been slaves.

- rebuilding of the South after the Civil War

The Defeated South

A: Because the majority of battles took place in the South, many Southern houses, farms, bridges, and railroads were destroyed.

Q: Based upon your observations of the map below, how were the North and the South effected differently as a result of the Civil War?

Amazing War LossesAmazing War Losseswww.civilwarhome.com/casualties.htmwww.civilwarhome.com/casualties.htm

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

Battle Sickness

NorthSouth

Ruins in Front of the Capitol – Richmond, VA, 1865

Grounds of the Ruined Arsenal with Scattered Shot and Shell - Richmond, VA, April 1865

Guns and Ruined Buildings Near the Tredegar Iron Works - Richmond, VA, April 1865

Right: Atlanta, Georgia

Above: Charleston, South Carolina

Crippled Locomotive, Richmond & Petersburg Railroad Depot - Richmond, VA, 1865

A Southern armored railroad gun has gone as far as it can on these rails, typifying Civil War destruction of Southern railroad tracks. (Virginia)

This famous photo was taken looking across the ruins of the railroad bridge in Fredericksburg, Virginia

· Confederate money became worthless, and banks closed.

Journal Entry # 3Journal Entry # 3NotesNotes

5/20/10 5/20/10

· Newly freed slaves, freedmen, had no land, jobs, or education.

Left and right: post-Civil War Ohio

Atlanta, GA

Key Questions

1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the

Union?Union?

. How do we . How do we rebuild the rebuild the

South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction

during the war?during the war?

3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated

black freedmen?black freedmen?

4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of

Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

President Lincoln’s Plan10% Plan

* Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863)

* Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South.

* He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction.

* Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers.

* When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.

Journal Entry #4Journal Entry #45/21/105/21/10

Quickly summarize what Lincoln’s plan for Quickly summarize what Lincoln’s plan for the South was.the South was.

President Lincoln’s Plan1864 “Lincoln

Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR

* “loyal assemblies”* They were weak and

dependent on the Northern army for their survival.

Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Required 50% of the

number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).

Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials.

Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties.

SenatorBenjamin

Wade(R-OH)

Congressman

HenryW. Davis(R-MD)

Wade-Davis Bill (1864) “Iron-Clad” Oath. “State Suicide” Theory [MA Senator

Charles Sumner] “Conquered Provinces” Position

[PA Congressman Thaddeus Stevens]

PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln

Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill

PocketVeto

Jeff Davis Under Arrest

13th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865. Neither slavery nor involuntary

servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) Bureau of Refugees,

Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands.

Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.

Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

· The Freedmen’s Bureau provided food, clothing, jobs, medical care, and education for millions of former slaves and poor whites.

Freedmen’s Bureau

A teacher and elementary school students posing on the steps of the Hill School, ca. late 19th Century. The school was a part of the Christiansburg Institute, which was first opened by the U. S. Freedmen's Bureau in 1866. (Montgomery County, VA)

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Plenty to eat and

nothing to do.

Freedmen’s Bureau School

President Andrew Johnson

Objective: To analyze the importance of the presidency of Andrew Johnson.

President Andrew Johnson Jacksonian

Democrat. Anti-Aristocrat. White Supremacist. Agreed with Lincoln

that states had neverlegally left the Union.Damn the negroes! I am

fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except

Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson)

In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.

Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.

EFFECTS?1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations.3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

“Andrew Johnson Mends the Union”

Journal Entry # 5Journal Entry # 5May 24, 2010May 24, 2010

Many freedmen are going to get rights they Many freedmen are going to get rights they didn’t have before. How do you think the didn’t have before. How do you think the South is going to try to control the South is going to try to control the freedmen in their area? What will they do?freedmen in their area? What will they do?

Growing Northern Alarm! Many Southern state

constitutions fell short of minimum requirements.

Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.

Revival of southern defiance.

BLACK CODES

Slavery is Dead?

Black Codes Purpose:

* Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated.

* Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race relations

Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].

Black Codes - laws that severely limited the rights of freedmen.

African-Americans were forbidden from…

…voting.

…owning guns.

…serving on juries.

…running for political office.

Section 6. All contracts for labor made with freedmen, free negroes and mulattoes for a longer period than one month shall be in writing…and if the laborer shall quit the service of the employer before the expiration of his term of service, without good cause, he shall forfeit his wages for that year up to the time of quitting.

"Black Codes" of Mississippi – 1865Section 3. …it shall not be lawful for any freedman, free negro or mulatto to intermarry with any white person; nor for any person to intermarry with any freedman, free negro or mulatto; and any person who shall so intermarry shall be deemed guilty of felony, and on conviction thereof shall be confined in the State penitentiary for life; Section 5. Every freedman, free negro and mulatto shall…have a lawful home or employment, and shall have written evidence thereof…if living in any incorporated city, town, or village, a license from that mayor thereof; and if living outside of an incorporated city, town, or village, from the member of the board of police of his beat, …which license may be revoked for cause at any time by the authority granting the same.

Congress Breaks with the President Congress bars Southern

Congressional delegates. Joint Committee on

Reconstruction created. February, 1866 President

vetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill.

March, 1866 Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.

Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st in U. S. history!!

Johnson the Martyr / SamsonIf my blood is to be shed If my blood is to be shed

because I vindicate the because I vindicate the Union and the preservation Union and the preservation of this government in its of this government in its original purity and original purity and character, let it be shed; character, let it be shed; let an altar to the Union be let an altar to the Union be erected, and then, if it is erected, and then, if it is necessary, take me and necessary, take me and lay me upon it, and the lay me upon it, and the blood that now warms and blood that now warms and animates my existence animates my existence shall be poured out as a fit shall be poured out as a fit libation to the Union.libation to the Union. (February 1866) (February 1866)

14th Amendment Ratified in July, 1868.

* Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people.

* Insure against neo-Confederate political power.* Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of

the Confederacy. Southern states would be punished for denying the right

to vote to black citizens!

“Tis But a Change of Banners”

1864 1868

The Balance of Power in Congress

State White Citizens FreedmenSC 291,000 411,000MS 353,000 436,000LA 357,000 350,000GA 591,000 465,000AL 596,000 437,000VA 719,000 533,000NC 631,000 331,000

The 1866 Bi-Election

Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle”

A referendum on Radical Reconstruction. Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around

the country to push his plan. Republicans

won a 3-1majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state.

Radical Plan for Readmission Civil authorities in the territories were subject to

military supervision. Required new state constitutions, including

black suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments.

In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Military Reconstruction Act* Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern

states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment.

* Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Command of the Army Act

* The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military.

Tenure of Office Act* The President could not remove

any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval.

Designed to protect radicalmembers of Lincoln’s government.

A question of the constitutionality of this law. Edwin Stanton

President Johnson’s Impeachment Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868.

Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.

The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!

The Senate Trial

11 week trial. Johnson acquitted

35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

Journal Entry # 6Journal Entry # 6

After learning about Andrew Johnson’s After learning about Andrew Johnson’s presidency, estimate what kind of presidency, estimate what kind of President Ulysses S. Grant will be. Do you President Ulysses S. Grant will be. Do you think he will support Congress?think he will support Congress?

The 1868 Republican Ticket

The 1868 Democratic Ticket

Waving the Bloody Shirt!

Republican “Southern Strategy”

1868 Presidential Election

President Ulysses S. Grant

Grant Administration Scandals Grant presided over an era of

unprecedented growth and corruption.

* Credit Mobilier

Scandal.* Whiskey Ring.* The “Indian

Ring.”

The Tweed Ring in NYC

William Marcy Tweed (notorious head of Tammany Hall’s political machine)

[Thomas Nast crusading cartoonist/reporter]

Who Stole the People’s Money?

And They Say He Wants a Third Term

The Election of 1872 Rumors of corruption

during Grant’s first term discredit Republicans.

Horace Greeley runsas a Democrat/LiberalRepublican candidate.

Greeley attacked as afool and a crank.

Greeley died on November 29, 1872!

The Panic of 1873 It raises “the money

question.”* debtors seek

inflationarymonetary policy bycontinuing circulation of greenbacks.

* creditors, intellectuals support hard money.

1875 Specie Redemption Act.

1876 Greenback Party formed & makes gains in congressional races The “Crime of ’73’!

Objective: To discuss sharecropping and the end of Reconstruction.

Do Now: p. 529I. What were some suggestions by made by Radical Republicans to help freedmen?

II. In the end, what did freedmen receive?

III. What problem did large planters face?

• give each freedman 40 acres of land and a mule

• break up plantations and redistribute the land to freedmen

• “nothing but freedom”

• they could no longer rely on slave labor to work on their plantations

Carpetbaggers - Northerners that moved to the South during Reconstruction looking for wealth, land, or to help the freedmen.

A cartoon from the 1870s makes fun of a Northern politician. It shows him as a carpetbagger, or a Northerner who moved to the South with only what he could carry in a small bag. (At the time, traveling bags were commonly made of carpet.)

Sharecropping

Tenancy & the Crop Lien SystemFurnishing Merchant Tenant Farmer Landowner

Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.

Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest.

Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.

Plants crop, harvests in autumn.

Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.

Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt.

Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.

· Some Radical Republicans wanted to give each freedman “40 acres and a mule”. However, all the freedmen were given was their freedom.Sharecropper - farmer who works part of the land and gives the landowner part of the harvest

A Cycle of Poverty

Southern sharecropper picking cotton.

* As a result, freedmen were in constant debt to the landowners and were never able to earn a profit. If they tried to move, they could be arrested. Therefore, freedmen became tied down to the land, in a state similar to slavery.

How did sharecropping work?

· Freedmen would farm land belonging to white owners, oftentimes their old masters.

· Freedmen would pay rent for the land they farmed by giving the landowner a percentage of their crops.

· In addition, freedmen would purchase seed, tools, and other supplies from the landowner.

PlantationLand worked by sharecroppers.

· Poll taxes and literacy tests were used to prevent freedmen from voting.

Separate But Not EqualVoting Restrictions:

• In order to help poor, illiterate whites to vote, a grandfather clause was passed.

Grandfather Clause

Dr. Manassa Thomas Pope was able to receive a voter registration card because his parents had been freed prior to 1867. He was one of only seven black voters in Raleigh and one of 31 in all of Wake County, NC.

• It stated that if a voter’s father or grandfather was eligible to vote on January 1, 1867, they did not have to take a literacy test.

•This allowed whites to vote, but not freedmen.

Jim Crow Laws - laws passed by southerners to segregate public places, such as schools, restaurants, theaters, trains, hospitals, water fountains, and cemeteries.The "Jim Crow" figure was a fixture

of the minstrel shows that toured the South; a white man made up as a black man sang and mimicked stereotypical behavior in the name of comedy.

Jump Jim Crow, Bob Ekstrand, 2:05

Get Off the Sidewalk Charles Gratton, 2:17

““Boy, You ain’t a votin’ here”!Boy, You ain’t a votin’ here”!

Verse 1Come listen all you galls and boys I's jist from Tuckyhoe,I'm going to sing a little song, my name's Jim Crow,(chorus)

Verse 2I went down to de riber, I didn't mean to stay,But dere I see so many galls, I couldn't get away.(chorus)

Verse 3Oh I'm a roarer on de fiddle, and down in old Virginny,They say I play de skyentific like Massa Pagannini.(chorus)

Verse 4I cut so many munky shines, I dance de galloppade; An' w'en I done, I res' my head, on shubble, hoe or spade.(chorus)

Jump Jim Crow Chorus: Weel about and turn about and do jis so,Eb'ry time I weel about and jump Jim Crow.

Verse 5I met Miss Dina Scrub one day, I gib her sich a buss;An' den she turn an' slap my face, an' make a mighty fuss.(chorus)

Verse 6De udder gals dey 'gin to fight, I tel'd dem wait a bit;I'd hab dem all, jis one by one, as I tourt fit.(chorus)

Verse 7I wip de lion ob de west, I eat de alligator; I put more water in my mouf, den boil ten load ob 'tator.(chorus)

Verse 8De way dey bake de hoe cake, Virginny nebber tire; Dey put de doe upon de foot, an' stick 'em in de fire.(chorus)

Chorus: Weel about and turn about and do jis so,Eb'ry time I weel about and jump Jim Crow.

Sample Jim Crow Laws Florida: The schools for white children and the schools for negro children shall be conducted separately.

Virginia: Any public hall, theatre, opera house, motion picture show or place of public entertainment which is attended by both white and colored persons shall separate the white race and the colored race. Maryland: All railroad companies are hereby required to provide separate cars or coaches for the travel and transportation of the white and colored passengers. Louisiana: Any person...who shall rent any part of any such building to a negro person or a negro family when such building is already in whole or in part in occupancy by a white person or white family shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.

Florida: All marriages between a white person and a negro, or between a white person and a person of negro descent to the fourth generation inclusive, are hereby forever prohibited.

Plessy v. Ferguson - The Supreme Court ruled that segregation was legal as long as facilities were “separate but equal”.

This cause came on to be heard on the transcript of the record from the Supreme Court of the State of Louisiana, and was argued by counsel.

On consideration whereof, It is now here ordered and adjudged by this Court that the judgement of the said Supreme Court, in this cause, be and the same is hereby, affirmed with costs.

Black & White Political Participation

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

Black Senate & House Delegates

Colored Rule

in the South?

Blacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans. Blacks were politically unprepared. Blacks could register and vote in states

since 1867. The 15th

Amendment guaranteedfederal voting.

Journal Entry #7Journal Entry #75/26/105/26/10

What is the Ku Klux Klan and what actions What is the Ku Klux Klan and what actions are they known for?are they known for?

15th Amendment Ratified in 1870. The right of citizens of the United States

to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

South ReadmittedSouth Readmitted

• By 1870, Southern states were readmittedBy 1870, Southern states were readmitted• Some had to ratify 15Some had to ratify 15thth amendment too amendment too• Reconstruction Constitutions were most Reconstruction Constitutions were most

LIBERAL—yes, that’s a mighty fine word, LIBERAL—yes, that’s a mighty fine word, look it up—in history of Southern States.look it up—in history of Southern States.

• Legal means to overturn Reconstruction Legal means to overturn Reconstruction often culminated with rewriting these often culminated with rewriting these Reconstruction Constitutions.Reconstruction Constitutions.

The Failure of Federal Enforcement Enforcement Acts of 1870 &

1871 [also known as the KKK Act]. “The Lost

Cause.” The rise of the

“Bourbons.” Redeemers

(prewarDemocrats and Union Whigs).

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

Ku Klux Klan - secret group set up in the South after the Civil War. Members terrorized primarily African-Americans, but they targeted Catholics and Jews as well.

Mississippi 1870s: Caption: "Mississippi Ku-Klux in the disguises in which they were captured."

The Ku Klux Klan reached itsgreatest strength in the 1920’s,

with a membership of overthree million people.

1925 Ku Klux Klan march on Washington, D.C.

WHITE SUPREMACYWHITE SUPREMACY

The Civil Rights Act of 1875 Crime for any individual to deny full &

equal use of public conveyances andpublic places.

Prohibited discrimination in jury selection.

Shortcoming lacked a strong enforcement mechanism.

No new civil rights act was attemptedfor 90 years!

Northern Support Wanes “Grantism” & corruption. Panic of 1873 [6-year

depression]. Concern over westward

expansion and Indian wars. Key monetary issues:

* should the government retire $432m worth of “greenbacks” issued during the Civil War.

* should war bonds be paid back in specie orgreenbacks.

1876 Presidential Tickets

· Neither candidate, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes or Democrat Samuel Tilden, had enough electoral votes to win the election.

Election of 1876

· A special commission of Congress awarded the election to Hayes, who promptly ended Reconstruction.

· Southerners could now vote again, and federal troops were removed from the South.

“Regional Balance?”

· Neither candidate, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes or Democrat Samuel Tilden, had enough electoral votes to win the election.

Election of 1876

1876 Presidential Election

The Political Crisis of 1877

“Corrupt Bargain”Part II?

Hayes Prevails

Alas, the Woes of Childhood…

Sammy Tilden—Boo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayes’s got my Presidency, and he won’t give it to me!

A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877