EPILOGUE

We’ve reached the end of our journey. I suspect that I may have lost youhere and there. Speaking philosophy, neuroscience, psychology, sociol-ogy, and other ‘languages’, methods, and discourses may have been myown wishful thinking, expressed in the hope to appeal to diverse readers’inclinations and tastes, while perhaps risking losing them all. ‘Education’,however, hides there as a deliberate message too – in the how of this bookthat lurks behind the what. Changing the language and the discourseabout every second chapter in this book sought to address the unprunedmind that is there in you. It is a mind that can potentially speak alllanguages and discourses. I can only speak a few of those and in a limitedway. My limitations have no doubt yielded mistakes to which my ownpruned mind may be blind. If you find that this is the case, it is up to youto ‘educate’ me and others about them. I can only hope that the ground-ing for your claims will stem from the contemplative I within you, whichwill teach them to the reflective I, then transform me, and from there willenlighten our ‘society’ through ‘education’.

The door of attention swings in and out.Engage thy mind.Engage thy body.I await(s) there for you to discover.‘Society’ awaits your wisdom and virtue.

Oren Ergas, Modi’in.

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INDEX

Note: Page references with letter ‘n’ refer to notes.

AAcceptance, 161, 280, 282, 285, 289,

297, 315Agency

authentic, 22, 314boundaries of, 256–264false, 21, 259I’s, 253, 256–264me’s, 217–218and mind-wandering, 210–213,

217–221, 223, 226, 228, 232,234–236, 239–242

real, 112and self-reflection, 210–213,

217–221, 223–224, 226–228,232, 234–236, 239–242

and thinking, 227, 236, 238Anger, 117, 182, 229, 242Arousal, 169–172, 176, 179, 180,

186–187, 232Art, 95, 123, 254Attachment, 71, 78Attention

active/passive, 280and blindness, 78and brain, 150–153, 168–183,

187–193

deficit (hyperactivity), 308definition of, 28–29disorder, 308door of, 6, 22, 35–36, 61–62,

80, 119, 126, 131, 253,273, 280

and education, 143and evolution, 176, 180, 186, 218,

236, 238, 241flashlight of, 29, 79, 104, 108, 138,

167, 178, 195, 264, 280fundamental of, 141, 143internal door of, 62, 253, 274–277,

280, 297, 315and meaning, 120as mechanism, 130, 135, 164, 169,

170, 175, 180–182, 201origin of, 57–62, 77, 81, 83, 212,

250n17, 252, 253, 266,275, 280

research of, 201, 203, 206,208, 218–221, 246, 266,294, 297

selective nature of, 46Authenticity (and body, and

truth), 288–289Awareness, 22, 28, 78, 79, 103

© The Author(s) 2017O. Ergas, Reconstructing ‘Education’ through Mindful Attention,DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-58782-4

333

BBarbezat, Daniel, 207, 305, 307Bead-to-bead, 59, 61, 74, 106, 107,

120, 126, 141, 143, 153, 194,207, 236

See also Necklace metaphorBlindness, see Illusion of omniscienceBody, 283–288

See also EmbodimentBrain

cortex, 152, 178–179default mode network, 217, 239and education, 64–66, 174–176and emotions, 152, 295hippocampus, 132, 152insula, 86n4and mind, 76, 150, 175, 187, 190,

192, 236, 271and pruning, 8, 64reptilian, 177, 186, 295salience, 269, 271and society, 3, 14, 176, 292the triune, 177

Breath, 23, 33–34, 36, 40, 50, 56–58,100, 108, 125, 134, 141, 156,182, 184, 195, 209, 267–272,276, 281–283, 285–286,289, 311

Breathing experiments, 23Buddha, 315, 317n6Buddhism, 273

CChoiceless awareness, 270

See also Open attention; Focusedattention

Citizenship, 153See also Responsibility

Class, 109, 125, 127, 130, 132, 134,135, 178, 183, 189, 231, 243,244, 257, 294

Cognition/affect, 151Cognitive science, 64–65Communication, 67, 71, 73–74Compassion, 79, 80, 85, 135, 187,

221, 246, 266, 276, 280, 282,283, 285, 289, 295, 297,306, 309

See also KindnessConsciousness, 9, 28, 35, 60, 77, 104,

240, 312Contemplation and contemplative

practice, 9, 14, 18, 21–22,33–34, 37, 57, 66, 108, 111,133, 150, 154, 165, 180, 195,207, 209, 219, 233, 249n11,254–256, 262, 264–274,290–292, 294, 297

See also Yoga; Mindfulness; Tai chi;Journaling; Dialogue

Contemplative turn, 303–316Contingency, 4, 7–8, 12, 15, 53, 72,

75, 76, 80–82, 85, 92–95, 98,100, 101, 120–121, 124, 143,158, 279, 316

See also Non-contingencyCritical pedagogy, 9Csikszentmihalyi, Mihalyi, 30, 44,

169, 242, 266Culture, 7, 12, 14, 31, 64, 76, 120,

290–292Curriculum

and attention, 21, 103as course of a race, 102, 157definition of, 123and deliberation, 9, 104, 105, 111,

170, 294of embodied perception, 163, 168,

170, 194, 202, 233and ethics, 21, 277, 282explicit, 105, 106, 110, 244of I, 165, 251–301, 312implicit/hidden, 105, 106

334 INDEX

inner, 3, 5, 21, 149–151, 154, 157,159, 161, 209, 272, 307

life, 8, 105, 131, 149, 150, 159and life meaning, 161of me, 21, 162, 199–250, 262,

274, 278meta, 138, 139, 141as normative map, 112–113, 117null, 106, 295and pedagogy, 1, 2, 4, 12, 50,

111, 169, 220, 253, 276,279, 306

as selective process, 175, 236social, 111, 120, 128, 129, 142,

149, 152–157, 159–162, 164,168, 179, 193, 216, 223, 246,270, 307, 312

in space, 102, 112, 117, 124, 187,216, 247

in time, 21, 118, 123, 164, 170,187, 232, 248

as what, 105

DDamasio, Antonio, 50n6, 59, 60,

166n1, 203, 301n27Daoism, 300n18Davidson, Richard, 178Default mode network, see BrainDeliberate engagement

with curriculum of embodiedperception, 170

with curriculum of I, 245with curriculum of me, 245

Descartes, Rene, 97, 165, 238, 255,261, 269

Detachment, 40, 206, 212, 237, 256,261, 280–282, 284, 285, 297

Developmentof the brain, 65, 73, 220education and, 117, 221, 314

of narrative, 81, 315natural, 64, 84, 93, 104, 129, 273psychological, 20, 63

Dewey, John, 3, 133, 136, 150, 215,231, 232, 255, 283

Dharma, 290Diagnosis, 20, 203, 314Dialogue, 256, 266Door of attention, see attentionDualism and non-dualism, 151

EEducation

construct of, 21, 30, 95, 126, 127,131, 132, 135, 138, 150, 173,294, 303

definition of, 28, 31, 54educare, 8, 64form of, 129, 132and the Good, 31, 92, 106,

126, 129in here, 2, 5, 46, 49, 124, 132,

311, 315higher, 9, 68, 92, 113, 305–307as mind making process, 4, 7, 13,

20, 22, 303out there, 5, 13, 46, 49, 104, 132,

138, 315problems of, 5, 17, 203, 306promise of, 106, 118reconstructing, 17, 49, 53, 59,

66, 84, 124, 195, 232,262, 306

research of, 9standard, 140vision of, 307, 314

Ego, 288See also Self-centered-ness

Egocentrism, 15, 85Eisner, Eliot, 4, 103, 105,

110, 139

INDEX 335

Embodied perception, 21, 44, 150,163–165, 167–197, 199, 201,202, 233–235, 237, 244, 251,270–273, 280, 285, 290,295, 310

curriculum of, 163, 164, 167–197,202, 234, 244

how to study, 169, 186and I, 163, 272, 280and me, 163, 165, 202, 233

Embodiment, 34, 68, 118, 137, 173,230, 264, 279, 282, 284, 286,289, 298n3, 316

See also BodyEmotions

and attention, 209and brain, 152, 199and curriculum, 3, 186and education, 152, 168, 200and meaning, 189and pedagogy, 2, 136, 141, 169and perception, 138regulation, 186, 259, 295and school, 3, 136, 186

Epistemology, 298Ergas, Oren, 173, 195, 266, 305Ethics

and education, 278, 295and embodiment, 282of inner curriculum, 21, 158and subjectivity, 68, 158, 253,

277–279Evolution

and attention, 176and brain, 176, 186and the curriculum, 180and mind wandering, 218theory, 176

Experience, 14, 19, 47, 68, 118, 134,161, 172, 190, 192, 194, 200,202, 215, 217, 238

FFight-flight or freeze, 177First-person

experience, 14, 19, 68, 134, 163,171, 200, 215, 217

methods, 18pedagogies, 163

Flow, 11, 61, 97, 159, 228, 240, 251,254, 285, 287

Focused attention, 267, 270–271,276, 277, 281

See also Choiceless awareness; Openattention

Foucault, Michele, 299n7Fundamental

of attention, 20, 30, 32, 35, 47, 92,103, 125, 143

of I/me, 50, 72, 273, 285of space, 35, 47, 125, 143of time, 39, 48, 92, 125of WE, 20, 75–76, 83

GGallagher, Shaun, 59–60, 203Gilbert, Dan, 108, 207, 208, 211,

221, 234God, 12, 42, 277, 290Good (the), 70, 174–176, 181, 286,

288–289

HHabit

bodily, 195and education, 5, 13, 232, 316of thinking, 279

Hadot, Pierre, 299n5, 299n7Hall of mirrors, 6, 77, 81, 193, 222,

223, 245, 273

336 INDEX

Happiness, 171, 185, 208, 210, 223Hebb, Donald, 64, 192Higher education, 9, 68, 113,

305–307History (teaching of), 21, 107,

193, 224Huebner, Dwayne, 150, 159, 252

II

birth of, 62contemplative, 21, 22, 150, 165,

233, 254–256, 276, 277, 280,286, 291, 314

definition, 255, 256and embodied perception, 163, 272,

280how to study, 255–256and me, 54–57, 62, 77,

163, 279reflective, 21, 212, 254, 262, 284

Identityand agency, 162, 174, 205, 246,

309, 314attention and, 20, 309creation of, 224, 245

Idiosyncrasy, see SubjectivityIllusion of omniscience

(blindness), 20, 77–84, 94, 195,229, 231, 233, 243, 247, 289,295, 313

Implicit, 72, 105, 106, 110, 127,172, 191

In here/out there, 33–35, 38–39, 55,58, 61, 63, 83

Indoctrination, 103, 241, 242, 247Inner curriculum, 3–5, 21, 49, 109,

149–166, 167, 170, 186, 191,199, 208, 209, 255, 304,314, 316

Insufficiency of now, 115, 164,221–223, 225, 239, 246,248, 271

Iyengar, B.K.S., 299n4, 300n23,301n28

JJames, William, 20, 28–29, 38–40, 59,

82, 168, 181, 183, 239, 240,264–266, 271, 274, 286,288, 294

Journaling, 154, 214, 228, 246,248, 276

KKabat-Zinn, Jon, 223Kahneman, Daniel, 230Kaleidoscope setting of mind, 4–5, 13,

173, 190, 191–193, 237, 244Kant, Immanuel, 97, 165, 255Kegan, Robert, 150, 255Killingsworth, Mathew, 108,

207–209, 211, 221, 234Kindness, 80, 94, 153, 173, 246, 282,

283, 289, 298See also Compassion

Knowledgeand being, 101conventional understanding of, 98and doing, 95embodied, 101and the horizontal time axis, 101,

102, 120implicit, 105and meaning, 95of most worth, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97,

98, 100, 103, 104, 110, 113,114, 117, 127, 132, 137, 139,151, 175, 236, 273

INDEX 337

Knowledge (cont.)nature of, 100and now, 101as object, 136, 206tacit (see also Implicit)

Know thyself, 139, 141See also in here; Inner curriculum

Know thyworld, 139See also out there; Social curriculum

Kuhn, Thomas, 11

LLanger, Ellen, 294Language

acquisition of, 80, 81and brain, 2, 152, 192and conceptualization, 151and contemplative practice, 255,

291, 299n9, 314and development, 63and embodiment, 301n27and identity, 291as medium, 80, 81, 202, 252,

255, 291and narrative, 72, 74, 82and philosophy, 299n9

Learning, 4, 5, 12, 64–65, 80–81, 91,101, 118, 125, 126, 130, 134,137, 161, 169, 171, 172, 186,189, 192, 193, 200, 209, 219,257, 264, 279, 294, 295, 305

Lesson, 3, 21Liberation, 290, 313Loy, David, 24n10, 224, 238, 249n12

MMarx, Karl, 6, 86n9Math

as subject matter, 2, 126, 152teaching of, 80, 98, 185

Matrix of mind, see mind, matrix ofMcGilchrist, Iain, 86n4, 87n14,

87n20, 166n1, 166n2, 166n3,184, 188, 196n1, 202, 230, 291,299n8, 317n7

Meand agency, 227, 257and body, 56, 59, 63, 112, 199,

201, 232, 233, 271, 283, 284,291, 292

definition of, 10, 78, 275and habit, 164, 209, 230, 231, 236,

237, 253–255, 283, 289how to study, 201and I, 21, 54, 60, 62, 77, 163, 230,

256, 279and identity, 83, 206, 230–233,

239, 241and illusion of omniscience, 212,

231, 233, 244and journaling, 207and mind-wandering, 81, 208, 226as narrative/narrator, 60, 62, 69,

70, 75, 80, 143, 150, 212, 222,245, 246, 285

and not-me, 33, 39, 54, 58, 61, 71sampling me, 204, 207and self-reflection, 226, 240

Meaning, 69, 99, 106, 112, 120, 124,127, 129–131, 135–138, 156,170, 189, 222

Meditation, 132, 254, 261, 283, 284,305, 308

See also MindfulnessMemory

childhood amnesia, 63episodic (autobiographical), 63, 170explicit, 170implicit, 170, 172, 174, 189,

191, 230and learning, 192and perception, 195

338 INDEX

Mental state, see State of beingMental time-traveling, 216, 271Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 50n4, 284,

301n27Meta-pedagogy, 21, 123–145, 227,

245, 247See also Pedagogy

Miller, John, 150Mind

and body, 108, 161, 173and brain, 107, 150, 164, 168, 174,

175, 184, 187, 190–193, 217,222, 239, 244, 269, 271,272, 292

expulsion of, 1, 124, 200, 220, 247and indoctrination, 241, 242, 247kaleidoscope of, 190, 193making process, 4–7, 9, 13, 20–22,

103, 104, 303, 314matrix of, 20, 48, 49, 61, 83, 85,

91, 92, 95, 100, 101, 102, 106,111, 121, 203, 215, 270

as pedagogue, 167, 170, 185,190, 196

recursive nature of, 191–193state of, 3, 13, 14, 161(Also see

Mind wandering; Mindfulness;Rumination; Self reflection)

theory of, 67Mindfulness

critique of, 312discourse of, 14mindful attention, 14, 18, 40mindfulness-based

interventions, 305practice, 14, 17, 30, 40, 54,

56, 61, 96, 155, 195, 207,209, 214, 221, 267, 276–277,282, 308

scientific research, 14and wisdom traditions, 14, 314See also Contemplative turn

Mind as pedagogue, 167, 170–174,190, 196

Mind wanderingand agency, 227, 228, 242,

246, 256definition of, 275and education, 177, 211, 220, 223,

236, 242, 246and evolution, 218, 236, 241and identity, 108, 221, 227,

239, 245and indoctrination, 241, 242, 247neuroscience of, 86n4scientific research of, 218, 219, 220,

221, 246Musk, Elon, 11

NNaïve realism, 66Necklace allegory, 46–47, 57Neurons, 2, 64, 65, 217, 240Neuroscience, 17, 18, 21, 64, 151,

160, 201, 203, 205, 217Non-contingency, 53, 70, 75, 76, 85,

168, 188, 263, 282See also Contingency

Norretranders, Tor, 175, 180Not-me, 33, 38, 39, 54, 55, 56, 58,

61, 63, 71, 100, 110, 112, 131,280, 286

Now, 43, 114, 115See also Present

OOntology, 254, 282Open attention, 155, 162, 269, 271

See also Choiceless awareness;Focused attention

Ownership, 56, 79, 184, 199, 227, 246

INDEX 339

PPalmer, Parker J., 5, 139, 149, 150,

193, 299n6, 300n20, 305, 307Paradigm, 11, 102Particularity, 53, 54, 85, 158, 161Past, 14, 42, 60, 68, 101, 180, 188,

190, 191, 192, 196, 207, 219,224, 245, 315

See also Past in present; Embodiedperception

Past in present, 188–190Pedagogy

and attention, 9, 124–129,139, 169, 253, 266, 285,293, 306

contemplative, 108, 219, 266critical (see Critical pedagogy)and curriculum, 1, 2, 4, 12, 50, 86,

91, 106, 111, 123, 124, 133,134, 141, 169, 195, 201,220, 253, 276, 279, 294,297, 306

definition, 124–125, 132and meaning, 21, 140, 312meta-pedagogy, 21, 123–145, 149,

201, 227, 245, 247See also Mind as pedagogue

Perceptionaccuracy of, 244and the body, 181and the brain, 64, 170, 236conceptual, 61, 187and memory, 196non-conceptual, 61real time, 171, 176, 183–185

Phenomenology, 20, 21, 54, 160,166, 201, 205

Philosophy, 17, 256, 284, 288philosophy of education, 197n11

Physics, 12, 19, 285, 313Pinar, William, 23n2, 150

Plato, 97, 119, 165, 255Postman, Neil, 8, 24n6, 69, 121n1,

121n2Present, 42, 68, 133, 168,

170, 180, 188, 192, 199, 226,245, 315

See also NowPruning, depruning, unpruning

education as, 20, 64–66, 68, 72,105, 143, 297

Psychology, 17, 18, 20, 21, 54, 62,151, 170

RRaichle, Marcus, 50n7, 64, 217–218,

249n9Rationality, 49, 79, 257,

259, 284Reality, 29, 31, 37, 43, 63,

80, 107, 123, 136, 140, 168,172, 233, 235, 237, 265,266, 289

Reconstructing education, 17, 49, 53,59, 66, 84, 101, 124, 206, 232,262, 293, 306

Reflective practice, 165, 207,210–214, 231, 235, 237, 242,245, 246, 249n6, 255, 257–260,262, 282, 284, 296

Religion, 30, 305, 317n5Research methods, 99, 206Responsibility, 15, 17, 145, 162,

185, 200, 245, 258, 278, 295,297, 316

Robinson, Ken, 93Roth, Harold, 24n8, 24n9,

301n29, 305, 307,317n7

Rumination, 221

340 INDEX

SSampling me by surprise, 204, 207,

214, 246School

I in, 293me in, 247

Schopenhauer, Arthur, 121n4, 166n9Secular, 160Self

centered-ness, 54, 79, 85(see also Egocentrism)

core/minimal, 22, 63, 73narrative/autobiographical, 60, 62and world (see in here/out there;

me/not-me)Self-centered-ness, 54, 79, 85Self-experiments, 18, 23, 67, 163,

267, 268, 274, 280Self-justifying system, 6, 21, 81, 83,

129, 143, 193, 232See also Hall of mirrors

Self-reflection, 210–213, 215, 218,219, 220, 221, 223, 226, 228,232, 234, 235, 236, 239, 240,241, 242, 246–249, 256, 268,271, 275

Sensing, 214, 269Shusterman, Richard, 301n27Siegel, Daniel, 57, 63, 65, 71, 86n5,

166n1, 166n3, 175, 181, 186,189, 196n3, 197n5, 197n9,197n15, 197n16, 202, 217, 240,317n7

Social curriculum, 49, 111, 120, 128,129, 142, 149, 152, 153–162,164, 168, 169, 173–175, 179,186, 190, 193, 194, 195, 199,200, 201, 216, 220, 223, 224,227, 246, 247, 248, 252, 255,270, 271, 273–275, 283, 295,297, 307, 312

Social-emotional learning, 186, 209,305

Societyand attention, 54, 67, 101,

135, 227as BIG MIND, 102, 104, 292in here, 68, 270and the mind, 3, 6, 14, 20, 21, 64,

100 (See also Hall of mirrors;Self-justifying system)

out there, 2, 49, 68, 77, 85, 119,131, 271, 292

and social construction, 9, 290,291, 292

See also Social curriculumSocrates, 255, 269, 315Space, 11, 20, 21, 23, 27–51,

53, 55, 61, 63, 67, 68, 71,78, 79, 81, 84, 91–121, 123,124, 125, 129, 139, 141, 144,160, 163, 168, 175, 176, 187,203, 216

Spencer, Herbert, 93Spirituality, 86n2, 159State of being, 168, 169, 172, 173,

180, 184, 186, 188, 189,190, 191, 193, 196, 225,280, 295

Stress, 183, 184, 215, 235, 239, 282,296, 308, 312

Students, 5, 8, 9, 10, 17, 19, 28,32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 45, 48, 49, 73,97, 103, 105, 106, 112, 117,123, 124, 129, 137, 138, 163,168, 177, 182, 185–191, 193,195, 209, 210, 214, 222, 235,245, 255, 268, 272, 284, 288,293, 294, 305, 306, 308,312, 315

Subjectivity, 18, 54, 200, 206, 291See also Idiosyncrasy

INDEX 341

Subject matter, 2, 3, 64, 100, 106,108, 114, 125, 126, 130, 137,138, 144, 152, 154, 163, 164,172, 178, 179, 199, 211, 214,215, 216, 225, 246, 252, 253,256, 276, 281, 293, 294, 295

Suffering/happiness, 74, 115, 171,178, 185, 208, 224, 266

Suzuki, Shunryu, 23n4, 50n6, 299n4,300n19

TTai chi, 49, 134, 154, 195, 266,

285, 306Teachers, 31, 45, 118, 124, 177, 186,

188, 191, 223, 242, 244,293, 294

Teachingin college/university, 10, 18, 76,

106, 182, 191, 209,284, 288

in school, 3, 16, 49, 103, 105–106,111, 176, 177, 247

Thinkingand agency, 205, 211, 213, 227,

259–262, 264content of, 256, 259, 261, 262, 264and identity, 239and mind-wandering, 211, 247process of, 260–261and reflective practice, 210and self-reflection, 226

Third-person methods, 17–19Time

also past/future, 42, 240horizontal time axis, 42–43, 44, 68,

84, 92, 101, 119, 170, 215,248, 262

mental traveling, 216, 224, 271moment-to-moment, 61now, 114–116as object, 41See also Necklace allegory;

Suffering/happiness; FlowTradition, 9, 95, 263,

314, 315Truth

absolute, 22authentic, 290, 291and knowledge, 12relative, 8, 155

UUniversality, 53, 54, 64, 81, 85,

158, 290See also Particularity

VValence, 172, 173, 174, 189Varela, Francisco, 23n5, 24n8, 197n9,

232, 317n7Violence, 3, 9Virtue, 279, 284, 314

WWallace, Alan B., 50n1, 300n12,

300n13, 300n19WE (fundamental of), 66–67, 76, 81,

83, 143Well-being

and education, 185, 236, 246objective, 119subjective, 118, 119, 144

342 INDEX

Whitehead, Alfred North, 3, 150, 264Wisdom-traditions, 14, 59,

160, 266, 273, 277, 304,314, 315

See also Buddhism; Yoga; DaoismWittgenstein, Ludwig, 284,

299n9

YYoga, 134, 154, 195, 254, 266, 276,

284, 306

ZZajonc, Arthur, 24n9, 93, 305

INDEX 343