Kapitel 14 “Recognition” – p. 1

Recognition Scene understanding / visual object categorization Pose clustering Object recognition by local features Image categorization Bag-of-features models Large-scale image search

Kapitel 14

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Scene understanding (1)

Scene categorization

•outdoor/indoor

•city/forest/factory/etc.

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Scene understanding (2)

Object detection

•find pedestrians

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Scene understanding (3)

mountain

building

tree

banner

marketpeople

street lamp

sky

building

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Visual object categorization (1)

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Visual object categorization (2)

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Visual object categorization (3)

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Visual object categorization (4)

Recognition is all about modeling variabilitycamera positionilluminationshape variationswithin-class variations

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Visual object categorization (5)

Within-class variations (why are they chairs?)

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Pose clustering (1)

Working in transformation space - main ideas: Generate many hypotheses of transformation image vs. model,

each built by a tuple of image and model features

Correct transformation hypotheses appear many times

Main steps: Quantize the space of possible transformations

For each tuple of image and model features, solve for the optimal transformation that aligns the matched features

Record a “vote” in the corresponding transformation space bin

Find "peak" in transformation space

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Pose clustering (2)

Example: Rotation only. A pair of one scene segment and one model segment suffices to generate a transformation hypothesis.

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Pose clustering (3)

2-tuples of image and model corner points are used to generate hypotheses. (a) The corners found in an image. (b) The four best hypotheses found with the edges drawn in. The nose of the plane and the head of the person do not appear because they were not in the models.

C.F. Olson: Efficient pose clustering using a randomized algorithm. IJCV, 23(2): 131-147, 1997.

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Object recognition by local features (1)

D.G. Lowe: Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints. IJCV, 60(2): 91-110, 2004

The SIFT features of training images are extracted and storedFor a query image

Extract SIFT features Efficient nearest neighbor indexing Pose clustering by Hough transform For clusters with >2 keypoints (object hypotheses): determine

the optimal affine transformation parameters by least squares method; geometry verification

Input Image Stored

Image

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Object recognition by local features (2)

Cluster of 3 corresponding feature pairs

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Object recognition by local features (3)

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Object recognition by local features (4)

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Image categorization (1)

Training Labels

Training Images

Classifier Training

Training

Image Features

Image Features

Testing

Test Image

Trained Classifier

Trained Classifier

Outdoor

Prediction

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Image categorization (2)

Global histogram (distribution):

color, texture, motion, …

histogram matching distance

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Image categorization (3)

Cars found by color histogram matching

See Chapter “Inhaltsbasierte Suche in Bilddatenbanken

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Bag-of-features models (1)

ObjectObjectBag of Bag of ‘words’‘words’

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Bag-of-features models (2)

Origin 1: Text recognition by orderless document representation (frequencies of words from a dictionary), Salton & McGill (1983)

US Presidential Speeches Tag Cloudhttp://chir.ag/phernalia/preztags/

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Bag-of-features models (3)

Origin 2: Texture recognition

Texture is characterized by the repetition of basic elements or textons

For stochastic textures, it is the identity of the textons, not their spatial arrangement, that matters

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Bag-of-features models (4)

Universal texton dictionary

histogram

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Bag-of-features models (5)

G. Cruska et al.: Visual categorization with bags of keypoints. Proc. of ECCV, 2004.

We need to build a “visual” dictionary!

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Bag-of-features models (6)

Main step 1: Extract features (e.g. SIFT)

…

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Bag-of-features models (7)

Main step 2: Learn visual vocabulary (e.g. using clustering)

clustering

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Bag-of-features models (8)

visual vocabulary (cluster centers)

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Bag-of-features models (9)

… Source: B. LeibeAppearance codebook

Example: learned codebook

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Bag-of-features models (10)

Main step 3: Quantize features using “visual vocabulary”

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Bag-of-features models (11)

Main step 4: Represent images by frequencies of “visual words” (i.e., bags of features)

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Bag-of-features models (12)

Example: representation basedon learned codebook

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Bag-of-features models (13)

Main step 5: Apply any classifier to the histogram feature vectors

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Bag-of-features models (14)

Example:

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Bag-of-features models (15)

Caltech6 dataset

Dictionary quality and size are very important parameters!

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Bag-of-features models (16)

Caltech6 dataset

J.C. Niebles, H. Wang, L. Fei-Fei: Unsupervised learning of human action categories using spatial-tempotal words. IJCV, 79(3): 299-318, 2008.

Action recognition

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Large-scale image search (1)

Query Results from 5k Flickr images

J. Philbin, et al.: Object retrieval with large vocabularies and fast spatial matching. Proc. of CVPR, 2007

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Large-scale image search (2)

Mobile tourist guide self-localization object/building recognition photo/video augmentation

Aachen Cathedral

[Quack, Leibe, Van Gool, CIVR’08]

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Large-scale image search (3)

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Large-scale image search (4)

Application: Image auto-annotationLeft: Wikipedia imageRight: closest match from Flickr

Moulin Rouge

Tour MontparnasseColosseum

ViktualienmarktMaypole

Old Town Square (Prague)

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Sources

K. Grauman, B. Leibe: Visual Object Recognition. Morgen & Claypool Publishers, 2011

R. Szeliski: Computer Vision: Algorithms and Applications. Springer, 2010. (Chapter 14 “Recognition”)

Course materials from others (G. Bebis, J. Hays, S. Lazebnik, …)