recenzija o vojnim pecatima

8/10/2019 recenzija o vojnim pecatima

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Te dissertation by Renate Kurzmann, Roman Mi-litary Brick Stamps: A Comparison of Methodolo-

gy, has been published as a part of the respectedBritish Archaeological Reports International Seriesfrom Oxford. Te author analysed Roman militarystamps on roof tiles, with particular emphasis onthe methods, objectives and meaning of their com-

parative study. Her work encompasses the entireRoman Empire, which makes this book particularly

valuable while simultaneously illuminating the cur-rent status of research of the Roman provinces inthe scholarly institutions and centres of Eurasianand African states. Te book is divided into four-teen chapters; at the end there is a list of cataloguepublications analysed in the study, a bibliographyand a brief glossary of technical terms used in thebook.

In the foreword, the author stresses that her work

is not a catalogue of military stamps, rather it cons-titutes a representative sampling of research met-hods for each province and the methods applied by

U uglednoj ediciji British Archaeological ReportsInternational Series iz Oxforda objavljena je di-sertacija Renate Kurzmann Roman Military BrickStamps: A Comparison of Methodology. Autorica

je obradila rimske vojne peate na crijepu, posebnose osvrnuvi na metode, ciljeve i znaenje njihovakomparativnoga prouavanja. Pritom je obuhvatila

itavo Rimsko Carstvo, to svakako daje posebnuvrijednost knjizi, a istodobno otkriva dananje sta-nje istraenosti rimskih provincija u znanstveniminstitucijama i sreditima euroazijskih i afrikihdrava. Knjiga je podijeljena na etrnaest poglavlja;na kraju je popis katalokih publikacija obraenih ustudiji, bibliografija i mali rjenik strunih pojmovakoritenih u knjizi.

U predgovoru autorica istie da njezin rad nije ka-talog rimskih vojnih peata, nego reprezentativanuzorak istraivakih metoda za svaku provinciju,

odnosno metoda koje su pojedini strunjaci primi-jenili u istraivanjima. eite je na legionarskimpeatima, ali zbog njihova nedostatka pozornost je

Radoslav DODIG

Renate Kurzmann: Roman Military Brick Stamps: AComparison of Methodology, BAR International

Series 1543, Archaeopress, Oxford, 2006, VII + 298 str.,209 crtea, tabela i fotografija, rjenik pojmova(ISBN 1841719757, 43 GBP)

Renate Kurzmann: Roman Military Brick Stamps: AComparison of Methodology, BAR International

Series 1543, Archaeopress, Oxford, 2006, VII + 298 pages,

209 drawings, plates and photographs, glossary ofterms (ISBN 1841719757, 43 GBP)

Recenzija / Review

UDK: 904:736.3](049.3)Primljeno / Received: 2. 3. 2007.Prihvaeno / Accepted: 13. 4. 2007.

Radoslav DodigGimnazija MetkoviKralja Zvonimira 12

HR 20350 [email protected]


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Radoslav DODIGRenate Kurzmann: ROMAN MILITARY BRICK STAMPS... Opusc.archaeol. 31, 373377, 2007 [2008.

posveena i peatima augzilijarnih postrojba. U pr-vome se, uvodnome poglavlju govori o metodamaistraivanja vojnih peata te o rimskome crijepu iopekama kao graevnome materijalu. Meu meto-

dama istiu se petrologijska (razvijena u V. Britani-ji; ispituje se kemijski sastav crijepa) i epigrafikametoda (istrauju se oblici i tipovi peata, kratice,

jezine osobitosti i slino) te metoda arheolokogakonteksta (prouavaju se mjesto i okolnosti nalaza,stilovi gradnje, namjena objekta i slino). Klasifika-cija crijepa temelji se na djelu G. Brodribba Roman

Brick and Tile(Wolfeboro, 1987) i ukratko se obra-uju svi tipovi crijepa i opeke ugraivanih u krovo-

ve, podove, stupove, zidne kanale i lukove: tegula,tegulabipedalis, tegulamammata, imbrex, antefix,bessalis, tubulus, tubulus cunneatusi druge. Nada-lje, Kurzmann opisuje vrste i tipove peata, tehnolo-giju izrade kalupa i nain utiskivanja peata na cri-

jep. Pojedini rimski vojni peati s dananje su tokegledita vrlo uspjena dizajnerska rjeenja. Ima ihupisanih u tabulu ansatu, u stopalo (planta pedis),u potkovicu ili u ribu (Legio XXII Primigenia).

U glavnome dijelu knjige u osam se poglavlja opi-suje stanje istraenosti i metode istraivanja vojnihpeata po zemljama i regijama. etiri su zemlje Nizozemska, Francuska, panjolska i Velika Brita-nija obraene u etirima posebnim poglavljima.

U jednome su poglavlju zastupljene Njemaka, Au-strija i vicarska, slijedi jugoistona Europa (estopoglavlje) s provincijamaPannonia,Illyricum,Dal-

individual experts in their research. Te emphasis ison legionary stamps, but due to their shortage atten-tion is also accorded to the stamps of auxiliary for-mations. Te first, introductory chapter covers themethods used to study military stamps and Romantile and brick and construction materials. Among

the methods, she emphasises petrological (develo-ped in Great Britain; the chemical composition ofthe tile is tested), epigraphic methods (the formsand types of stamps, abbreviations, specific linguis-tic features, etc. are studied) and the archaeologicalcontext method (the site and circumstances of dis-coveries, construction styles, purpose of structuresand similar aspects are investigated). Te classifica-tion of tiles is based on the work by G. Brodribb,Ro-man Brick and Tile(Wolfeboro, 1987) and she brief-ly covers all types of tiles and bricks used in roofs,

floors, columns, wall channels and arches: tegula,tegula bipedalis, tegula mammata, imbrex, ante-fix, bessalis, tubulus, tubulus cunneatusand others.Furthermore, Kurzmann describes the kinds andtypes of stamps, the technology for making mouldsand the methods for impressing stamps onto tiles.Individual Roman military stamps exhibit, from themodern-day standpoint, very successful designersolutions. Tey are variously inscribed inside a ta-bula ansata, in a foot (planta pedis), in a horse-shoeor in a fish (Legio XXII Primigenia).

Over eight chapters that form the bulk of the book,

she describes the level of research and researchmethods for military stamps based on countries andregions. Four countriesthe Netherlands, France,Spain and Great Britainare covered in four sepa-rate chapters. One chapter covers Germany, Austriaand Switzerland, followed by South Eastern Europe(the sixth chapter) with the provinces ofPannonia,

Illyricum,Dalmatia(they are cited separately),Da-ciaandMoesia, while in the end she speaks of theMiddle East and Northern Africa. At first glance itis apparent that Great Britain is covered most ex-

pansively (pp. 164200), followed by the Germaniccountries, Austria, Switzerland and Germany (pp.3272), while the least is said of Northern Africa(pp. 153163) and the Middle East (pp. 142155).It should be kept in mind that the Romans, guidedby strategic considerations, had considerably moresoldiers and military camps in some provinces thanin others. A large number of soldiers and militarycamps could be found in the border provinces andon the Danube limes, which is why the production oftiles in military workshops was considerably greaterthan elsewhere. For example, in Germania, an ave-

rage of seven legions were posted along the Rhinealone. At the beginning of each chapter, Kurzmannspecifies the disposition of military garrisons du-


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matia(navedene su odvojeno),DaciaiMoesia, a nakraju se govori o srednjemu Istoku i sjevernoj Afri-ci. Na prvi je pogled vidljivo da je najopirnije obra-ena Velika Britanija (164200), slijede germanskezemlje Austrija, vicarska i Njemaka (3272), aponajmanje se govori o sjevernoj Africi (153163)

i srednjemu Istoku (142155). reba imati u viduda su Rimljani, voeni strategijskim zamislima, upojedinim provincijama imali znatno vie vojnikai vojnih tabora nego u drugim provincijama. Velikse broj vojnika i vojnih tabora nalazio u graninimprovincijama i na dunavskome limesu zbog ega jeondje produkcija crijepa u vojnim radionicama bilaznatno vea nego drugdje. Primjerice, u Germaniji,samo uz Rajnu bilo je stacionirano prosjeno sedamlegija. Kurzmann na poetku svakoga poglavlja na-

vodi dispoziciju vojnih posada u razliitim razdo-bljima, kao i rezultate istraivanja vezanih za rim-sku vojsku u Germaniji, Noriku, Reciji i BelgijskojGaliji. Posebno je obraena velika produkcija pea-taLEGIO XXII PRIMIGENIA, o emu je dosta pisaoD. Baatz, i peati legijaXXI RAPAX,X GEMINA,I

MARTIA, V ALAUDAi drugih. Meu njima nalazise i peat LEGIO VIII AVGUSTA (2. st., Strassbo-urg). a je legija oko 69. godine ostavila vie peatau Dalmaciji.

Istraivanja vojnih peata u V. Britaniji (British sc-hool, kako kae Kurzmann) iroko su fundirana, oemu su pisali W. Grimes, R. P. Wright, G. C. Boon

i drugi, uz dobru zbirku natpisa R. G. CoollinwoodaRoman Inscriptions of Britain(RIB). Najvie peataostavile su legije XX VALERIA VICTRIX, IX HIS-

PANA, VI VICTRIX i II AVGUSTA, ali i CLASSISBRITANNICA.

U estome poglavlju (109141) Kurzmann pie ovojnim peatima u jugoistonoj Europi. U uvod-nome dijelu toga poglavlja donosi kratak historijatpojedinih vojnih postrojba i opisuje njihovo stacio-niranje i kretanje. Prati kako su se u Panoniji kretalesljedee legije:Legio VIII Augusta(Poetovio, uklju-ujui i kratkotrajno zadravanje u Burnumu oko69. godine), Legio IX Hispana (Siscia) i Legio XV

Apollinaris(Emona/Carnuntum); u Dalmaciji pratiLegio XX(do 9. godine nalazi se u Burnumu, a zatimodlazi u Germaniju),Legio XI,Legio VII(Tilurium,kamo je po Kurzmannovoj dola some time beforeAD 6; str. 109), a opisuje i sloena kretanja legijaX,

XIIIi XIV Gemina, VMacedonica,Ii IIAdiutrix,IItalica i drugih u Meziji, Daciji i Donjoj Panoniji.U tome povijesnom dijelu autorica se oslanja isklju-ivo na rad J. J. Wilkesa Roman legions and theirfortresses in the Danube lands (u R. J. Brewer (ed.),

Roman fortresses and their legions, London, 2000,101113). Navode se i neke pomone postrojbe,kao Cohors I Alpinorum, Cohors II Italica, Cohors

ring various periods, and the results of research onthe Roman army in Germania, Noricum, Raetia andGallia Belgica. Special attention is accorded to theimmense production of the stamps of LEGIO XXII

PRIMIGENIA, about which D. Baatz wrote exten-sively, and the stamps of the legions XXI RAPAX,

X GEMINA, I MARTIA, V ALAUDA and others.Among them there is the seal ofLEGIO VIII AVGU-STA(2ndcent., Strassbourg). Tis legion left a num-ber of stamps in Dalmatia at around the year 69.

Research into military stamps in Great Britain (theBritish school, according to Kurzmann) is servedby abundant collections, about which W. Grimes,R. P. Wright, G. C. Boon and others wrote, andthey are accompanied by R. G. Collinwoods excel-lentRoman Inscriptions of Britain(RIB). Te moststamps were left behind by these legions: XX VA-

LERIA VICTRIX,IX HISPANA, VI VICTRIXandIIAVGUSTA, and also CLASSISBRITANNICA.In the sixth chapter (pp. 109141), Kurzmann wri-tes about military stamps in South Eastern Europe.In the introductory section of this chapter, she pro-

vides a brief history of individual military formati-ons and describes where they were stationed andtheir movements. She covers the movements of thefollowing legions in Pannonia: Legio VIII Augusta(Poetovio, including their brief stay in Burnum ataround the year 69),Legio IX Hispana(Siscia) and

Legio XV Apollinaris(Emona/Carnuntum); in Dal-

matia she follows theLegio XX(located in Burnumuntil 9 AD, whereafter it departed for Germania),Legio XI, Legio VII (Tilurium, where it arrived,according to Kurzmann, some time before AD 6;p. 109), and she describes the complex movementsof the legionsX,XIIIandXIV Gemina, VMacedoni-ca,IandIIAdiutrix,I Italicaand others in Moesia,Dacia and Pannonia Inferior. For this historical pe-riod, the author relies exclusively on the work by J.J. Wilkes, Roman legions and their fortresses in theDanube lands (in R. J. Brewer (ed.), Roman fort-resses and their legions, London, 2000, 101113).

She also mentions some auxiliary formations, suchas the Cohors I Alpinorum, Cohors II Italica, CohorsAelia sagittariorum and others. Kurzmann alsoprovides some illustrative materials with drawingsof stamps, as follows: stamps from Ulpia Oescus(V

Macedonica, Italica and XI Claudia left behindapproximately 174 stamps), stamps of Legio VIIClaudiafrom Syrmium,XI Claudiafrom Durosto-rum (an abundance of stamps of various types arepresent), I Italica (Novae; many stamps classifiedinto as many as 18 types) and some other individualexamples.

Dalmatia is portrayed very scantly: on pp. 113114and in passing on p. 235. For military stamps, shecites the work by G. Alfldy from 1967, Die Ver-


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Aelia sagittariorum i druge. Kurzmann donosi idio ilustrativna materijala s crteima peata, i to:peate iz Ulpia Oescus(VMacedonica,Italicai XIClaudia; ostavile su oko 174 peata), peate LegioVII Claudiaiz Sirmija,XI Claudiaiz Durostoruma(zastupljeno je obilje peata razliitih tipova),I Ita-lica (Novae; mnotvo peata razvrstanih u ak 18tipova) i jo neke pojedinane primjerke.

Dalmacija je prikazana vrlo oskudno: na 113. i 114.te uzgredno na 235. stranici. Za vojne peate autori-ca navodi rad G. Alfldyja iz 1967. Die Verbreitung

von Militrziegeln im rmischen Dalmatien (Epi-graphische Studien 4; kasnije neznatno izmijenjeni objavljen 1987). i su podaci odavno zastarjeli,ne samo s obzirom na broj legija i kohorta koje suostavile peate (prema Alfldyju rije je o etirimalegijama i jednoj kohorti) nego i s obzirom na broj

peata. Kao to se vidjelo na kolokviju Rimska voj-ska u procesu romanizacije provincije Dalmacijeu Sinju 2006, pojavilo se vie novih postrojba kojesu ostavile peate Legio VII Claudia, Cohors III

Alpinorumi Cohors I Belgarum (D. onini et al.:Rimski vojni peati u Cetinskoj krajini, Obavijesti

Hrvatskog arheolokog drutva, XXXVIII/2, Zagreb,2006, 2728; R. Dodig: Rimski kompleks na Gra-inama kod Ljubukoga. Vojni tabor ili?, Oba-vijesti Hrvatskog arheolokog drutva, XXXVIII/2,Zagreb, 2006, 30). Autorica spominje peate LegioVIII Augustana trima lokalitetima: Burnum, Asse-

ria (u knjizi Assernia!) i Gradine kod Ljubukoga.Navodi samo jedan peat iz Ljubukoga: LEG VIII

AVG(CIL III: 6435). Meutim s Graina danas po-znajemo sedam peata te legije, kao i devet peataCohors I Belgarum(R. Dodig, Rimski vojni peatina crijepu iz Ljubukoga, Opuscula Archaeologica31, Zagreb, 2007 [2008]). Uz malo truda autorica jemogla pronai rad I. Bojanovskoga, Legio VIII Au-gusta u Dalmaciji (Arheoloki vestnik41, Ljubljana,1990, 699712), sa saetkom na njemakome jeziku,gdje su opisana etiri nova peata VIII. Augustove

legije, kao i opsean historijat Legio VIII. Augustau Dalmaciji. Osim toga o vojnim peatima iz Dal-macije u vie je navrata pisao A. kegro (Rimskaigosana opeka na podruju Bosne i Hercegovine, uB. ovi (ed.),Zbornik radova posveen akademiku

A. Bencu, ANUBiH, pos. izdanja XCV, Odjeljenjedrutvenih nauka, k. 27, Sarajevo, 1991, 221237;Inscriptiones Latinae et Graecae Bosniae et Herce-govinae, Opuscula Archaeologica 21, Zagreb, 1997,85116; Gospodarstvo rimske provincije Dalmacije,Hrvatski studiji, Zagreb, 1999, 254255), a lanakim je posvetio i M. Ilki (Peati na antikim ope-

kama i krovnim crepovima iz Sotina (Cornacum),Vjesnik Arheolokoga muzeja u Zagrebu XXXVIII,Zagreb, 2005).

breitung von Militrziegeln im rmischen Dalmati-en (Epigraphische Studien4; later slightly modifiedand published in 1987). Tese data have long sincebecome obsolete, not only with regard to the num-ber of legions and cohorts that left behind stamps(according to Alfldy there were four legions and

one cohort), but also with regard to the number ofstamps. As seen at the colloquium Rimska vojskau procesu romanizacije provincije Dalmacije (TeRoman army in the Romanisation of the Provinceof Dalmatia) held in Sinj in 2006, a number of newunits appeared which left behind stamps: Legio VIIClaudia, Cohors III Alpinorum and Cohors I Bel-

garum (D. onini et al.: Rimski vojni peati uCetinskoj krajini, Obavijesti Hrvatskog arheolokogdrutva, XXXVIII/2, Zagreb, 2006, 2728; R. Dodig:Rimski kompleks na Grainama kod Ljubukoga.

Vojni tabor ili?, Obavijesti Hrvatskog arheolokogdrutva, XXXVIII/2, Zagreb, 2006, 30). Te authormentions the stamps ofLegio VIII Augustaat threesites: Burnum, Asseria (in the book:Assernia!) andGraine near the town of Ljubuki. She cites onlya single stamp from Ljubuki: LEG VIII AVG (CILIII: 6435). However, today we know of seven of thislegions stamps from Graine, as well as nine stampsof Cohors I Belgarum (R. Dodig, Roman militarystamps on tiles from Ljubuki, Opuscula Archaeo-logica31, Zagreb, 2007 [2008]). With a little effort,the author could have found the work by I. Boja-

novski, Legio VIII Augusta u Dalmaciji (Arheo-loki vestnik41, Ljubljana, 1990, 699712), with asummary in German, which contains descriptionsof four new stamps of Legio VIII. Augusta, and anextensive history of this legion in Dalmatia. Additio-nally, A. kegro wrote about military stamps fromDalmatia on a number of occasions (Rimska igo-sana opeka na podruju Bosne i Hercegovine, in B.ovi (ed.), Zbornik radova posveen akademiku

A. Bencu, ANUBiH, spec. edition XCV, Odjeljenjedrutvenih nauka, k. 27, Sarajevo, 1991, 221237;Inscriptiones Latinae et Graecae Bosniae et Herce-govinae, Opuscula Archaeologica 21, Zagreb, 1997,85116; Gospodarstvo rimske provincije Dalmacije,Hrvatski studiji, Zagreb, 1999, 254255), and M.Ilki also dedicated an article to them (Peati naantikim opekama i krovnim crepovima iz Sotina(Cornacum), Vjesnik Arheolokoga muzeja u Zag-rebu XXXVIII, Zagreb, 2005).

Te bibliography does not cite any authors fromCroatia. Serbia fared a little better, as the followingthree authors are included: M. Mirkovi (an artic-le on Syrmium from Arheoloki vestnik 41, 1990,

which also contains the aforementioned work byI. Bojanovski), N. Vuli (1905) and A. Miloevi (awork on Roman stamps from Syrmium from 1971).


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U bibliografiji na kraju rada nema nijednoga auto-ra iz Hrvatske. Neto bolje prola je srpska strana

jer su u bibliografiju uvrtena sljedea tri autora: M.Mirkovi (lanak o Sirmiju iz Arheolokoga vestni-ka 41, 1990, gdje se nalazi i spomenuti rad I. Bo-

janovskoga), N. Vuli (1905) i A. Miloevi (rad o

rimskim peatima iz Sirmija iz 1971). Propustomsmatram izostavljanje rada J. J. Wilkesa Importa-tion and Manufacture of Stamped Brick and ilesin the Roman Province of Dalmatia (u A. McWhirr(ed.), Roman Brick and Tile: Studium in Manufac-ture, Distribution and Use in the Western Empire,BAR International Series 68, Oxford, 1979, 6569).U njemu se Wilkes osvre i na proizvodnju crijepa speatima u vojnim radionicama u Burnumu i ilu-riju. Nakon 86. godine, kad legije naputaju Dalma-ciju, Wilkes spominje tri kohorte: I. Belgarum, III

Alpinorumi VIII Voluntariorum. Navodi da su mo-rale proizvoditi crijep za vlastite potrebe, but didnot stamp them (ibidem, str. 67). Meutim danasznamo da su sve spomenute kohorte ostavile peatena crijepu.

Knjiga R. Kurzmann korisna je i informativna studi-ja o rimskim vojnim peatima: prvo, zato to je obu-hvaen materijal iz cijeloga Rimskoga Carstva i uzetu obzir stupanj njegove istraenosti; drugo, zato tosu analitiki i komparativno opisane sve metodeprouavanja peata i njihova vrijednost za poznava-nje rimske vojne povijesti. Prigovor se moe odno-

siti na apsolutno manjkavo i nedostatno poznavanjeprovincije Dalmacije i stanja istraenosti rimskihvojnih peata, ali i povijesti rimskih postrojba u njoj.Moda je to opomena hrvatskoj strunoj javnosti, uprvome redu arheolokoj, da uzida koji crijep u eu-ropsku znanstvenu kulu. S peatom, naravno!

I believe it an oversight that she failed to includethe work by J. J. Wilkes, Importation and Manu-facture of Stamped Brick and iles in the RomanProvince of Dalmatia (in A. McWhirr (ed.),Roman

Brick and Tile: Studium in Manufacture, Distribu-

tion and Use in the Western Empire, BAR Interna-

tional Series 68, Oxford, 1979, 6569). In it, Wilkesrefers to production of stamped tiles in the militaryworkshops in Burnum and ilurium. After 86 AD,when the legions left Dalmatia, Wilkes mentionsthree cohorts: I. Belgarum, III Alpinorumand VIIIVoluntariorum. He notes that they had to manu-facture tile for their own needs, but did not stampthem (ibid., p. 67). However, today we know that allof these cohorts stamped their tiles.

R. Kurzmanns book is a useful and informativestudy on Roman military stamps: first, because it

includes materials from the entire Roman Empireand takes into account the level of research con-ducted; second, because all methods for studyingstamps and their value to knowledge of Romanmilitary history are analytically and comparative-ly described. A criticism that can be made here isthat the knowledge of the province of Dalmatia andthe status of research into Roman military stamps,and even the history of Roman military units in it,is absolutely inadequate and insufficient. Perhapsthis should serve as a call to Croatian experts, par-ticularly archaeologists, to install a few tiles into the

European scholarly tower. Stamped, to be sure!


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