Recent Stuff Recent Stuff 1914 to Present1914 to Present

The Big PictureThe Big Picture1.1. How do nationalism and self-How do nationalism and self-

determination impact global determination impact global events?events?

2.2. Are world cultures converging? Are world cultures converging? – yes: technology, popular – yes: technology, popular culture, internetculture, internet What keeps cultures separated?What keeps cultures separated?

WWIWWI Go Back to Handout NotesGo Back to Handout Notes Review the following terms:Review the following terms:

Triple Entente – Britain, France, RussiaTriple Entente – Britain, France, Russia Schlieffen Plan – swift attack on France going Schlieffen Plan – swift attack on France going

through Belgiumthrough Belgium Balkans – Archduke FerdinandBalkans – Archduke Ferdinand AlliesAllies US – Isolationism – however Lusitania and US – Isolationism – however Lusitania and

Zimmerman telegram pull them out and into the Zimmerman telegram pull them out and into the WarWar

8 ½ million soldiers died8 ½ million soldiers died

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles Officially ended WWIOfficially ended WWI Harsh punishments on GermanyHarsh punishments on Germany Divided Austria-Hungary into separate Divided Austria-Hungary into separate

nationsnations Caused economic problems and Caused economic problems and

resentment in Germany – conditions to resentment in Germany – conditions to lead to the rise of Hitlerlead to the rise of Hitler

League of Nations – not successful, League of Nations – not successful, many nations did not joinmany nations did not join

Russian RevolutionRussian Revolution Czar Nicholas II abdicates the throneCzar Nicholas II abdicates the throne Alexander Kerensky – establishes Alexander Kerensky – establishes

provisional governmentprovisional government Shared power with soviets – local councils Shared power with soviets – local councils

(ineffective)(ineffective) Soviets support Bolsheviks (Socialist Party) Soviets support Bolsheviks (Socialist Party)

headed by Leninheaded by Lenin Lenin nationalizes the assets and industries Lenin nationalizes the assets and industries

(mass socialism)(mass socialism) Signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – ceded part Signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – ceded part

of W. Russia to Germany – backs out of of W. Russia to Germany – backs out of WWIWWI

Counterrevolutionary revolts break out in Counterrevolutionary revolts break out in Ukraine, Siberia and other parts of Russian Ukraine, Siberia and other parts of Russian EmpireEmpire

Red Army is formedRed Army is formed Caused a deepened distrust between Caused a deepened distrust between

Socialist Russia and the WestSocialist Russia and the West Turks:Turks:

Ottoman Empire joined the losing Central Ottoman Empire joined the losing Central Powers of WWIPowers of WWI

Greece attackedGreece attacked Ataturk becomes 1Ataturk becomes 1stst president of Turkey and president of Turkey and

modernize and westernizes Turkey (changes modernize and westernizes Turkey (changes legal code from Islamic to Western)legal code from Islamic to Western)

WWII EraWWII Era StalinStalin

Lenin removed themselves from WWI and Lenin removed themselves from WWI and institutes New Economic Policy – successful in institutes New Economic Policy – successful in agriculture – Lenin Diesagriculture – Lenin Dies

Stalin discards NEPStalin discards NEP Five Year Plans – increased farm production by Five Year Plans – increased farm production by

taking over private farms (collectivization)taking over private farms (collectivization) Said it was communism but really it was Said it was communism but really it was

totalitarianism – people did not share in the totalitarianism – people did not share in the power or wealthpower or wealth

Industrialized USSRIndustrialized USSR Relied on terror tactics on peopleRelied on terror tactics on people

The Great DepressionThe Great Depression Financial headquarters shifted from Financial headquarters shifted from

London to New YorkLondon to New York US lent Europeans a lot of money for the US lent Europeans a lot of money for the

warwar US Stock market crashed and caused US Stock market crashed and caused

international catastrophe; all were international catastrophe; all were dependent on US credit to rebuild their dependent on US credit to rebuild their countriescountries

US and Germany were hit the hardestUS and Germany were hit the hardest Led to political ideology – fascism Led to political ideology – fascism

(opposite of democracy)(opposite of democracy)

FascismFascism Focused on “the people” rather than the Focused on “the people” rather than the

individualindividual Pushed for extreme nationalism (racial Pushed for extreme nationalism (racial

identity)identity) Italy – MussoliniItaly – Mussolini – 1 – 1stst state to have a state to have a

fascist governmentfascist government Blackshirts – fought socialists and Blackshirts – fought socialists and

communists organizationscommunists organizations Marched to Rome and King allowed Mussolini Marched to Rome and King allowed Mussolini

to be Prime Minister; Completely took over to be Prime Minister; Completely took over Parliament; started expansion into N. AfricaParliament; started expansion into N. Africa

Rise of HitlerRise of Hitler Wiemar Republic – formed after WWIWiemar Republic – formed after WWI Nazi party risesNazi party rises German people keep rejecting solutions of German people keep rejecting solutions of

the Reichstag – Wiemar Republic’s elected the Reichstag – Wiemar Republic’s elected bodybody

Hitler rises to head of Nazi PartyHitler rises to head of Nazi Party Supports extreme nationalismSupports extreme nationalism

Darwinism – convinced that the Aryan race Darwinism – convinced that the Aryan race was superior and was tainted by Slavs and was superior and was tainted by Slavs and Jews; wanted them deported (then eliminated)Jews; wanted them deported (then eliminated)

Seizes control – Third Reich – wanted to Seizes control – Third Reich – wanted to conquer Europeconquer Europe

Hitler begins to rebuild military (against Hitler begins to rebuild military (against Treaty of Versailles)Treaty of Versailles)

Spanish democracy was falling apart; Britain Spanish democracy was falling apart; Britain and France refused to helpand France refused to help Francisco Franco installed a dictatorship in Francisco Franco installed a dictatorship in

SpainSpain

Germany took back the Rhineland, given the Germany took back the Rhineland, given the Sudetenland (appeasement)Sudetenland (appeasement)

Italy invades AlbaniaItaly invades Albania Nazi-Soviet PactNazi-Soviet Pact Germany invades Poland; Britain and France Germany invades Poland; Britain and France

declare war on Germanydeclare war on Germany

Japanese AggressionJapanese Aggression Sent a list of 21 demands to ChinaSent a list of 21 demands to China Depression sent Japanese militarists to Depression sent Japanese militarists to

invade Manchuria – renamed Manchukuoinvade Manchuria – renamed Manchukuo Anti-Comintern Pact – formed alliance with Anti-Comintern Pact – formed alliance with

GermanyGermany ““Rape of Nanjing” – 250,000 Chinese were Rape of Nanjing” – 250,000 Chinese were

slaughteredslaughtered

WWII Terms:WWII Terms: Blitzkrieg – lightening warBlitzkrieg – lightening war Winston Churchill – new leader of BritainWinston Churchill – new leader of Britain Battle of Britain – Germany’s massive air strike – Battle of Britain – Germany’s massive air strike –

British succeeded in keeping German armies out British succeeded in keeping German armies out of Englandof England

Germany invades RussiaGermany invades Russia Japan invades Indochina (Vietnam); US freezes Japan invades Indochina (Vietnam); US freezes

its assets in the US; Japan signs Tripartite Pact its assets in the US; Japan signs Tripartite Pact with Rome and Berlin; Japan bombs Pearl with Rome and Berlin; Japan bombs Pearl HarborHarbor

Manhattan Project – development of Atomic Manhattan Project – development of Atomic BombBomb

D-Day-allied land attack on Normandy, FranceD-Day-allied land attack on Normandy, France Atomic bomb dropped on JapanAtomic bomb dropped on Japan

ConsequencesConsequences HolocaustHolocaust US and Soviet Union become superpowersUS and Soviet Union become superpowers Marshall Plan – money sent for Western Europe Marshall Plan – money sent for Western Europe

reconstructionreconstruction Decline of colonialism and imperialismDecline of colonialism and imperialism Women – kept their war jobs, sought higher Women – kept their war jobs, sought higher

educationeducation United NationsUnited Nations Start of the Cold War-US and Soviet Union had Start of the Cold War-US and Soviet Union had

opposite world views and each sought to contain opposite world views and each sought to contain the other – lasted nearly 50 yearsthe other – lasted nearly 50 years

Cold War EraCold War Era US – democratic/capitalist; Soviet Union US – democratic/capitalist; Soviet Union

– totalitarianism/communism– totalitarianism/communism US and Soviet Union tried to pull the US and Soviet Union tried to pull the

world into their standoff.world into their standoff. Arms race – nuclear arsenalsArms race – nuclear arsenals Germany – parts of Eastern EuropeGermany – parts of Eastern Europe

US and Soviet union wanted to promote their US and Soviet union wanted to promote their ideology (democracy vs. communism)ideology (democracy vs. communism)

Germany was divided into 4 but became Germany was divided into 4 but became West Germany – democratic and East West Germany – democratic and East Germany – Soviet controlled (communist); Germany – Soviet controlled (communist); capital city of Berlin was divided into E. and capital city of Berlin was divided into E. and W.W.

East vs. WestEast vs. West Soviet bloc – E. Germany, Poland, Soviet bloc – E. Germany, Poland,

Czechoslovakia, Romany and HungaryCzechoslovakia, Romany and Hungary Western bloc – Western Europe including Western bloc – Western Europe including

W. Germany, Greece and TurkeyW. Germany, Greece and Turkey Truman Doctrine (containment) – US Truman Doctrine (containment) – US

would aid countries threatened by would aid countries threatened by communist takeover – NATO – Western communist takeover – NATO – Western bloc military alliancebloc military alliance

Warsaw Pact – in response to NATO; Iron Warsaw Pact – in response to NATO; Iron Curtain – the line between the East and Curtain – the line between the East and the Westthe West

China - CommunistsChina - Communists Guomindang Party – founded by Sun Yat-Guomindang Party – founded by Sun Yat-

sen (led the Chinese Revolution of 1911, sen (led the Chinese Revolution of 1911, and ended Manchu Dynasty; Three and ended Manchu Dynasty; Three Principals of the People – nationalism, Principals of the People – nationalism, socialism and democracysocialism and democracy

Chiang Kai-shek establishes Guomindang Chiang Kai-shek establishes Guomindang as ruling party of Chinaas ruling party of China Japan invaded ChinaJapan invaded China Communists (allied with Soviet Union) are Communists (allied with Soviet Union) are

gaining strength in the Northgaining strength in the North After defeat of Japan – civil war; After defeat of Japan – civil war;

Guomindang (democratic) vs. communistsGuomindang (democratic) vs. communists

Mao Zedong rallied millions of Mao Zedong rallied millions of peasants in the North and force the peasants in the North and force the Guomindang to Taiwan where they set Guomindang to Taiwan where they set up Republic of China (they still up Republic of China (they still consider themselves to be the “real” consider themselves to be the “real” China)China)

Mainland China becomes People’s Mainland China becomes People’s Republic of China (the US will formally Republic of China (the US will formally recognize in 1973); becomes largest recognize in 1973); becomes largest communist nationcommunist nation

Taiwan has continuously rejected Taiwan has continuously rejected China’s attempt at reunificationChina’s attempt at reunification

Mao Zedong Mao Zedong 1949 – collectivization of agriculture and 1949 – collectivization of agriculture and

industryindustry Great Leap Forward – huge communes Great Leap Forward – huge communes

were created (trying for a true Marxist were created (trying for a true Marxist state); communes had huge unreachable state); communes had huge unreachable quotas set by the government and lied quotas set by the government and lied about it – 30 million Chinese died of about it – 30 million Chinese died of starvationstarvation

Soviet Union pulled the their support of Soviet Union pulled the their support of ChinaChina

1964 Mao builds military, begins 1964 Mao builds military, begins Westernization, builds their own A-bombWesternization, builds their own A-bomb

Mao retracts and starts Cultural Revolution – Mao retracts and starts Cultural Revolution – Universities were closed, erased all traces of Universities were closed, erased all traces of Western-influenced intelligentsia – “elites” Western-influenced intelligentsia – “elites” were forced to work on collective farms.were forced to work on collective farms.

1976 – Deng Xiaoping – restructuring 1976 – Deng Xiaoping – restructuring economic policies; opened up to Western economic policies; opened up to Western ideasideas

Since then, China has incorporated some Since then, China has incorporated some elements of capitalism; however politically, elements of capitalism; however politically, China remains strictly communist – China remains strictly communist – Tiananmen Tiananmen Square massacreSquare massacre – 1 million demonstrators – 1 million demonstrators calling for democratic reform were fired upon calling for democratic reform were fired upon and hundreds were killedand hundreds were killed

Division of KoreaDivision of Korea Prior to WWII, Korea was invaded by Japan; after Prior to WWII, Korea was invaded by Japan; after

the war Soviet Union and US divided Korea (was the war Soviet Union and US divided Korea (was supposed to be until Korea was stable to run their supposed to be until Korea was stable to run their own elections)own elections)

North Korea – Soviet-backed communismNorth Korea – Soviet-backed communism South Korea – US-backed democracySouth Korea – US-backed democracy 1949-both Soviet and US withdrew their troops; 1949-both Soviet and US withdrew their troops;

however North Korea attacked South Korea in however North Korea attacked South Korea in attempt to unite their countryattempt to unite their country

UN (US and Britain) went to aid the S. Koreans, it UN (US and Britain) went to aid the S. Koreans, it looked as if S. Korea would win, but then China looked as if S. Korea would win, but then China enters to aid N. Korea – armistice signed in 1953enters to aid N. Korea – armistice signed in 1953

Korea is still split today.Korea is still split today.

VietnamVietnam France tried to hang on to their colony of France tried to hang on to their colony of

Indochina (Vietnam); however Vietminh Indochina (Vietnam); however Vietminh fought them back.fought them back.

The nation was divided into two: N. The nation was divided into two: N. Vietnam-communist (Ho Chi Minh) and the Vietnam-communist (Ho Chi Minh) and the S. Vietnam – democratic (Ngo Dihn Diem)S. Vietnam – democratic (Ngo Dihn Diem)

N. Vietnam and S. Vietnam go to war; N. Vietnam and S. Vietnam go to war; France and US come to the aid of S. France and US come to the aid of S. VietnamVietnam

N. Vietnam wins (US loses) and Vietnam N. Vietnam wins (US loses) and Vietnam unifies as a communist state.unifies as a communist state.

Cuban RevolutionCuban Revolution Platt Amendment – US remained Platt Amendment – US remained

involved in Cuban affairs (after Cuba involved in Cuban affairs (after Cuba wins independence from Spain)wins independence from Spain)

1939-1959 – US supported the Batista 1939-1959 – US supported the Batista Dictatorship – made wealthy even Dictatorship – made wealthy even wealthier and no benefits for peasantswealthier and no benefits for peasants Fidel Castro leads a peasant revoltFidel Castro leads a peasant revolt The Batista fled and Fidel Castro took The Batista fled and Fidel Castro took

control of the governmentcontrol of the government

Fidel CastroFidel Castro Suspended electionsSuspended elections Established a communist dictatorshipEstablished a communist dictatorship Seized and nationalized industriesSeized and nationalized industries Executed RivalsExecuted Rivals Established strong ties with Soviet UnionEstablished strong ties with Soviet Union

President Kennedy authorized President Kennedy authorized Bay of Pigs Bay of Pigs InvasionsInvasions (trained exiled Cubans) (trained exiled Cubans)

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis – US caught Soviet Union – US caught Soviet Union sending missiles to Cuba – 3 month stand-off, sending missiles to Cuba – 3 month stand-off, Soviet backed down and removed missiles in Soviet backed down and removed missiles in exchange for a promise that the US would not exchange for a promise that the US would not invade Cubainvade Cuba

After collapse of Soviet Union in 1990, Cuba lost After collapse of Soviet Union in 1990, Cuba lost their main financial backer. Castro is still in powertheir main financial backer. Castro is still in power

Europe – The Cold War Europe – The Cold War EndsEnds

The Fall of Communism in E. Europe The Fall of Communism in E. Europe (1989)(1989)

People of the Eastern bloc begin to People of the Eastern bloc begin to revolt with the West becoming richer revolt with the West becoming richer and the East becoming poorerand the East becoming poorer

Poland:Poland: 1980 - 1980 - SolidaritySolidarity movement – led by Lech movement – led by Lech

Walesa – Thousands of workers joined a strike Walesa – Thousands of workers joined a strike for reform of communist economic systemfor reform of communist economic system

Government tried to suppress the movement Government tried to suppress the movement and arrested Lech Walesaand arrested Lech Walesa

1988 – New Prime Minister – Rakowski – made 1988 – New Prime Minister – Rakowski – made reforms and legalized Solidarityreforms and legalized Solidarity

Mazowiecki became first elected Prime Minister Mazowiecki became first elected Prime Minister since WWIIsince WWII

1990 – communism party fell apart in Poland 1990 – communism party fell apart in Poland and Lech Walesa was elected presidentand Lech Walesa was elected president

Economy since has greatly improved; joined Economy since has greatly improved; joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004

German Reunification (again)German Reunification (again) Communism declined in the Soviet blocCommunism declined in the Soviet bloc East Germans cut ties with Soviet Union East Germans cut ties with Soviet Union

and began negotiation with West Germanyand began negotiation with West Germany 1989 – Berlin Wall was torn down – 1989 – Berlin Wall was torn down –

signaled end of E. Germanysignaled end of E. Germany Government started ambitious Government started ambitious

reconstruction program and modernization reconstruction program and modernization of East Germanyof East Germany

Soviet Union CollapsesSoviet Union Collapses Mikhail Gorbachev – comes to power in 1985 – Mikhail Gorbachev – comes to power in 1985 –

issues policies of glasnost (openness) and issues policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) of Soviet economyperestroika (restructuring) of Soviet economy

Private enterprise were added to economyPrivate enterprise were added to economy Gorbachev denounced the Great Purge by Gorbachev denounced the Great Purge by

StalinStalin Poland and other Soviet satellites declared their Poland and other Soviet satellites declared their

separation of the USSRseparation of the USSR Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991: Russia Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991: Russia

becomes its own country again, Ukraine, becomes its own country again, Ukraine, Belarus, and Georgia become independent; Belarus, and Georgia become independent; most shifts of power were peaceful except for most shifts of power were peaceful except for the Balkansthe Balkans

Yugoslavia led to “ethnic cleansing”, Yugoslavia led to “ethnic cleansing”, Muslims were slaughtered by SerbiansMuslims were slaughtered by Serbians UN became involved during the 1990’sUN became involved during the 1990’s

Chechnya (Muslim dominated) – part Chechnya (Muslim dominated) – part of Russia wants to break away of Russia wants to break away

Most new countries of the former Most new countries of the former Soviet bloc have created constitutional Soviet bloc have created constitutional democracies and economic systems democracies and economic systems based on capitalismbased on capitalism

US is the world’s only superpowerUS is the world’s only superpower

Asia and Africa – Asia and Africa – Independence MovementsIndependence Movements

IndiaIndia Indian National Congress – mainly Hindu; Indian National Congress – mainly Hindu;

formed in 1885; wanted to increase the rights of formed in 1885; wanted to increase the rights of IndiansIndians

Muslim League (1906) – wanted to imporve Muslim League (1906) – wanted to imporve Islamic IndiansIslamic Indians

Amritsar massacre (1919) – 319 Indians (Hindu Amritsar massacre (1919) – 319 Indians (Hindu and Muslim) were slaughtered at this peaceful and Muslim) were slaughtered at this peaceful protest – millions joined the independence protest – millions joined the independence movementmovement

Mohandad Gandhi – leader of the movement; Mohandad Gandhi – leader of the movement; passive resistance (civil disobedience)passive resistance (civil disobedience)

At the same time, increased violence between At the same time, increased violence between Hindu and MuslimHindu and Muslim

Gandhi wanted Indian unity despite religious Gandhi wanted Indian unity despite religious differences, however Muslim League wanted differences, however Muslim League wanted their own Muslim nation (Pakistan)their own Muslim nation (Pakistan)

After WWII – Britain granted India’s After WWII – Britain granted India’s independence; Radical Hindus and independence; Radical Hindus and Muslims start killing each otherMuslims start killing each other

Mumammad Ali Jinnah – lead movement to Mumammad Ali Jinnah – lead movement to form Muslim nation in the Northform Muslim nation in the North

British supported a partition to save livesBritish supported a partition to save lives

1947 – India separates into 3; 1947 – India separates into 3; Pakistan, E. Pakistan (Bangladesh), Pakistan, E. Pakistan (Bangladesh), IndiaIndia

Millions were forced to flee to go to Millions were forced to flee to go to respective area, and millions were respective area, and millions were killed along the way (including Gandhi)killed along the way (including Gandhi)

Today, India and Pakistan are still Today, India and Pakistan are still fighting, especially in Kashmirfighting, especially in Kashmir

AfricaAfrica Independence motivated by IndiaIndependence motivated by India N. African countries were the first to win N. African countries were the first to win

independence (mostly Islamic)independence (mostly Islamic) Gamal Nasser – general of Egyptian army Gamal Nasser – general of Egyptian army

overthrows king and established a republic; overthrows king and established a republic; nationalizes industries including Suez Canalnationalizes industries including Suez Canal

Countries S. of the Sahara had a more difficult Countries S. of the Sahara had a more difficult timetime Few educated Africans; once colonial power left, Few educated Africans; once colonial power left,

who would run the countrywho would run the country Boarders set up by Europeans made it hard for Boarders set up by Europeans made it hard for

countries to nationalizecountries to nationalize

RwandaRwanda 2 warring ethnic groups: 2 warring ethnic groups: Tutsi Tutsi (15% of (15% of

population) – had political power and population) – had political power and Hutu Hutu (85% of population)(85% of population)

After independence (1962), Hutu revolted After independence (1962), Hutu revolted against Tutsi (thousands died)against Tutsi (thousands died)

1972 – Juvenal Habyariman – military coup; 1972 – Juvenal Habyariman – military coup; provided peace until his deathprovided peace until his death

1994 – Habyariman died and civil war broke 1994 – Habyariman died and civil war broke out again. 100 days of genocide; 800,000 out again. 100 days of genocide; 800,000 Tutsi diedTutsi died

1995 – 2 million Hutu refugees go to Zaire1995 – 2 million Hutu refugees go to Zaire

South AfricaSouth Africa 1910 – Union of South Africa (combined the 2 1910 – Union of South Africa (combined the 2

British Colonies and the 2 Boer (Dutch) British Colonies and the 2 Boer (Dutch) republicsrepublics

1923 – residential segregation established1923 – residential segregation established 1926 – blacks were banned from working the 1926 – blacks were banned from working the

jobs that the whites wantedjobs that the whites wanted 1931 – S. Africa wins independence from 1931 – S. Africa wins independence from

Britain; system of apartheid (“separation of Britain; system of apartheid (“separation of races”) establishedraces”) established

1950’s – creation of homelands were set 1950’s – creation of homelands were set aside for blacks (80% of pop.); worst areas of aside for blacks (80% of pop.); worst areas of the countrythe country

1950’s – Nelson Mandela becomes leader of 1950’s – Nelson Mandela becomes leader of African National Congress (wanted to abolish African National Congress (wanted to abolish apartheid)apartheid)

At first promoted peaceful protestsAt first promoted peaceful protests After Sharpeville massacre (protesting the After Sharpeville massacre (protesting the

use of passes to be in the cities), he use of passes to be in the cities), he promoted use of guerilla warfarepromoted use of guerilla warfare

1964 – Mandela is arrested and imprisoned 1964 – Mandela is arrested and imprisoned for lifefor life

1990 – due to continued pressure from 1990 – due to continued pressure from international community, Mandela is releasedinternational community, Mandela is released

Apartheid crumbles; 1994 – Mandela is Apartheid crumbles; 1994 – Mandela is elected president in first free and open elected president in first free and open electionelection

Middle EastMiddle East After WWI, Ottoman Empire collapsed After WWI, Ottoman Empire collapsed

and League of Nations gains control of and League of Nations gains control of the landsthe lands France – Syria and LebanonFrance – Syria and Lebanon Britain – Palestine, Jordan, IraqBritain – Palestine, Jordan, Iraq Persia (Iran) – already shared between Persia (Iran) – already shared between

Britain and Russia (spheres of influence)Britain and Russia (spheres of influence) Arabia – united under Saudi KingdomArabia – united under Saudi Kingdom

IsraelIsrael Hebrews had previously occupied the lands in Hebrews had previously occupied the lands in

PalestinePalestine Many Jews had left for Europe while many Many Jews had left for Europe while many

Muslims had made it their homeMuslims had made it their home After WWII, many Jews wanted to return to the After WWII, many Jews wanted to return to the

“promise land”“promise land” Zionists (Jewish nationalists) convinced British Zionists (Jewish nationalists) convinced British

foreign secretary Arthur Balfour to sign the foreign secretary Arthur Balfour to sign the Balfour Declaration (1917) stating that Jewish Balfour Declaration (1917) stating that Jewish people had a right to a home in Palestine people had a right to a home in Palestine (however should not displace Muslims already (however should not displace Muslims already living there)living there)

By beginning of WWII, 500,000 Jews had By beginning of WWII, 500,000 Jews had emigrated to Palestineemigrated to Palestine

1948 – UN created two Palestines; one for 1948 – UN created two Palestines; one for Jews, one for Muslims (like India and Jews, one for Muslims (like India and Pakistan, have been fighting ever since)Pakistan, have been fighting ever since)

David Ben-Gurion – 1David Ben-Gurion – 1stst prime minister of prime minister of Israel – announced official creation of Jewish Israel – announced official creation of Jewish homelandhomeland 6 Arab countries attack Israel; Israel defeats 6 Arab countries attack Israel; Israel defeats

them and ends up controlling most of them and ends up controlling most of Palestine; Palestinians have no home. Palestine; Palestinians have no home.

Ongoing conflict over Israeli occupation of Ongoing conflict over Israeli occupation of the West Bank, Golan Heights, Gaza Stripthe West Bank, Golan Heights, Gaza Strip

IranIran 1925 – Reza Shah Pahlavi – started 1925 – Reza Shah Pahlavi – started

Westernization of Iran; after WWII, Westernization of Iran; after WWII, Westernization increased. By 1960’s – Westernization increased. By 1960’s – land, education and women reforms land, education and women reforms (western fashions)(western fashions) Infuriated Islamic fundamentalists, who Infuriated Islamic fundamentalists, who

believe the Qu’ran should be law of the landbelieve the Qu’ran should be law of the land 1979 - President Carter visited 1979 - President Carter visited

congratulating Shah for his programs; congratulating Shah for his programs; Iranian Revolution – Shah was removed Iranian Revolution – Shah was removed from power; Iran became a theocracy led by from power; Iran became a theocracy led by AyatollahAyatollah

Women returned to traditional Islamic Women returned to traditional Islamic clothingclothing

Qu’ran became basis for legal systemQu’ran became basis for legal system 1980 – Iraq invaded (Saddam Hussein); 1980 – Iraq invaded (Saddam Hussein);

Iran and Iraq was supported by US; Iran and Iraq was supported by US; cease-fire was signed in 1988.cease-fire was signed in 1988.

1989 – Ayatollah died – power struggle 1989 – Ayatollah died – power struggle among Islamic fundamentalist and pro-among Islamic fundamentalist and pro-westernizationwesternization

Recently – Iran developing “peaceful” Recently – Iran developing “peaceful” nuclear technologiesnuclear technologies

OilOil After Industrial Revolution, oil became After Industrial Revolution, oil became

fuel; Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, Iraq fuel; Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, Iraq have made billions of dollars from their have made billions of dollars from their oil suppliesoil supplies

Middle East unites and forms OPEC Middle East unites and forms OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) – less powerful organization Countries) – less powerful organization due to willy members; individual due to willy members; individual members however have much power.members however have much power.

War in the Gulf – Saddam HusseinWar in the Gulf – Saddam Hussein 1990 – Iraq (Saddam Hussein) invades 1990 – Iraq (Saddam Hussein) invades

Kuwait to gain more oil reservesKuwait to gain more oil reserves UN (US) sent forces to drive out Iraq out of UN (US) sent forces to drive out Iraq out of

Kuwait (could have led to Hussein moving on Kuwait (could have led to Hussein moving on into the rest of the Arabian peninsula)into the rest of the Arabian peninsula)

Hussein remained in power until 2003 – a Hussein remained in power until 2003 – a coalition invade Iraq to oust him out of powercoalition invade Iraq to oust him out of power

2005 – Iraqi citizens trying to build a new 2005 – Iraqi citizens trying to build a new democratic nation but is slow due to suicide democratic nation but is slow due to suicide bombings against coalition forces and Iraqi bombings against coalition forces and Iraqi citizenscitizens

Taliban, Al Queda, OsamaTaliban, Al Queda, Osama 1980’s – Soviet Union sends troops to 1980’s – Soviet Union sends troops to

Afghanistan to help overthrow previous Afghanistan to help overthrow previous government and begin communism; government and begin communism; Soviet Union suffered severe guerilla Soviet Union suffered severe guerilla attacksattacks

Gorbachev (Russia) withdraws the Gorbachev (Russia) withdraws the troopstroops

Warring factions in Afghanistan fought Warring factions in Afghanistan fought to fill the power voidto fill the power void

TalibanTaliban (Islamic Fundamentalist) (Islamic Fundamentalist) would win the power strugglewould win the power struggle strict Islamic lawstrict Islamic law severe restrictions on womensevere restrictions on women provided safe haven for Osama bin provided safe haven for Osama bin

Laden (leader of international terrorist Laden (leader of international terrorist network – network – Al-QuedaAl-Queda) – hates US) – hates USSupports IsraelSupports IsraelHas military base in Saudi ArabiaHas military base in Saudi ArabiaUS supports globalization which hurts US supports globalization which hurts

Islamic cultureIslamic culture

READ:READ:Pulling it all togetherPulling it all together

pg 248-249pg 248-249