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Title Recent increase in heat wave frequency around Mongolia: role of atmospheric forcing and possible influence of soilmoisture deficit

Author(s) Erdenebat, Enkhbat; Sato, Tomonori

Citation Atmospheric science letters, 17(2), 135-140https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.616

Issue Date 2016-02

Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/64484

Type article (author version)

Additional Information There are other files related to this item in HUSCAP. Check the above URL.

File Information Erdenebat_and_Sato_Figure_for_Library.pdf (図)

Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP

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Figure 1. a) Climatology of HW frequency determined from reanalysis data. White and black 2

circles indicate the 70 surface meteorological stations. Black circles indicate 21 stations used for 3

soil moisture. Red line shows the area used for Fig. 4. b) Interannual variation of JJA-mean 4

maximum air temperature and its standard deviation (grey shading) averaged over the 70 stations 5

in Mongolia. Bars represent the annual number of HW and widespread HW (when more than half 6

of the 70 stations simultaneously observed HW) days, respectively. 7

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Figure 2. Locations where the decadal HW change is significant using the NCEP/NCAR 3

Reanalysis 1 data. Circle and plus sign are plotted where significant difference was detected in 4

each decade. 5

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Figure 3. (a-c) Anomalies of decadal mean 500 hPa geopotential height (m, contour), wind (m/s, 5

arrow), and 2-m temperature (ºC, shading) from their climatological mean (1981-2010). (d) 6

Composite geopotential height and temperature anomaly for widespread HW events. Blue circles 7

indicate locations used to define ACF. 8

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Figure 4. Interannual variation of HW, ACF, SPI, and SM. For SM, local observation and 4

reanalysis are displayed. HW and SPI are averaged over all 70 stations, while observed SM is 5

averaged over 21 stations. Reanalysis SM is averaged over the framed area in Fig. 1. 6

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Figure 5. (a) Scatter plot between ACF and HW with different SPI and reanalysis SM. Plus 5

(minus) sign for SPI indicates wet (dry) years. For SM, blue and red colours indicate wet and dry 6

years, respectively. (b) Composite of daily temperature tendencies before ∆𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 becomes lower than 7

the threshold values (day=0). Dashed and solid lines are for strong and very strong atmospheric 8

forcing, respectively. Red and blue lines represent dry and wet initial SM condition, respectively. 9

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Figure S1. Horizontal distribution of reanalysis SM during (a) 1980s and (b) 2000s. Contours and 5

shading indicate decadal mean and anomaly with respect to climatology, respectively. 6