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Transcript of Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and...
![Page 1: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and
Estimating Damage Losses
P. Gülkan and A. YakutMiddle East Technical University
![Page 2: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Typical Residential Apartment Buildings in Turkey
![Page 3: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Residential/Commercial Building under Construction
![Page 4: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Street Scene, İzmit, Aug. 1999
![Page 5: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
DAMAGE IS ALWAYS ATTRIBUTABLE TO A COMBINATION OF ADVERSE CONDITIONS
![Page 6: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Poor structural performance results from a mixture of:
• Inappropriate structural form
• Lack of design/detailing for earthquakeresistance
• Poor quality materials
• Inadequate foundation design
• Inadequate supervision of construction
• Non-enforcement of rational land-use policies
Code violations
![Page 7: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
0
0.1
0.2
0.30.4
0.5
0.6
0.70.8
0.9
1
Pro
port
ion
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Damage Levels 1+2 Damage Levels 4+5
Number of Stories
DAMAGE RELATIONSHIP WITH HEIGHT: R/C BUILDINGS IN GÖLCÜK
![Page 8: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
5
31
100
-192
5
1926
-193
5
1936
-194
5
1946
-195
5
1956
-196
5
1966
-197
5
1976
-198
5
1986
-199
5
1996
-
020406080
120140160180200
Number of buildings
Year of construction
Damage Level
REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS IN GÖLCÜK
![Page 9: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
0102030405060708090
100
5
31
-192
5
1926
-193
5
1936
-194
5
1946
-195
5
1956
-196
5
1966
-197
5
1976
-198
5
1986
-199
5
1996
-
Number of buildings
Year of construction
Damage Level
R/C BUILDINGS UP TO THREE STORIES TALL
![Page 10: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
5
31
-192
5
1926
-193
5
1936
-194
5
1946
-195
5
1956
-196
5
1966
-197
5
1976
-198
5
1986
-199
5
1996
-
Number of buildings
Year of construction
Damage Level
010
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
R/C BUILDINGS TALLER THAN THREE STORIES
![Page 11: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
OVERCAPACITY GIRDERS BREAK COLUMNS
![Page 12: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
SOFT/WEAK GROUND STORIES
![Page 13: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
POOR ANCHORAGE OF REINFORCEMENT
![Page 14: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
COLUMN HINGING MECHANISM
![Page 15: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
COLUMN SHEAR FAILURE
![Page 16: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
CAPTIVE SHORT COLUMNS FAIL IN SHEAR
![Page 17: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
IMPROPERLY DETAILED JOINTS CAN DISINTEGRATE
![Page 18: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
NON-ENFORCEMENT OF HEIGHT ZONING MAY LEAD TO POUNDING BETWEEN BUILDINGS
![Page 19: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Loss Estimation requires team-work among:
Geology
Seismology
Earthquake and structural engineering
Geotechnical engineering
![Page 20: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Principal Components of Risk Analysis
Hazard Analysis
Modeling seismic sources
Soil type and geological factors
Attenuation modeling
Vulnerability Analysis
Assessment of the building stock Earthquake analysis
Develop vulnerability curves
Risk Analysis
Calculation of Probabilistic Risk Curves
![Page 21: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Calc. materialCalc. material
losseslosses
HazardHazard
Event nucleation
Calculation of intensity
VulnerabilityVulnerability
Damage calculation
Building stockGeotechnical background
Principal Components of Earthquake Models
![Page 22: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Hazard Assessment
Softer formation
Bedrock
Attenuation
Amplification
-0.25
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time, sec
Sa,
g
-0.25
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time, sec
Sa,
g
-0.25
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time, sec
Sa,
g
![Page 23: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Modeling Seismic Sources
5.06.07.0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
4 5 6 7 8
Siddet
Fre
ka
ns
Gutenberg-Richter
![Page 24: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Attenuation Relations
Strike-Slip Faults
Joyner and Boore (1997)
Sadigh (1997)
Abrahamson and Silva (1997)
Ambraseys et al (1999)
Gülkan and Kalkan (2002)
Subduction Zone
Youngs (1997)
Gregor (1997)
Spudich et al. (1999)
Dependent on:
Earthq. Mag.
Rupture Mech.
Distance
Signal Prop.
![Page 25: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Estimation of Ground Motions during Probable Earthquakes
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
4 5 6 7 8
Siddet
Fre
ka
ns
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
4 5 6 7 8
Siddet
Fre
ka
ns
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
4 5 6 7 8
Siddet
Fre
kan
s
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0 1 2 3 4
Peryot (saniye)
Sp
ek
tra
l Iv
me
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0 1 2 3 4
Peryot (saniye)
Sp
ek
tra
l Iv
me
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0 1 2 3 4
Peryot (saniye)S
pe
ktr
al I
vm
e
![Page 26: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Soil Type and Amplification
Sand and silt
Stiff clay
Rock
Stiff clay
Rock
![Page 27: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Comparison of Vulnerability Analyses
ATC - 131985
Intensity is MMIExpert Opinion Curves
HAZUS1997
Spectral IntensityExpert Opinion Curves
Expert Opinion Vulnerability
Analytic Vulnerability
Judgment Based Hazard
Parameter
Empirical Hazard
Parameter
ACM2000
Spectral IntensityObjectively Developed Curves
![Page 28: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Development of Damage Functions
Determination of typical structural types and their features based on design drawings
Analysis of earthquake response
Development of damage functions for each building type on basis of member damage
Determination of retrofit strategies and associated costs
Assembly of damage functions for each building type
![Page 29: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Typical Structural Features
Structural characteristics Material type Plan area, story height, span widths, number of spans Number of stories
Design of Typical Buildings Design calculations Material properties Blueprint drawings
![Page 30: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
USA: Building Types
Steel Moment resisting Braced Frame
Reinforced concrete Moment resisting Shear wall
Precast concrete Frame Panel Tilt-Up
Timber
Reinf. Conc. Frame/Wall
Steel frame
Tilt-upReinf. Conc. frame
35 building types
![Page 31: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Modeling and Analysis of Building
SAP 2000
![Page 32: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Structural Engineering Is:
The Art of Using Materials
(with properties that can only be estimated)
To Build Real Structures
(that can only be approximately analyzed)
To Withstand Forces
(that are not accurately known)
So That Our Responsibility to Public Safety Is Satisfied!
![Page 33: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Considering Uncertainties
E M Fy
1 2 10
![Page 34: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Push-over Analysis
![Page 35: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Element Level Damageability
D%
![Page 36: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Intersection of capacity and typical demand spectra show ing the predefined damage states
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55
Spectral displacement (m)
Spe
ctra
l acc
eler
atio
n (g
)
Capacity Curve
Demand: 18.6%g
Demand: 29.3%g
Demand:33.2%g
Demand:35.2%g
Performance Point
Slight damage Moderate
damage
Complete damage
Extensive damage
ANALYTICAL ESTIMATION OF FRAGILITY
![Page 37: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Capacity and demand spectra for different durations of shaking
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40
Spectral displacement (m)
Sp
ectr
al a
ccel
erat
ion
(g
) Capacity Curve
5% Damped
Short Duration
Long Duration
![Page 38: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Example Fragility Curves
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Spectral Response (m)
Per
cent
age
of b
uild
ings
exc
eedi
ng
dam
age
stat
e
Slight
Moderate
Extensive
Complete
![Page 39: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Transition from Physical Damage to Financial Loss
There exists for each member type a damage level corresponding to the drift
There exists for each member type a retrofit procedure corresponding to each damage level
There exists for each retrofit procedure a corresponding retrofit cost
% $
![Page 40: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Retrofit Options
Reinforced Concrete Column:
Slight damage:Damage: Hairline cracks.Repair: Epoxy injection.
Moderate:Damage: Extensive wide Repair: jacketing, epoxy injection.
Severe:Damage:Repair: ?
Collapsed:Damage: Repair: ?
![Page 41: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Retrofit Cost at Story Level Based on Member Damage
Repair Cost
Repair/Intervention CostColumn Beam Floor Partition Cladding Glazing Ceiling MEP
1st Floor Negligible 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Slight 0.000 0.000 0.048 0.031 0.000 0.101 0.065 0.031
Moderate 0.057 0.000 0.150 0.147 0.067 0.304 0.229 0.080
Extensive 0.622 0.746 1.204 0.631 0.532 0.421 0.797 0.840
Complete 1.055 1.186 1.204 0.950 0.920 0.842 1.056 1.052
2nd Floor Negligible 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Slight 0.000 0.000 0.048 0.031 0.000 0.101 0.065 0.031
Moderate 0.066 0.000 0.150 0.147 0.058 0.304 0.229 0.080
Extensive 0.653 0.746 1.204 0.631 0.500 0.421 0.797 0.840
Complete 1.078 1.186 1.204 0.950 0.870 0.842 1.056 1.052
3rd Floor Negligible 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Slight 0.000 0.000 0.048 0.031 0.000 0.101 0.065 0.031
Moderate 0.066 0.000 0.150 0.147 0.058 0.304 0.229 0.080
Extensive 0.653 0.746 1.204 0.631 0.500 0.421 0.797 0.840
Complete 1.078 1.186 1.204 0.950 0.870 0.842 1.056 1.052
Column Beam Floor Partition Cladding Glazing Ceiling MEP1st Floor 88320 54148 228865 38595 20730 232018 42439 281160
2nd Floor 77288 54148 228865 38595 11000 232018 42439 281160
3rd Floor 77288 54148 228865 38595 11000 232018 42439 281160
![Page 42: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Damage Functions (Physical and Material)
Material Loss
Physical Damage
Spectral Displacement, in
Da
ma
ge
Ra
tio mean
mean+
mean-
Spectral DIsplacement, in
Da
ma
ge
, m
illi
on
$
mean
mean+
mean-
![Page 43: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Calibrated Damage Curves
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Spectral Displacement, cm
MD
R,
%RC Shear w/MRF, Mid
RC Shear w/MRF, High
Concrete MRF, Low-Rise
Concrete MRF, Mid-Rise
Concrete MRF, High-Rise
![Page 44: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Risk Analysis
Calculation of material losses for probable (scenario) earthquakes
Calculation of risk curves
Assessment of regional risk
Determination of premiums based on regional risk by insurers
![Page 45: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Column/Wall as Ratios Vulnerability Indexes
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025
Column + Wall Index
Par
titi
on
Wal
l In
dex
X-direction
![Page 46: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Column/Wall as Ratios Vulnerability Indexes
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025
Column + Wall Index
Par
titi
on
Wal
l In
dex
Y-direction
![Page 47: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Judgment for Adequacy Checked by Complete3-D Analysis - Horizontal Axis > 0.0025
0
0.0005
0.001
0.0015
0.002
0.0025
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
Column + Wall Index
Par
titi
on
Wal
l In
dex
X-directionAdequate
![Page 48: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Horizontal Axis Generally < 0.0025
0
0.0005
0.001
0.0015
0.002
0.0025
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
Column + Wall Index
Par
titi
on
Wal
l In
dex
X-directionTo be Strengthened
![Page 49: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Judgment for Adequacy Checked by Complete3-D Analysis - Horizontal Axis > 0.0025
0
0.0005
0.001
0.0015
0.002
0.0025
0.003
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
Column + Wall Index
Par
titi
on
Wal
l In
dex
Y-directionAdequate
![Page 50: Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062619/55152b8655034685568b45a4/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Horizontal Axis Generally < 0.0025
0
0.0005
0.001
0.0015
0.002
0.0025
0.003
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
Column + Wall Index
Par
titi
on
Wal
l In
dex
Y-directionTo be Strengthened