Recent Agro-techniques for increasing K C Sharma.pdf · HI 8627 (Malav Kirti) Timely Sown Irrigated...
Transcript of Recent Agro-techniques for increasing K C Sharma.pdf · HI 8627 (Malav Kirti) Timely Sown Irrigated...
India
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Recent Agro-techniques for increasing
Wheat Production in Central India
K.C. Sharma, S.V. Saiprasad, A.K. Singh, J.B. Singh, Prakash TL, Divya Ambati, Rahul M. Phuke and Upendra Singh
Wheat varieties HI 8663 (Poshan) HI 1544 (Purna) and at farmers’ field
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Global Scenario (2013-14)
Country Area Production Yield % to World (mha) (mt) (t/ha) Production Germany 3.22 25.6 7.95 3.57
UK 1.98 15.4 7.80 2.15
Denmark 0.7 5.20 7.48 0.73
France 5.31 38.7 7.30 5.40
Egypt 1.40 8.95 6.39 1.25
China 24.1 126.0 5.23 17.6
Uzbekistan 1.40 6.80 4.86 0.95
Poland 2.20 15.4 4.36 2.15
Italy 1.84 7.10 3.86 0.99
India 31.2 95.9 3.08 13.4
World 222.6 716.1 3.22
(Source – USDA)
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Some facts on wheat production scenario
Global level:
• India’s wheat production has increased in last 10 years at 2.58%.
• Area under wheat cultivation has also increased in last 10
years at 1.67%. • India’s share in global area was almost 14.0% and production
13.4% during 2013-14. • India’s share in global export was 3.16%.
• India’s main wheat destinations are Bangladesh, South Korea,
UAE & Indonesia.
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Zones States/Regions Covered Approx Area
(million ha)
Northern Hill
Zone(NHZ)
Hilly areas of J&K( except Jammu, Kathua and Samba
districts), Himachal Pradesh ( except Una & Paonta
valley),Uttarakhand(excluding Tarai region) & Sikkim
0.90
North Western
Plains
Zone(NWPZ)
Punjab,Haryana,Western UP(except Jhansi Div),Rajasthan
(excluding Kota & Udaipur div),Delhi, Tarai region of
Uttarakhand, Una & Paonta valley of HP, Jammu,Samba
& Kathua districts of J&K and Chandigarh.
12.00
North Eastern
Plains
Zone(NEPZ)
Eastern UP(28 dist),Bihar,Jharkhand,West Bengal,Assam,
Odisha and other NE states (except Sikkim) 9.12
Central Zone MP, Gujarat, Chattisgarh, Kota & Udaipur Div of
Rajasthan & Bundelkhand region of UP. 7.80
Peninsular
Zone
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu(except Nilgiris & Palani
Hills),Karnataka & Andhra Pradesh 1.10
Southern Hill
Zone(SHZ) Nilgiris & Palani Hills of Tamil Nadu 0.01
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Wheat production trend in India
____________________________________________________________ Year Area Production Productivity (mha) (mt) (t/ha) _____________________________________________________________ 1964-65 13.4 12.3 0.91 1969-70 16.6 20.1 1.21 1979-80 22.2 31.8 1.43 1989-90 23.5 49.8 2.12 1999-00 27.5 76.4 2.78 2009-10 28.5 80.7 2.83 2010-11 29.5 85.9 2.91 2011-12 29.9 94.9 3.18 2012-13 30.0 93.5 3.12 2013-14 30.5 95.9 3.15 2014-15 31.5 86.5 27.5 2015-16 (Est.) 30.2 93.5 30.9 _______________________________________________________________ Note: In 1947-48 wheat production was just 5.6 million tonnes and average productivity was less than one ton/ha.
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Wheat production in Indian context
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Trends of wheat production in different states
_______________________________________________________________ State Area Production Productivity (mha) (mt) (t/ha) _______________________________________________________________ 13-14 14-15 13-14 14-15 13-14 14-15 _______________________________________________________________ Punjab 3.51 3.50 17.6b 15.0 5.02a 4.29a Haryana 2.50 2.60 11.8 10.4 4.72b 3.98b UP 9.85a 9.66 29.9a 22.4a 3.04 2.28 Bihar 2.01 2.15 4.74 3.99 2.36 1.85 MP 5.38b 6.00 12.9 17.1b 2.40 2.85 Rajasthan 2.81 3.32 8.66 9.82 3.08 2.96 Gujarat 1.44 1.11 4.69 3.06 3.25 2.75 Maharashtra 1.10 1.31 1.60 1.23 1.46 1.23 All India 30.47 31.47 95.85 86.53 31.46 27.50
______________________________________________________________________
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State Level (Madhya Pradesh)
• Madhya Pradesh is an important wheat growing state, accounting for 19.8% of production and 19.0% of the area under cultivation.
• It is grown in an area of ~6.0 mha.
• From last 3 years, Madhya Pradesh wheat production is in an increasing trend and crossed Punjab and Haryana production.
• Main cause for the increase in production is the efforts of Government, related departments in making available the seeds of new and improved wheat varieties.
• Diversity for wheat varieties in Madhya Pradesh is higher than any other wheat growing areas in India.
• Area under new varieties viz., GW 322, GW 366, HI 1544, MP 1202, MP 3382, HD 2987, HI 1500, HI 1531, HI 8498, HI 8663, MP 4010 and MPO 1215 is increasing compared to old varieties like Lok-1, WH 147, C 306 and Sujata.
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Some important agro-techniques
1. Old wheat varieties are to be replaced with new high yielding varieties.
2. Varieties are to be sown as per farmer’s resource and sowing date.
3. Seed is to be used strictly as per 1000 grain weight. It means weight of 1000 grain in g x 2.5 = seed kg/ha.
4. Clean cultivation is to be adopted and use of chemicals for weed control is to be avoided for maximum extent.
5. Variety-wise recommended balanced use of fertilizers is to be given at the time of sowing and as top dressing.
6. Cross sowing of wheat is not beneficial and to be discouraged.
7. Irrigation is to be provided mostly based on variety and critical satge
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High yielding new bread wheat varieties
Cultivation condition Bread wheat
RF/RI (October sown) HW 2004 (Amar)
HI 1500 (Amrita)
HI 1531 (Harshita)
DBW 111
Timely Sown Irrigated HI 1418 (Naveen Chandausi)
HI 1479 (Swarna)
HI 1544 (Purna)
Late Sown, Irrigated HI 1418 (Naveen Chandausi)
HI 1454 (Abha)
DL 788-2 (Vidisha)
HI 1563 (Pusa Prachi)
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Wheat varieties for timely sown and irrigated conditions
Cultivation Condition Bread wheats
Timely Sown Irrigated HI 1418 (Naveen Chandausi)
HI 1479 (Swarna)
HI 1544 (Purna)
GW 366
GW 322
MP 1201
MP 1202
MP 3020
MP 3211
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Wheat Varieties – Late sown and irrigated conditions
Cultivation Condition Bread wheats
Late Sown, Irrigated HI 1418 (Naveen Chandausi)
HI 1454 (Abha)
DL 788-2 (Vidisha)
MP 3336
HD 2932
HD 2864
MP 4010
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Durum Wheat Varieties for Central India
Cultivation condition Varieties
Restricted Irrigation
(October Sown)
HD 4672 (Malav Ratna)
HI 8627 (Malav Kirti)
Timely Sown Irrigated HI 8381 (Malav Shree)
HI 8498 (Malav Shakti)
HI 8663 (Poshan)
HI 8713 (Pusa Mangal)
HI 8737 (Pusa Anmol)
HD 4728
MPO 1106 (Sudha)
MPO 1215
A-9-30-1 and GW 1
MPO 1255
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HI 1544 (Purna)
• Released in 2007
• High yielding and excellent grain quality bread wheat cultivar
• HI 1544 is a widely adapted genotype having 6.3 % to 7.9 % higher yield over checks.
• HI 1544 combines high “water use efficiency”, early maturity and high yield with strong disease resistance and “excellent grain quality”.
• Good chapati making quality.
• Can be cultivated under limited irrigation.
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HI 1563 (Pusa Prachi)
• High yielding and excellent grain quality notified in 2011
• HI 1563 is a widely adapted genotype with high degree of terminal heat tolerance having 6.7 % to 11.1 % higher yield over checks
• HI 1563 combines high “water use efficiency”, early maturity and high yield with strong disease resistance and “good grain quality”
• It exhibited adult-plant resistance to virulent rust pathotypes viz. 46S119 and 78S84 of stripe rust; 40A and 117-6 of stem rust; and 77-5 and 104-2 of leaf rust
• It can contribute to improving the genetic diversity in the region for wheat cultivation
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HI 8627 (Malav Kirti)
• Released in 2005
• First Dual Quality Durum variety for limited irrigation
• High in yellow pigment (~ 6.8 ppm)
• The plants create their own “leaf mulch” i.e., basal leaves provide complete coverage to soil surface checking soil-water evaporation from plant’s vicinity
• Very high tolerance to early heat
• High levels of resistance to stem and leaf rusts
• Rich in micronutrients
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HI 8663 (Poshan)
• Released in 2007
• High yielding and stable β carotene durum cultivar
• It is being popularised among the farmers in the form of “Naturally Bio-fortified Health Food” because of its high and stable β-carotene (~ 6.5 ppm), high sedimentation value (35 ml), high protein content (11.6 %) and high levels of micronutrients.
• Included in the Nutri-Farm Scheme of GOI
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HI 8713 (Pusa Mangal)
• Notified in 2012
• High yielding genotype with good grain quality
• High levels of resistance to stem and leaf rusts.
• High protein content (~ 12.0 %), high yellow pigment (~ 7.16 ppm) and good levels of essential micronutrients like iron, zinc, copper and manganese.
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HI 8737 (Pusa Anmol)
• Notified in October, 2014
• High yielding genotype with good grain quality
• High levels of resistance to stem and leaf rusts.
• High levels of resistance to karnal bunt
• Rich in β-carotene (precursor of Vitamin ‘A’) and essential micronutrients like iron and zinc with a high overall acceptability (7.3).
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Date of Sowing
Cardinal temperatures
• For each phase in the growth of cultivar, there is a temperature
range within which growth and development is optimum. These
temperature ranges are called cardinal temperatures.
• Minimum and maximum temperatures are mainly outcome of
prevalent weather conditions.
• Temperature affects physiological activities of plants which
reflects as growth and developmental activities of plant.
Cardinal temperatures for wheat sowing
______________________________________________________________
Cardinal temperatures (in 0C)
______________________________________________
Stage Minimum Maximum
_____________________________________________
Germination ± 18 ± 28
Growth ± or < 7 ± 18
Development ± 16 ± 30
Dough stage ± 20 ± 35 ______________________________________________________________
Date x Variety under different date of sowing
Period 2012-13 to 2014-15 (mean of 3 seasons grain yield in q/ha)
__________________________________________________________________________
Variety 5th Oct. 20 Oct. 5th Nov. Mean __________________________________________________________________________
HI 8663 44.1 46.9 44.3 45.1
HI 8713 44.9 48.2 44.6 45.9
HI 8627 43.9 42.3 40.9 42.4
HI 1531 37.5 40.8 34.4 37.6
HD 2987 34.7 45.2 49.4 43.1
GW 273 36.7 45.1 42.0 41.3
MP 3288 36.9 47.9 41.9 42.2
Lok 1 29.9 42.6 50.0 40.8
GW 366 27.9 44.1 44.7 38.9
HI 1544 35.7 47.1 51.6 44.8
HDCSW 18 44.8 41.5 39.5 41.9
Mean 37.5 44.2 44.3
_________________________________________________________________ Despite application of more number of irrigations under extra early sown conditions (5th October), poor
productivity of wheat suggest that the sowing of wheat can only be done after 20th October in vertisols of
Central India.
Proper sowing techniques and row spacing for higher wheat productivity (Mean data of two years)
For getting higher wheat yields, sowing of wheat can be done at 20 or 22.5 cm. apart rows in light black cotton soils of Central India.
5.515.31 5.15
5.43 5.54 5.575.34
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2
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(t/
ha)
Treatments
Effect of sowing technique and row spacing on wheat
productivity
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Effective seeding methods and seed rates for maximum wheat yield (Mean data of two years)
Treatments S1- 100 kg/ha
S2- Based on 1000 grain weight
S3- 25% higher than S2
S4- 50% higher than S2
Conclusion
Cross sowing of wheat and higher
seed rate than recommended
(based on 1000 grain weight)
substantially decreased the wheat
yield and line sowing of wheat
with seed rate application of on
the basis of 1000 grain weight
(weight of 1000 grains in gram x
2.5 = seed rate kg/ha) recorded
maximum wheat yield.
4.98 4.88 4.63
4.92 4.93 4.76 4.71
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1
2
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6 G
rain
yie
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t/h
a)
Treatment
Effect of sowing method and seed rate on wheat productivity
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Time and method of nitrogen topdressing in wheat
Main findings:
• For higher wheat productivity, urea topdressing can be done in three splits
(50% at sowing + 25% each after first and second irrigation) if 50% N is
drilled alone or mixed with seed before sowing.
• While in case of broadcast application of N at sowing, N should be top-
dressed in two splits i.e. 50% N at sowing + 50% before first irrigation.
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Method of basal fertilizers application
Urea top dressing Broadcast Drilled Mixed with seed Mean
50% before 1st irrigation 4.98 4.79 4.64 4.80
50% after 1st irrigation 4.81 4.70 4.77 4.76
25% each at 1st & 2nd irri. 4.74 4.65 4.80 4.73
25 % each after 1st & 2nd irri.
4.73 5.08 4.95 4.92
Mean 4.81 4.80 4.79
Fertilizer requirements
Conditions
N : P : K
Restricted
irrigation
80-100 : 40-50 : 20-25
(Half N and full P and K at sowing as basal
dose + remaining N at first irrigation)
Irrigated and timely
Sown
120-140* : 60-70 : 30-35
(1/3rd N and full P and K at sowing as basal
dose+ remaining 2/3rd N at Ist and IInd
irrigations)
* Use of high dose of N in durum wheat is
beneficial to chech the yellow berry in grains.
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Micronutrients
With intensive agriculture, deficiency of essential
nutrients has also become wide spread. The work
conducted under the All India Coordinated Research
Project on Micronutrient in Crops and Soils, has shown
wide spread deficiency of zinc in soils in India. At the
national level, the deficiency level in micro nutrients is : -
Micronutrient % deficiency
Zn 46
B 17
Mo 12
Fe 11
Cu 5
S 38
Zinc deficiency
Management: As corrective measure, spray of Zinc Sulphate @
0.5% Zn + 0.25% unslaked lime in 400 – 500 litres of water should
be done. It will be more appropriate if basal application of Zinc
Sulphate @ 20-25 kg/ha is done at alternate years in Zn deficient
soils.
Management: Through basal application of borax @ 10
kg/ha or by spraying of 0.5% B in 400 – 500 liters of water
after 15 DAS and at flower initiations.
Boron deficiency
Role and deficiency
symptoms: It plays an important role in synthesis of chlorophyll which is essential for photosynthetic activity. Iron is also required for chemical reduction of nitrate and sulphate and in nitrogen assimilation. Deficiency of iron is manifested as interveinal chlorosis of uppermost leaves. As deficiency intensifies, leaves turn almost white and dry.
Management: Through basal application of Ferrous sulphate @
15 kg/ha or by spraying of 2-3 times at weekly interval of 1.0%
FeSO4 in 400 – 500 litres of water.
Iron deficiency
Role and deficiency
symptoms: It is important for normal functioning of many enzymes, nitrogen metabolosm and carbon dioxide assimillation. In deficiency leaves show intervenal chlorosis with grayish yellow to pinkish brown specks of variable size and veins remains green. In acute deficiency may lead to drying of whole plant.
Manganese deficiency
Management: Deficiency of manganese can be corrected through foliar spray of 0.5% manganese sulphate at CRI stage.
Role and deficiency symptoms: It is involved in symbiotic N-fixation and protein syntheses in crops. Marginal scorching and rolling or cupping of leaves are indicative of Mo deficiency.
Molybdenum deficiency
Management: Deficiency
of Mo can be corrected either through application of 2-4 kg sodium or ammonium molybdate at the time of sowing or by seed treatment wih 10-20 g sodium molybdate per 25 kg of seed or throgh foliar spray of 0.1 to 0.3% ammonium molybdate solution twice or thrice as per need at 10 days interval.
Role and deficiency
symptoms: Sulphur is a
constituent of several amino
acids and fatty acids. The new leaf becomes small and yellowish like N deficiency but veins are paler than interveinal portion.
Sulphur deficiency
Management: Deficiency
of S can be corrected either through application Single Super Phosphate fertilizer for phosphorous application or by applying elemental sulphur or any other source of sulphur as basal application.
Irrigation requirements
Conditions Irrigation schedules
Restricted irrigation
Two: One at tillering + IInd at earing i.e. 75-80
days
Three: CRI (20-23 days) + late tillering (45-50
days) + milking (90-95 days)
Irrigated and timely
sown
Four: CRI + tillering + late jointing + milking
Five: CRI + tillering + late jointing + floweing +
milking stage at almost 20 days interval
Weed control efficiency and grain yield (q/ha) _________________________________________________________________
Treatment Doses WCE (%) Grain yield
(g ai/ha) 11-12 12-13 11-12 12-13 ______________________________________________________________________
Metribuzin 210 75.1 69.2 48.7 31.6
Clodinafop 60 83.8 79.8 57.6 38.8
Pinoxaden 40 81.8 77.5 61.8 30.8
Sulfosulfuron 25 79.5 82.1 64.4 38.2
Clod. + metri. 60+210 87.1 85.6 56.7 37.2
Pinox. + metri. 40+210 77.0 67.2 43.1 30.2
Sulfos.+ metri. 25+210 74.0 76.9 43.4 31.6
Accord plus 120+210 76.6 57.9 44.0 30.5 (Fenoxaprop+Metribuzin)
Total 32 87.1 79.8 59.1 36.2 (Sulfosulfuron + Metsulfuron)
Atlantis 14.4 85.6 86.5 59.3 40.2
Vesta 60+4 87.1 87.7 64.6 41.6
Isoprot.+2,4-D 1000+500 86.1 57.6 55.3 33.0
Weedy - 0 0 61.5 30.6
Weed free - 100 100 60.0 41.8
CD (P=0.05) - - - 14.96 7.26
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Chemical Weed Control
Pre-emergence :
• Stomp 30 EC (Pendimethalin) is available, which can be
applied @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha) at 0-3 days after sowing in 500 liters
of water/ha.
Post-emergence:
Only Broadleaf Weeds
• 2, 4-D @ 500 g a.i./ha in 300-400 liters of water/ha.
• Metsulfuron methyl @ 4 g a.i./ha 300-400 liters of water/ha.
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Only Grassy Weeds • Clodinafop propergyl@ 400 g/ha (60 g a.i./ha) in 250-300
liters of water/ha.
• Fenoxaprop-ethyl @ 120 g a.i./ha in 250-300 liters of
water/ha.
Both Grassy and Broad Leaved
• Sulfosulfuran @ 25.0 g a.i./ha in 250-300 liters of water /ha.
• A mixture of Sulfosulfuran at 25 g/ha and Metsulfuron @ 4
g/ha (Total) in 250-300 liters water/ha.
• Mixture of Clodinafop + Metsulfuron methyl
• Mixture of Mesosulfuron and Idosulfuron
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Plant Protection
Major Threats:
1. Rusts
2. Karnal Bunt
3. Black Point
4. Loose Smut
5. Foliar Blights
6. Powdery Mildew
7. Head Scab
8. Brown Wheat Mite
9. Army Worm
10.Legume Pod-borer
11.Termites, Aphids, Cereal Cyst Nematode, Rodents etc.
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Rust diseases in Wheat
Stem/black Leaf/brown
Management: Recommended recent varieties in most of the wheat growing zones are rust resistant, hence the old susceptible varieties should be avoided. If old or unidentified seed is used, it should be treated with fungicide Propicanazole.
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Loose Smut
Management: Disease can be controlled
through seed treatment with systemic
fungicides and removal of diseased plants
from the field. Treat the seed with fungicides
like carboxin (Vitavax 75WP @ 2.5g/kg seed),
carbendazim (Bavistin 50WP @ 2.5 g/kg
seed), tebuconazole (Raxil 2 DS) @ 1.25 g/kg
seed if the disease level in the seed lot is high.
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Army Worm
Management: Use 2% methyl parathion or 1.5%
Quinolphos @ 375 g a.i./ha or thimet (phorate) 10 G
@ 10 kg/ha alongwith soil in morning or evening
followed by irrigation.
Progressive farmer Mr.
Yogendra Kaushik of
Village Aslavada, Block
Badnagar Dist. Ujjain
(MP) had sown HI 8663
(Poshan) breeder seed
procured from IARI –
Regional Station, Indore and
got record yield of 95.32
q/ha as certified by revenue
as well as agricultural
department personnel in the
state crop cutting
experiments. He is a
recipient of ‘Best Farmer”
award from President of
India.
Success story In
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Conclusions
• All efforts are to be made in comprehensive manner for the replacement of old varieties with new high yielding disease resistant varieties.
• If farmer is using any old unknown wheat variety, it should be treated with recommended fungicide.
• Wheat varieties should be recommended as per farmer resources and sowing time.
• Crop residues burning is to be stopped completely to avoid micronutrients deficiency and environmental hazards.
• If any micro-nutrients deficiency emerges in crop, immediate correction measures should be followed at the advice of expert and soil application of recommended quantity of same nutrient should be at the time of soil preparation to grow a healthy crop.
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Conclusions (cont.)
• Application of balanced use of plant nutrients should be ensured as per variety used and if possible in integrated manner through the use of organic, inorganic and bio-fertilizers.
• Judicious use of irrigation water as per critical stages of wheat should be ensured for higher wheat productivity. In view of water saving and coverage of higher area under cropping under limiting water availability conditions, micro-irrigation systems may be used for irrigation.
• Effective control of weeds most probably through clean cultivation
and least use of chemicals.
• Proper use of seed rate, fertilizers, spacing, sowing methods etc.
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Future thrusts/Researchable issues
• Technologies related to conservation agriculture (CA) based Resource Conservation Practices (RCTs) options are to be refined suited to soil and environmental conditions. Which should include residue management through zero tillage, paired row ZT, direct seeding, unpuddled transplanting, reduced tillage, bed planting, surface seeding etc.
• Location specific research on crop intensification like SRI (System of Rice Intensification) and SWI (System of Wheat Intensification) should also be developed for the Zone and similar type of research needed for other crops also by intensive research on root development and ultimate crop yield.
• Site Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM) practice is to be verified in the zone as it is an important tool for higher productivity, Judicious use of macro and micro-nutrients, and nutrients economy.
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Future thrusts/Researchable issues (cont.)
• Looking to the continuous depletion of soil nutrients and increased soil reaction values Organic agriculture or Integrated nutrients management by giving balanced weightage to organic sources of nutrients and biofertilizers in association of inorganic fertilizers is to be worked out in holistic approach and economic considerations.
• Due to growing of high yielding varieties and continuous degradation of
soils, micro-nutrients (Zn, S, B, Mo etc.) deficiency is very common. Hence, immediate attention is needed to address the problem as location specific.
• Weeds are also a biotic big threat to crop productivity and manual
weeding is a costly affair, therefore chemical weeding or integrated weed management by putting chemicals, manual or bullocks or tractor drawn secondary tillage implements together can be assessed for
recommendation to farmers.
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Future thrusts/Researchable issues (cont.)
• As water is a precious input in agriculture, therefore, for its judicious use, crop factors should be worked out for proper water requirement of crop and its scheduling including micro-irrigation systems. Identification of crop-wise most critical stages are also necessary for effective use of available water for irrigation.
• There is a need to develop resource based crop diversification models for
different category of clientele for sustainable productivity of crops and system as such, which should be environmentally safe, beneficial to maintain soil health, continuous source of employment generation and maximize farmers family income.
In last, as an research and developmental activity, preference should be given on cropping/farming system based rather than individual crop/enterprise based. Ways and means for the improvement of soil health and resource based technology development must be on our top priority.
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