Interpretation of Coronary Angiogram Interpretation of Coronary ...
Recent advances targeting cardiovascular risk reduction...
Transcript of Recent advances targeting cardiovascular risk reduction...
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Konstantinos P. Makaritsis Associate Professor of Medicine
University of Thessaly Medical School
Larissa, March 18, 2016
Recent advances targeting
cardiovascular risk reduction
Single-Pill Therapy with Amlodipine/ Atorvastatin
SATELLITE LECTURE Sponsored by WinMedica
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Disclosures
Received scientific support and speaker honorarium from Sanofi, Bayer,
WinMedica & Amgen
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Introduction
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Hypertension is the most common of the chronic
diseases, affecting an estimated 1 billion adults
worldwide.
The prevalence of hypertension is rising, owing in
part to the increasing age of the population, the
increased rates of obesity and the increased
consumption of sodium in packaged and processed
foods.
Kearney PM et al. Lancet 365, 217–223 (2005).
Fields LE et al. Hypertension 44, 398–404 (2004).
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National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: 2007–2012.
Mozaffarian D et al. Circulation. 2015;131:e29-e322
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Prevalence of hypertension is high
37,435,3
20,6
40,7
22 22,6
17
26,9
37,239,1
34,8
23,7
19,7
14,5
28,3
20,9
0
10
20
30
40
50
Men
Women
41,6
39,1
22,9
44,5
24
27,7
18,8
27
45,9
23,6
40,2
27 27
17,1
28,2
42,50
0
10
20
30
40
50
Established
market
countries
Former
socialist
economies
India Latin America
and the
Carribean
Middle
eastern
crescent
China Other Asia
and islands
Sub-Saharan
Africa
2000
2025
Pre
va
len
ce
of
hyp
ert
en
sio
n (
%)
Kearney PM et al.,Lancet. 2005;365:217-223.
Prevalence of hypertension in people aged 20 years and older
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Hypertension is a leading cause
for cardiovascular morbidity
9.5
3.3 2.4 5.0
2.0 3.5 2.1
45.4
21.3
12.4
6.2
9.9 7.3
13.9
6.3
22.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women
Normotensive
Hypertensive
Coronary Disease Stroke Peripheral Arterial Disease
Heart Failure
Bie
nn
ial A
ge-A
dju
ste
d R
ate
p
er
1,0
00
36-Year Follow-up in Patients Aged 35-64 Years1,2
1. Kannel W.B. et al., JAMA 1996; 275: 1571-1576 2. Kannel W.B. et al., J Hum Hypertens 2000; 14: 83-90
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Lewington et al. Lancet 2002;360:1903–13
Cardiovascular (CV) Mortality Risk Doubles with Each 20/10 mmHg
Increment in Systolic/Diastolic BP (SBP/DBP)*
*Individuals aged 40–69 years
CV mortality risk
0
2
4
8
115/75 135/85 155/95 175/105
6
SBP/DBP (mmHg)
2X
risk
4X
risk
8X
risk
1X risk
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Antihypertensive drug therapy is effective
at reducing risk of CV events
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Heart failure1
Fatal/Nonfatal stroke1
Fatal/Nonfatal CHD1
Ris
k re
du
ctio
n (
%)
1. Moser and Herbert. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 2. Collins R et al. Lancet 1990.
Vascular deaths
-52%
-38%
-16%
-21%
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Average no. of antihypertensive medications
1 2 3 4
Multiple Antihypertensive Agents are
Needed to Reach BP Goal
Trial (SBP achieved)
1. Bakris et al. Am J Med 2004;116(5A):30S–8; 2. Dahlöf et al. Lancet 2005;366:895–906
3. Jamerson et al. Blood Press 2007;16:806; 4. Jamerson et al. N Engl J Med 2008;359:241728
ASCOT-BPLA (136.9 mmHg)
ALLHAT (138 mmHg)
IDNT (138 mmHg)
RENAAL (141 mmHg)
UKPDS (144 mmHg)
ABCD (132 mmHg)
MDRD (132 mmHg)
HOT (138 mmHg)
AASK (128 mmHg)
ACCOMPLISH (132 mmHg) Initial 2-drug combination therapy
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USA
53.1
Canada
41.0
Mexico
21.8
Germany
33.6
Greece
49.5
England
29.2
Egypt
33.5
South Africa*
47.6
Japan*
55.7
Taiwan
18.0
China
28.8
Worldwide blood pressure control rates
in treated hypertensive patients are low
Kearney P.M. et al., J Hypertens 2004; 22: 11–19; * Data for men only
Turkey
19.8
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Yusuf S et al. Lancet. 2004;364:937-952
36
12
7
10
20
33
0
20
40
60
80
100
Smoking Fruits/
Veg
Exercise Alcohol Psycho-
social
Lipids All 9 risk
factors
PA
R (
%)
14
18
90
Diabetes Abdominal
obesity
Hyper-
tension
Lifestyle factors
50
INTERHEART Study
n=15,152 patients and 14,820 controls in 52 countries
MI=Myocardial infarction, PAR=Population
attributable risk (adjusted for all risk factors)
Attributable Risk Factors for a First Myocardial Infarction
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3.7
2.9
2.2
1.7
1.3
1.0
40 70 100 130 160 190
Re
lati
ve R
isk
fo
r C
oro
na
ry
He
art
Dis
ea
se
(L
og
Sc
ale
)
LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL)
Grundy S et al. Circulation 2004;110:227-239
CHD=Coronary heart disease, LDL-C=Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
Coronary Heart Disease Risk According to LDL-C Level
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For advisory board purposes. Proprietary and confidential. Do not distribute.
Adapted from O’Keefe et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:2142-6;
LaRosa JC et al. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1425-35.
25
20
15
10
5
0
CARE
TNT-80A TNT-10A
1.3 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.4 3.9 4.4 4.9 5.4 (mmol/L)
50 70 110 130 150 170 190 90 210 (mg/dL)
CH
D E
ve
nts
(%
)
LDL-C
Primary prevention trials
AFCAPS
WOSCOPS
ASCOT
AFCAPS
WOSCOPS
ASCOT
4S
CARE
LIPID
LIPID
Secondary prevention trials
Placebo
Placebo
4S
Active treatment
Active treatment
Lowering LDL-C With Statins Reduces CV Risk in Both Primary and Secondary Prevention
15
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HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor Evidence: Effect of Intensive Therapy
Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration Meta-analysis of 169,138 patients randomized to at least
2 years of statin therapy
0 1 2 3 4 5
0 10
15
20
LDL cholesterol level (mmol/L)
Five year risk of a major
vascular event, %
Control
21% relative risk reduction per mmol/L Statin
16% relative risk reduction per 0.5 mmol/L More statin
There is a proportionate reduction in CV events
with greater LDL-cholesterol reduction
Source: Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration. Lancet 2010;376:1670-1681
CV=Cardiovascular, LDL=Low density lipoprotein
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Global mortality and burden of cardiovascular disease and major risk factors for people aged 30 years
Population All cardiovascular High blood pressure High cholesterol Overweight and obesity
Mortality Burden of disease
16 million
7.8 million
4.3 million
2.3 million
128 million
59 million
39 million
30 million
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90.3% hypertensive patients have 3 risk factors
Most Hypertensive Patients Have Additional Risk Factors: REACH Registry
81.8% patients with
atherothrombosis have
HTN
Bhatt DL et al. JAMA. 2006;295:180-189.
HTN=hypertension; REACH=Reduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health.
Risk factors include: treated diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy, asymptomatic carotid stenosis
≥70%, Systolic blood pressure [SBP], ≥150 mm Hg, treated hypercholesterolaemia, current smoking,
men ≥55 y, women ≥70 y.
N=67,888 patients aged 45 years or older from 44 countries
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The overlap between hypertension, diabetes,
and dyslipidemia
Analysis of 137,745 insurance clients (Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, Northern California)
Selby JV et al. Am J Manag Care. 2004;10(part 2):163-70.
10%
56%
Diabetes +
Hypertension +
Dyslipidemia
18% Diabetes +
Hypertension
16% Diabetes +
Dyslipidemia
Diabetes
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Majority of Hypertensive Patients Have LDL-C ≥100 mg/dL
Source: NHANES III Phase 2 Morning Fasting Subset. 2000 Census Data.
(Unweighted N = 7697; Weighted Sample = 200,948,641)
Only 14.3% of hypertensive have LDL-C <100 mg/dL
<100 mg/dL
100 - <130 mg/dL
130 - <160 mg/dL
160 - <190 mg/dL
190 mg/dL
Frequency of Hypertensive Patients by LDL-C Levels
14.3%
26.8%
33.7%
17.4%
7.7%
0
Pa
tie
nts
(%
)
10
20
30
40
50
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Most Patients Diagnosed With Hypertension and Dyslipidemia Were Not at Both Goals
In a managed care population, the vast majority of patients diagnosed with hypertension and dyslipidemia (n = 154,235)
were not at both goals
As the number of CV risk factors increased,
the rate of goal attainment decreased
CV = cardiovascular.
Pettitt D et al. Poster presented at: 26th Annual Meeting of the Society of General
Internal Medicine 2003; Vancouver, Canada.
More than
90% were
not at both
goals
Less than
10% were
at both
goals
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Multiple CV Risk Management Results in Dramatic Reductions in CVD
10%
Reduction
in BP
10%
Reduction
in TC + 45%
Reduction
in CVD =
Emberson J et al. Eur Heart J. 2004;25:484-491.
Jackson R et al. Lancet. 2005;365:434-441.
“Attention should be moved from knowing one’s BP and cholesterol
concentrations to knowing one’s absolute CV risk and its
determinants.”
– J. Emberson et al
- Jackson et al
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Journal of Hypertension. 2013;31:1281–1357.
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Stratification of total CV risk in categories
Journal of Hypertension. 2013;31:1281–1357.
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Journal of Hypertension. 2013;31:1281–1357.
Treatment of risk factors associated with hypertension
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Adherence
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Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1147-1152
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Patient adherence and medication number
Chapman et al. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1147–52
Nu
mb
er
of m
ed
ica
tio
ns
1,73 (1,56–1,90, p<0,001)
1,25 (1,13-1,39, p<0,001)
0,96 (0,86–1,06, p=0,41)
0,87 (0,79-0,94, p<0,001)
0,65 (0,59-0,71, p<0,001)
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
↓Adherence
0
1
2
3–5
≥ 6
Adherence Decline
↑Adherence
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Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2008; 4(3): 673–681.
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SPAA patients (1-pill) were more likely to be adherent (OR = 4.7, p < 0.001) than CCB/statin patients.
Being adherent to either regimen was associated with significantly lower risk of CV event (HR = 0.77, p = 0.003).
Being adherent to SPAA was associated with significantly lower risk of CV event vs. CCB/statin patients (HR = 0.68, p = 0.02).
Conclusions: Patients receiving SPAA rather than a 2-pill CCB/statin regimen are more likely to be adherent. Adherence to CCB and statin medications is associated with lower risk of CV events in primary prevention patients.
17,910 CCB/statin patients Retrospective study
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Clinical Studies
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Zarvalor
Zarvalor Zarvalor
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Zarvalor
Zarvalor Zarator Norvasc
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J Clin Hypertens. 2005;7:264–273
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Zarvalor
Zarvalor
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Criteria for Assignment to CV Risk Categories & Recommended BP & LDL-C Target Levels for Each Risk Group
J Clin Hypertens. 2005;7:264–273
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Goal attainment at end point overall and within each of the three cardiovascular risk groups
J Clin Hypertens. 2005;7:264–273
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Zarvalor
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J Clin Hypertens. 2006;8:571–581.
The AVALON study was a randomized, multicenter trial to assess the efficacy and safety of co-administered amlodipine and atorvastatin in patients with hypertension and dyslipidemia. Phase 1 was an 8-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled period whereby patients received amlodipine 5 mg, atorvastatin 10 mg, amlodipine 5 mg and atorvastatin 10 mg, or placebo.
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J Clin Hypertens. 2006;8:571–581.
Week 28 (all pts were receiving coadministered AML and ATV).
Percentage of patients that reached target levels for both blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
Week 8 (Weeks 0-8 : Double-blind period).
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European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation 2009, 16:472–480
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JEWEL: Objectives
Evaluate the utility of single-pill
amlodipine/atorvastatin in European and Canadian
real-world primary care settings
Assess the efficacy of amlodipine/atorvastatin to
achieve national lipid and hypertension goals as set
out in clinical guidelines
European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation 2009, 16:472–480
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JEWEL Design
16-week multicentre, open-label, titration-to-goal study in
patients with hypertension and dyslipideamia
– JEWEL I: UK and Canada
– JEWEL II: 11 EU countries (Italy, Ireland, Belgium, Spain,
Greece, Switzerland, Austria, Portugal, Finland, Hungary,
Slovenia)
Eight dosage strengths of single-pill amlodipine/atorvastatin
therapy (5/10, 10/10, 5/20, 10/20, 5/40, 10/40, 5/80, 10/80
mg/mg) were titrated to reduce BP and LDL-C to country-
specific target levels
1 Hobbs FD et al. Int J Cardiol 2006;110:242-50. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation 2009, 16:472–480
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Study Population
Inclusion criteria:
– Male or female aged 18–80 years
– Diagnosis of concurrent hypertension (uncontrolled) and dyslipideamia (controlled or uncontrolled)
– Untreated, or if treated on stable medication
– BP above target, LDL-C must be above target or (if on treatment), at or above target
Exclusion criteria:
– Adequately controlled BP at baseline
– Currently receiving treatment with:
• Amlodipine and atorvastatin
• Atorvastatin 80 mg but with a LDL-C ≥2.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL)
– Treated with amlodipine 10 mg or another CCB at maximum dose
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Patients Achieving Common BP and LDL-C Goals
Amlodipine/atorvastatin
All doses
Amlodipine/atorvastatin
5/10 mg or 10/10 mg
JEWEL I JEWEL II0
20
40
60
80
100
(n=1135) (n=1084)
55.0% 56.0%
Pa
tie
nts
(%
) re
ach
ing
bo
th
BP
an
d L
DL
-C
co
mm
on
go
als
(
CI)
JEWEL I JEWEL II0
20
40
60
80
100
(n=476) (n=478)
52.5% 56.3%
JEWEL I JEWEL II0
20
40
60
80
100
(n=1135) (n=1084)
55.0% 56.0%
Pa
tie
nts
(%
) re
ach
ing
bo
th
BP
an
d L
DL
-C
co
mm
on
go
als
(
CI)
JEWEL I JEWEL II0
20
40
60
80
100
(n=476) (n=478)
52.5% 56.3%
Common goals defined as: LDL-C <3.0 mmol/L (116.0 mg/mL)
SBP <140 and DBP <90 mm Hg; Patients with diabetes: SBP <130 and DBP <80 mm Hg
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Patients Achieving Common BP Goal only
Amlodipine/atorvastatin
All doses
Common BP goal defined as: SBP <140 and DBP <90 mm Hg;
Patients with diabetes: SBP <130 and DBP <80 mm Hg
JEWEL I JEWEL II0
20
40
60
80
100
(n=1135) (n=1084)
65.7%58.1%
Pa
tie
nts
(%
) re
ach
ing
BP
co
mm
on
go
al (
CI)
JEWEL I JEWEL II0
20
40
60
80
100
(n=1135) (n=1084)
61.3%54.0%
Amlodipine/atorvastatin
5/10 mg or 10/10 mg
JEWEL I JEWEL II0
20
40
60
80
100
(n=1135) (n=1084)
65.7%58.1%
Pa
tie
nts
(%
) re
ach
ing
BP
co
mm
on
go
al (
CI)
JEWEL I JEWEL II0
20
40
60
80
100
(n=1135) (n=1084)
61.3%54.0%
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Mean Change in Blood Pressure and LDL-C
Amlodipine/atorvastatin
5/10 mg or 10/10 mg
SBP DBP SBP DBP
-30
-20
-10
0
JEWEL I JEWEL II
-19.3
-10.2
-20.4
-12.2
Mean c
hange (C
I)
in B
P (
mm
Hg)
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
JEWEL I JEWEL II
-0.85 mmol/L(-32.9 mg/dL)
-0.95 mmol/L(36.7 mg/dL)
-0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50Mean c
hange (C
I)
in L
DL-C
(m
mol/L)
mg/d
L
Blood Pressure LDL-C
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Single-Pill Amlodipine/Atorvastatin (Zarvalor)
A single-pill combination therapy targeting hypertension and
dyslipidemia is useful in:
– Co-treatment of these 2 CV risk factors by treating a
patient’s overall risk of cardiovascular disease
– Lower prescription costs
– Reduce a patient’s pill burden and improve patient
adherence
The efficacy and safety of this combination has been
demonstrated in a clinical practice setting, in several studies.
– Furthermore, patients taking the single pill
amlodpine/atorvastatin are more likely to be adherent with
both therapies.
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Journal of Hypertension. 2013;31:1281–1357.
Treatment of risk factors associated with hypertension
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Thank You
The Ancient Theatre of Larissa, Greece
3rd Century B.C.
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