Recent Advances in Radiation Imaging Detectors · Rehovot ISF06 Workshop A. Breskin The CERN-ALICE...

Rehovot ISF06 Workshop A. Breskin

Recent Advances in Recent Advances in Radiation Imaging DetectorsRadiation Imaging Detectors

A. Breskin

Radiation Detection Physics:R.Chechik, S.Shchemelinin, S.Shilstein, A.Lyashenko, M.Cortesi


MULTI-WIRE PROPORTIONAL CHAMBER (MWPC) 1968:G.CHARPAK, NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1992

cathode

cathode

anode wires

TWO-DIMENSIONAL MWPCCATHODE INDUCED CHARGECharpak and Sauli, 1973

- Radiation-induced electrons are collectedand multiplied by anode wires

- Charges induced on anode wires andcathode strips provide 2-dimentionallocalization

e-e-

ion


LARGE DRIFT CHAMBER

LARGE HIGH-ACCURACY WIRE CHAMBER FOR THE OMEGA DETCTOR ~ 1976

MWPC

70’s


Imaging of particles induced by relativistic heavy ion collisionsSTAR TPC AT RHIC (BNL):WIRE-CHAMBER readout

A single event recorded in the STAR TPC showing hundreds of particles: most of them HADRONS

2000’s


THE ATLAS DETECTOR AT CERNTHE ATLAS DETECTOR AT CERN--LHCLHC

INNER TRACKER: measures the momentum of each charged particle CALORIMETER: measures the energies carried out by the particlesMUON SPECTROMETER: identifies and measures muons

WEIZMANN

2000’s>3000 WIRE CHAMBERS


WHY DO WE NEED BETTER WHY DO WE NEED BETTER DETECTORS?DETECTORS?

• Higher radiation fluxes in new acceleratorsParticles, SR, neutrons, medical…

• Better energy resolutions• Faster detection of dynamic processes• Better localization• New research fields• Rare events (in high background…)


““ModernModern”” gas multipliersgas multipliers

”mechanics“Wire chambers: Micropattern detectors:Electrodes formed on insulating substrates by micro-lithographic technologies

HOLE-MULTIPLIERS

SLOW

FAST

19881968


Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM)

Typical parameters:• 50μm Kapton• metal coated• Ø50-70μm holes• 100-200μm pitch• 80% opacity

F. Sauli NIM A 433 (1997) 531

Electric field in the holes >20kV/cm

Photo ofa GEM

ElectronMicroscope

view of aGEM

1e- in

>103 e-s out

Ε

FAST

1997


Discharges are confined within the tubes

Multiplication within HOLES:•Avalanche confined within asmall volume

•Secondary effects confined high gains

•Cascaded structures “mask”the avalanche•True pixilated structures

1973

Goal:ν−physics


Multi-GEM detectors

SemitransparentRadiation Converter

Particle tracking, TPCs, x-ray, thermal neutrons: gaseous radiation converterX-rays, neutrons, UV and visible photons: solid converters

CsI B, Gd, Li

CsI Bialkali

radiation

The high optical opacity of cascaded GEMs: no photon-feedbackReduced ion back-flow: low ion-feedback

Reduced secondary effects high gains!

ReflectiveRadiation Converterradiation

Gas converter


Multiplication in multi-GEM structuresD. Mörmann et al. Weizmann Institute

High gain single-electron sensitivity

Wire chambers


active area: 30.7 x 30.7 cm2

2-D readout:•Crossed anode strips•Tracking resolution: tens of microns

COMPASS Triple-GEM Chamber

F.Sauli et al. CERN

Applications in particle tracking

Many other experiments

Rehovot ISF06 Workshop A. Breskin1060 1080 1100 1120

0

900

1800

2700 1mm1mm

Cou

nts

Channel

3-GEM: Localization resolutiondelay-line 2D readout

σ= 70 microns

G.Guedes et al. NIM A513(2003)473

Intrinsic resolution (x-rays): ~ 50 micronsFor single photons: ~ 100 microns

X-Y read out

Photonmask

Ar/CO2 ; 1 atm.

Mask row image

5.9 keV x-rays


GEM in astrophysics: vectorial effects

The polarimeter detector developed for GLAST: a) the GEM-based track imaging detector, with high resolution (0.2mm) pixilated anode plane.b) track images of 5.9 keV x-ray events.

Bragg peak

Auger electron

a) b)3 mm

R. Bellazzini et al NIM A560(2006)434 / GLAST


3 GEMs

1mm PEneutron-converter

readout

neutron 2 - 10 MeV

proton

conversion gap

~ 12 mm

FastFast--Neutron multiNeutron multi--GEM Imaging DetectorGEM Imaging Detector

Efficiency per layer: ε = 0,2 %25 dets’ provide 5 % efficiency

gas: 1 barAr/CO270/30 %

Dangendorf et al. NIM A542(2005)197

PTB / Weizmann / Soreq

Imaging with the full n spectrum: 2-10 MeV

10 x 10 cm 2

σ=0.4mm

C


1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

4000

6000

8000

dN/N

TOF / ns

Full Behind 60 mm C

RatioON/OFF

ON

OFF

Processed (median filter) ratio

Resonant fastResonant fast--n Imaging:n Imaging:Element-sensitive radiography

Dangendorf et al. NIM A542(2005)197

graphite

graphite

Energy selectionwith TOFn spectrum: 2-10 MeV

PTB / Weizmann / Soreq


0 5 10 15 20 250.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

CASCADE Prototype at PSI CASCADE Prototype at ILL Calibration point Projected Efficiency

for 20 Boron Layers

Det

ectio

n Ef

ficie

ncy

Neutron Wavelength [Angström]

Detection efficiency:

3 10B layers ~8% @ 1.8 A

8 10B layers ~18% @ 1.8 A

Resolution: 2-4mm @ 1atm.

Time resolution: better 1 µs

Low sensitivity to gamma radiation

Expected rate > 10MHz

1.8Α

Expected:

The CASCADE Thermal-Neutron DetectorMartin Klein et.al. Art and Symmetry in Experimental Physics, ed. D. Budker et al., 2001, American Institute of Physics

20

3

8

Expected ~50% with 20 layers

Idea: multiple cascaded B-coated GEMs


The Super Kamiokande Neutrino ExperimentWorld largest water Cherenkov detector!11,146Φ50 cm Vacuum-PMTsHamamatsu R3600

LARGE-AREA PHOTON DETECTORS

NEXT:UNO: 56,650 PMTsHyper-K: 200,000 PMTs !!!

ν−induced μ ring

~2 Billion $!


Why Gaseous photomultipliers?

• large area• flat geometry• Moderate cost• Operation in high magnetic fields• Operation at very low temperatures • Sensitivity to single photons• Spectral range from UV to visible• Fast (sub-ns range)• High localization accuracy (sub-mm)

Applications:Cherenkov detectors, scintillators, calorimetry, astroparticle physics, medical, plasma, atomic…etc.


SK Φ500mm Vac. PMT

Gas PM: 400 x 600 mm2

Array of Flat Vac. PMs : 50 x 50 mm2

Gas PMs (GPM)can go flatter…

F. Piuz et al. CERN/ALICE

Wire chamber/CsI

Photomultipliers go flat

High cost

Low cost


The CERN-ALICE CsI-RICH detector

• Single arm detector, radial distance of 4.9 m• |η| < 0.9, 5% of barrel acceptance•Proximity focusing (80 mm gap), 15 mm C6F14

radiator, 7 modules each with 6 CsI PC• Total active area ~12 m2

• FEE: Gassiplex 0.7 μ, noise 1000 e-

HMPID 1HMPID 1stst MODULE!MODULE!

~2m2

CsI-RICH:ALICE, HADES, COMPASS, J-LAB….

ALICE-RICH: 12m2

RICH: Ring Imaging Cherenkov UV-detectors for particle identification

1 element: 400 x 600 mm2


ALICE Proto-3 test-beam events (7 GeV/c π) F.Piuz et al. ALICE

Single photon

Track ionization

Cherenkov rings

Secondary effects Single-photon “clusters”

SECONDARY EFFECTS GAIN LIMIT: 5 104


Multi-GEM GPM

Single-photon sensitivity!

Semitransparent Photocathode

A. Buzulutskov et al. NIM A443(2000)164 D. Mörmann et al. NIM A478(2002)230

higher QE!

Reflective Photocathode

50mV 10ns

gain 105

3 GEM, single electron pulses

- Fast response: time resolution : 1.6ns w\single electrons

0.33ns w\150 electrons- single-photon sensitivity- Low sensitivity to ionizing background radiation


HBD: a windowless Cherenkov-Radiator plus 3GEM/CsI GPM operated in CF4

A Hadron-Blind Detector (HBD) for BNL-PHENIX

GOAL: identification of rare low-mass e-pairs out of hundreds of Hadrons / collision

Z. Fraenkel et al. Physics/0502008, NIM A546(2005)466

Search for QGP in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Proven low sensitivity to ionizing particles& low spark frequency in hadronic beam

eA BNL-STAR TPCRHI collision eventAu+Au @ 200AGeV

Tserruya et al. Weizmann

Modules: 25x25 cm2

Total area: ~1m2


A windowless Gas Proportional Scintillation Counter with MHSP readout

Ar/Xe 5% 1 barGain: 5 104

13.5% FWHM @ 6 keV

- X-ray spectroscopy- Imaging- Large area

E.D.C. Freitas et al. 2005 (COIMBRA/WEIZMANN) to be published

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Channel number

Cou

nts/

chan

nel

13.5% RE

5.9 keV 55Fe X-rays

Ar escapeXe escape

High gains up to a few Bar efficiency for energetic x-rays


Gain limits in GPMs for visible light

A.Breskin et al. NIM A553(2005)46

GAIN: ~100 in DC mode (ion feedback limit), IBF~10%

~106 in ion-gating mode; IBF~10-4

A breakthrough!

Ion gating

DC

GATED MULTI-GEM

SEALED BIALKALI/4-GEM GPM

Bialkali: excellent e-emitter

ION FEEDBACK!

NO FEEDBACK!

DC OPERATION: IN PROGRESS

Ion back-flow (IBF) secondary effects!


The Microhole & Strip Plate (MHSP)The Microhole & Strip Plate (MHSP)- Hole and strip multiplication- High gain and ion blocking by adequate potentials!

most ions are trapped by cathode strips & grid

Cathode grid

MHSP

J.M.Maia et al. NIM A504(2003)364A.Breskin et al. NIM A553 (2005)46

TOP

BOTTOM

“new”

NEW:Multi-element “cascaded” multiplier:Ion-blocking factor: >1000!


Thick GEM-like multipliers: THGEM

Manufactured by standard PCB techniques of precise drilling drilling in G-10 (+ other materials) and Cu etching. Cu etching. ECONOMIC & ROBUST!ECONOMIC & ROBUST!

0.1mm rim: prevents discharges high gains!

0.1mm

Cu G-10

Hole diameter d=0.3 - 1 mmDistance between holes a=0.7- 7 mmPlate thickness t=0.4 - 3 mm

THGEMStandard GEM

1mm

101033 gain in single GEM 101055 gain in single-TGEM

F. Sauli

R. Chechik et al. NIM A535(2004)303& R. Chechik et al. NIM A 553(2005)35 2004


• High total gain (106-107)• High stability• Rubust!

0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 240010-3

10-1

101

103

105

107doubledouble

Ar/CO2(30%)

single

Ar/CH4(5%)

single

Effe

ctiv

e G

ain

ΔVGEM [v]

Double vs single TGEM0.4mm thick, 0.3mm hole, 0.7mm pitch

symmetric operation

Atm. pressure

Double-THGEM multiplier: Gain

107

Fast signals in atm. pressure Ar/30%CO2Double TGEM ( t=1.6mm d=1mm, a=1.5mm)Total gain=~ 106 expected good time resolution!

10ns

R. Chechik et al. NIM A553(2005)35

Single photoelectrons

C. Shalem et al. NIM A558(2006)468


A VERY FLAT GASEOUS IMAGING PMT

<10mm

hν

photocathodeTHGEM

readout

100x100mm2 THGEMWith 2D delay-line readout

φ 0.3mm holes


THGEM: Localization resolutionTHGEM: Localization resolution

5 lp/cm:1mm wide slits,2mm center to center

10 lp/cm:0.5mm wide slits,1mm center to center

THGEM:0.4mm thick, 0.5mm Ø holes, 1mm pitchSubSub--mm resolution !mm resolution !

0.5mm wide slits,1mm center to center

1mm wide slits,2mm center to center

Gain =6x10Gain =6x1033

X-Y read out

X-rays

mask

~0.3mm FWHM

M. Cortesi et al. ELBA06, NIM A in press


THGEM: Very low pressure operation

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 500010-2

100

102

104

106

108

.

.doublesingle

doublesingle double

single

0.5 Torr

1 Torr.

10 Torr

low pressure Isobutane2.2mm thickness TGEM

Effe

ctiv

e G

ain

E [V/cm]

0.5-10 Torr isobutane

1 & 2 THGEMS

Gain@1 Torr: GEM ~30 ; THGEM ~104-105

Potential applications: Atomic & Nuclear Physicslow-E charged particles, eV ions…

Shalem et al. NIM A558(2006)468


The THGEM ion detectorThe THGEM ion detectorAn array of holes & Secondary Electron Emission converter

Dielectric

Readout strips,

SEE on high resistivity

readout strips/pads

ion

Secondary electrons

avalanche

0 2 4 6 8 1008

16243240

# S

econ

dary

Ele

ctro

ns

Impact Energy [KeV]

B)Ar ions

Measured SEE from old CVD diamondRequirements:-Very low-p operation (~1 torr or less)-very high field in the hole-very efficient SEE

emitters:Candidate- CVD diamonds- Alkali halides- other NEA emitters

2D positive-ion detector

particle

Positive ion

Detection of Ions high localization resolution

p<1TorrNano track-structure imaging in a gas-model of condensed matter


Study of the photo-dissociation of O to C and He 16O(γ,α)12Cwith polarized photons at HIγS – Duke.

Goal: deriving C/O ratio during helium burning in Red Giant stars, before supernova explosion. important for understanding stellar evolution. (~100 x higher σ compared to O formation by fusion of C and He)

⎯

OPTICAL TPC FOR NUCLEAR ASTROPHYSICSWeizmann/ UCONN/ Duke: L.Weissman et al. JINST 1 P05002, 2006

200 mbar oxygen-richgas mixture: good results with CO2/ 10%N2 visible light!300x300mm proto in course

9 cm

α− track in CO2/N2

Parallel-mesh orTHGEM multipliers

light emission


THE OPTICAL TPC

9 cm

α − track in CO2/N2 (75 Torr)

CO2/TEA

~0.1 photons/e

Secondary effects!

30x30x30 cm3 O-TPC

γ

Weizmann/UCONN/Duke: JINST 1 P05002, 2006With: M.Gai, L.Weissman, R.Chechik et al…


Cryogenic detectors for NOBLE LIQUIDS:Neutrino oscillationsNeutrino astrophysicsWIMPSProton decayPET

Motivation:•Low cross sections large & dense detection volumes liquids•Small energy deposits:

Coherent neutrino scattering 1 keV Dark matter searches 10 keVSolar neutrino detection 100 keVPositron Emission Tomography 511 keV

• Ionization & scintillation in noble liquids signals are small need large-area sensitive detectors!

Cryogenic gaseous detectors


Two-phase cryogenic GEM avalanche detectors developed at Budker Institute

Gain in Two-phase mode:- In Ar: 104, - In Kr: 103

- Xe: 200 (condensation!)

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450101

102

103

104

105

Ne+0.10%H2

57K, 9.2g/l

Xe+2%CH4159K, 0.70atm

Kr, 175K2.5*1019cm-3 Ar, 165K

2.5*1019cm-3

He,123K7.5*1019cm-3

Trip

le-G

EM g

ain

Δ VGEM ( V )

Gain:105 in He and Ne+H2104 in Ar, Kr and Xe+CH4

Buzulutskov et al. IEEE TNS 50(2003)2491Buzulutskov et al. NIM A 548(2005)487.Bondar et al. NIM A 556(2006)237


Replace

Suggested THGEM in the XENON DetectorThe XENON Dark Matter search: E. Aprile et al. Columbia Univ. astro-ph/0207670

1 ton liquid Xe detectorR&D: Weizmann/Yale (with M. Gai & D. McKinsey)

Xe GAS

LIQUID Xe

replace present PMTs by THGEMsIDEA:low radioactivity bgd

- Ionization:Electrons extracted from LIQUID to GAS- Scintillation:Photo-effect on CsI in LIQUID Xe & e- extraction to GAS- Multiplication: in GAS

WIMPS

THGEMs


LXe-gaseous PMT gamma-camera for PET

SUBATECH-Nantes/WEIZMANN

Detection of both: ionization & Scintillation signals

GPM

LXe

Gamma

FastHigh efficiencyHigh resolution

+

hν

GEM/THGEM-CsI


Summary• Multi-GEM “hole-multipliers”: numerous applications:

tracking, TPCs, x-ray and n imaging, single-photon imaging, cryo-detectors

Properties:- high multiplication, even in noble gases single-electron sensitivity- ns time response- 0.1mm 2D localization- large area- high rates >MHz/mm2

• Gas Photomultipliers: - UV: operative - VISIBLE-range: good progress, sealed devices, bialkali/gated - gain 106

Progress in Ion feedback reduction soon DC mode.

• THGEM- The most recent & exciting hole-multiplier- Simple, robust, economic- high gain, sub-mm, fast, high rates, broad pressure-range

Recent Advances in Radiation Imaging Detectors · Rehovot ISF06 Workshop A. Breskin The CERN-ALICE...

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