RECENT ADVANCES IN POLLUTION CONTROL

PG STUDENT:- Dr. AMOL ASKAR PG TEACHER:- Dr. S. V. AKARTE Dr. RIMA SAHAY

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Contents Of Seminar1)Air pollution control

Kyoto protocolMontreal protocolCarbon creditCarbon tax Carbon free city Pollution pay principle Rio summitProgramme / Organisations working for this

2)Soil pollution controlMethodsProgrammes

3)Water pollution controlProgrammesOther projects

4)Noise pollution control

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RECENT ADVANCES IN AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

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KYOTO PROTOCOL

An international treaty, which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits State Parties to reduce greenhouse gases emissions, based on the premise that (a) global warming exists and (b) man-made CO2 emissions have caused it.

Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. There are currently 192 Parties (Canada withdrew effective December 2012 to the Protocol).

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Protocol is based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities:

It puts the obligation on developed countries to reduce current emissions on the basis that they are historically responsible for the current levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

The official meeting of all states party to the Kyoto Protocol is the Conference of the Parties.

It is held every year as part of the United Nations Climate Change conference

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The first Meetings of Parties of the Kyoto Protocol (MOP) was held in 2005 in conjunction with the eleventh Conferences of parties to UNFCCC.

Also parties to the Convention that are not parties to the Protocol can participate in Protocol-related meetings as observers.

The first conference was held in 1995 in Berlin, while the 2014 conference was held in Lima, Peru and will held in Paris, France in 2015.

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Chronology

1992 -- UN Conference on the Environment and Development was held in Rio de Janeiro. It results in the Framework Convention on Climate Change ("FCCC" or "UNFCCC) among other agreements.

1995 -- Parties to the UNFCCC meet in Berlin (the 1st Conference of Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC) to outline specific targets on emissions.

1997 -- In December the parties conclude the Kyoto Protocol in Kyoto, Japan, in which they agree to the broad outlines of emissions targets.

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2002 -- Russia and Canada ratify the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC bringing the treaty into effect on 16 February 2005.

2011 -- Canada became the first signatory to announce its withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol.

2012 -- On 31 December 2012, the first commitment period under the Protocol expired.

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MONTREAL PROTOCOL The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer) is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion. It was agreed on September 16, 1987, and entered into force on January 1, 1989. As a result of the international agreement, the ozone hole in Antarctica is slowly recovering. Climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2050 and 2070.

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Multilateral fundUnited Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), through the UNEP DTIE Ozon Action Programme.United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).World Bank. Aim-to assist developing country parties to the Montreal Protocol whose annual per capita consumption and production of ozone depleting substances (ODS) is less than 0.3 kg to comply with the control measures of the Protocol. Currently, 147 of the 196 Parties of montreal protocol meet this criteria.

The year 2012 marked the 25th anniversary of the signing of the Montreal Protocol.

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Due to its widespread adoption and implementation it has been hailed as an example of exceptional international co-operation, with Kofi Annan quoted as saying that "perhaps the

single most successful international agreement to date has been the Montreal Protocol".

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CARBON TAX

A carbon tax is a tax levied on the carbon content of fuels. It is a form of carbon pricing

Carbon taxes offer a potentially cost-effective means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Many large users of carbon resources in electricity generation, such as the United States, Russia, and China were resisting carbon taxation

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India On July 1, 2010 India introduced a nationwide carbon tax of

50 rupees per metric tonne of coal both produced and imported into India.

In a budget speech on 2014, the finance Minister increased the Price to 100 rupees per metric tonne.

A carbon tax is a step towards helping India meet their voluntary target to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide released per unit of gross domestic product by 25% from 2005 levels by 2020

With the new government in India under PM Narendra Modi, the carbon tax has been further increased from 100Rs per tonne to 200 Rs per tonne in the Budget 2015-16.

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China The Chinese Government Ministry of Finance has

proposed to introduce a carbon tax from 2012 or 2013, based on carbon dioxide output from hydrocarbon fuel sources such as oil and coal

South Africa A tax on emissions has been proposed for South

Africa. Announced by Finance Minister Pravin Gordhan, the tax will be implemented starting September 1, 2015 on new motor vehicles. This tax will apply at the time of sale, and will be related to the amount of CO2 emitted by the vehicle.

Middle East No tax on fossil fuel production has been established in

any of theoil or natural gas producing countries as of 2014.

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What is Carbon Credit under the KYOTO Protocol…

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A credit for reducing 1 ton of CO2 (Green

House Gases) from the atmosphere

India’s Stance in Carbon Credits

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India along with China, lead countries in earning Carbon Credit

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India pocketed Rs 1,500 crores in the year 2005 just by selling carbon

credits to developed- country clients.

India has generated 30 millionCarbon credits & 140 million are in pipeline

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Some of the Leading companies of India using & selling Carbon

Credits…

04/18/23 21GUJARAT FLOUROCARBONS Ltd.

POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE

It is a principle in the international environmental law where the polluter pays for damage done to the natural environment. It is also known as the extended polluter responsibility.

Whoever is responsible for damage to the environment should bear the cost associated with it.

Its purpose seeks to shift the responsibility in dealing with waste from governments to the entities producing it.

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Burden of proof

A straight forward interpretation of the polluter pays principle would suggest that if the consumption or production activities of one group of consumers or producers have harmful effects on others then the perpetrators of the harms should be held liable for the damages.

A simple example is tax on petrol, when consuming petrol we create pollution so the tax means the price will pay more closely reflect the social cost.

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CARBON FREE CITY Cities aspiring to be Carbon-free- Masdar City (UAE)

Dongtan (China) Malacca also has a stated ambition to become a carbon-free city,

with a Low Carbon Cities programme being piloted in Malaysia as of 2014

Masdar city --- World's first zero-carbon city is -- Masdar City Constructed in the Gulf emirate of Abu Dhabi House of 50,000 people. Construction began in February 2008 The desert city is designed to be powered entirely with renewable

energy, including solar power and wind power

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Dongtan -- developers plan on a fully built city, with 80,000 residents by 2020.

Initatives Transport Cars will be banned within the city, instead battery-powered

and auto piloted personal rapid transit systems (PRT) will be used.

Visitors to the city must park their cars outside and use public transit.

both prototypes there will be ideal conditions to encourage walking or cycling

Energy Eco-cities are self-sufficient in energy. meet energy need through solar, wind and biomass sources. About 80% of energy will be solar energy, it will be

generated through photovoltaic panels concentrated solar collectors, and solar thermal tubes.

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RIO SUMMIT 1992

It is United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Rio Summit, Rio Conference, and Earth Summit, a major United Nations Conference held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992.

172 governments participated, with 116 sending their heads of state or government.

Some 2,400 representatives of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) attended.

Issues addressed included:

systematic scrutiny of patterns of production — particularly the production of toxic components, such as lead in gasoline, or poisonous waste including radioactive chemicals

alternative sources of energy to replace the use of fossil fuels which are linked to global climate change

new reliance on public transportation systems in order to reduce vehicle emission

the growing scarcity of water.04/18/23 27

AchievementsThe Earth Summit resulted in the following documents:Rio Declaration on Environment and DevelopmentAgenda 21Forest Principles

Important legally binding agreements (Rio Convention) were opened for signature:Convention on Biological DiversityFramework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

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ORGANISATIONS WORKING INTERNATIONALWORLDWIDE POLLUTION CONTROL ASSOCIATION Mission is to improve air pollution control through better technical communication like seminar, technical journal and website.WPCA has assembled a group of people and companies who are experts at some aspect of pollution control. US ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

Mission- to protect human health and the environment through•Develop and enforce regulations•Give grants•Study environmental issue•Sponser partnership•Publish information•Teach people about environment04/18/23 29

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Supplies daily weather forecasts, severe storm warnings

and climate monitoring.

World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Agency of the United Nations Authoritative voice on the state and behaviour of the Earth's atmosphere, its interaction with the oceans, the climate it produces and the resulting distribution of water resources.

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Greenpeace Earth System Governance Project (ESGP) Global Environment Facility (GEF) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) International Union for Conservation of

Nature (IUCN) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) World Nature Organization (WNO) Centre for Science and Environment (CSE)

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National air quality index

Launched by PM MODI on 6 april during 2 day conference of Environment and Forest ministers

Activities-a) will put out real time data about level of pollutants in air b) will inform people about possible impacts on health.

AQI launched for 10 cities – Delhi, Agra, Kanpur, Lucknow , Varanasi, Faridabad,Ahmedabad, Chennai, Bangalore,

Hyderabad .

NCR States draw up action plan to tackle air pollution

Delhi Haryana, UP, Rajsthan work out 3 month plan to fight air pollution

Strict action against polluting vehicles in delhi

Monitoring of centres which issue PUC certificates

18 Ghaziabad coal based units to be converted to gas

Haryana not to register any non BS IV vehicles in 11 NCR districts

MCD, NDMC to set up bio waste plants.

Helplines in Haryana , UP & Rajsthan to report open burning of leaves, waste

Strict implementation of ban on crop stubble burning33

INDIA CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD National air quality monitoring programme started by CPCB in 1990. In this programme ,342 stations monitors 127 cities/ towns in 26 states & 4 union territory . Objective- To determine status & trends of ambient air quality

To ascertain whether the prescribed ambient air quality standards are violated; To Identify Non-attainment Cities; To obtain the knowledge and understanding necessary for developing preventive and corrective

Four air pollutants- 1] Sulphur dioxide , 2] Nitrogen dioxide 3] SPM , 4] RSPM (pm10)

Monitoring parameters- 1] wind speed , 2] wind direction , 3] humidity, 4] temperature 34

Monitoring frequency- for 24 hrs , twice weekly (2 × 52 weeks) 104 observations in year.

Support -- WHO,CPCB,SPCB,PCC, NEERI CPCB gives financial and technical support. Data- generated with probability of variants &

personnel biases, so data not absolute but indicative of pollution.

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Monitoring stations under NAMP(National Air Quality Monitoring Programme) in Maharashtra

Sr. No. Name of CityNo. of

stationsOperated by

1. Mumbai 3 NEERI

2. Thane 3 Thane Municipal Corporation

3. Pune 4 University of Pune

4 Nagpur 4 Vishveshrayya National Institute of Technology

3 NEERI

5. Chandrapur 6 Rajiv Gandhi College of Engineering, Chandrapur

6. Aurangabad 3 Saraswati Bhuvan College, Aurangabad

7. Dombivali -Ambarnath 2 MPCB

8. Nashik 3 K T H M College, Nashik.

9. Solapur 2 Walchand Institute of Technology.

10. Kolhapur 3 Shivaji University, Kolhapur

11. Tarapur MIDC 3 MPCB

12. Lote MIDC 2 MPCB

13. Taloja MIDC 3 K.B.P.College, Vashi

14. Navi Mumbai (TTC) 3 K.B.P.College, Vashi

15. Amaravati 3 Govt. Eng. College, Amaravati

Total 45 04/18/23 37

Monitoring stations under SAMP(State Air Quality Monitoring Programme) in Maharashtra

Sr. No. Name of City No. of stations Operated by Remarks

1. Ulhasnagar 3 CHM College, Ulhas Nagar

2. Jalna 2 MPCB

3. Pune 1 University of Pune

4. Nashik 1 MPCB

5. Nagpur 1 MPCB

6. Aurangabad 1 MPCB

Total 9 04/18/23 38

Sr. No. Name of City Proposed NAMP Proposed SAMP Total

1. Mumbai 3 4 7

2. Pune 1 -- 1

3.Kalyan-Dombivali -- 2 2

5.Bhiwandi -- 2 2

6. Roha -- 2 2

7. Chandrapur -- 3 3

8. Akola 1 2 3

9. Mahad 3 -- 3

10. Jalgaon -- 3 3

11. Ahmed- nagar 3 2 5

12. Sangli -- 3 3

13. Nanded -- 3 3

14. Latur -- 3 3

15. Dhule -- 3 3

Total 11 32 4304/18/23 40

Recent Advances in Soil Pollution Control

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Land-farming

Is a bioremediation treatment process that is performed in the upper soil zone or in biotreatment cells.

Contaminated soils, sediments, or sludges are incorporated into the soil surface and periodically turned over (tilled) to aerate the mixture.

This technique has been used for years in the management and disposal of oily sludge and other petroleum refinery wastes

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Bio-remediation

Is a waste management technique that involves the use of organisms to remove or neutralize pollutants from a contaminated site. According to the EPA,

bioremediation is a “treatment that uses naturally occurring organisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic or non toxic substances”. Technologies can be generally classified as in situ or ex situ. Some examples of bioremediation related technologies are Phytoremediation, Bioventing Bioleaching Landfarming, Bioreactor Composting, Bioaugmentation Rhizofiltration and Biostimulation.

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PHYTO-REMEDITION Consists of mitigating pollutant concentrations in contaminated soils, water, or air, with plants able to contain, degrade or eliminate metals, pesticides, solvents, explosives, crude oil and its derivatives, and various other contaminants from the media that contain them.

Phytoremediation may be applied wherever the soil or static water environment has become polluted or is suffering ongoing chronic pollution.

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e.g 1) The restoration of abandoned metal mine workings, 2) Reducing the impact of contaminants in soils, water, or air. 3) Contaminants such as metals, pesticides,

solvents, explosives, and crude oil and its derivatives, have been mitigated in phytoremediation projects worldwide.

Many plants such as mustard plants, alpine pennycress, hemp, and pigweed have proven to be successful at hyper accumulating contaminants at toxic waste sites

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BIO-AUGMENTATION

Bacterial cultures are added to speed up the rate of degradation of a contaminant. Where soil and groundwater are contaminated with chlorinated ethenes, tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene) bioaugmentation is used to ensure that the in situ microorganisms can completely degrade these contaminants to ethylene and chloride, which are non-toxic Bio-augmentation is commonly used in municipal wastewater treatment to restart activated sludge bioreactors.

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Most cultures available contain a research based consortium of Microbial cultures, containing all necessary microorganisms B.licheniformis, B. thurengensis,

P. polymyxa, B.sterothemophilus, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp.,

Flavobacterium Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, Saccaromyces,

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BIO-STIMULATION Involves the modification of the environment to stimulate existing bacteria capable of bioremediation. This can be done by addition of various forms of rate limiting nutrients and electron acceptors, such as phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon (e.g. in the form of molasses). Additives are usually added to the subsurface through injection wells, although injection well technology for biostimulation purposes is still emerging. Biostimulation can be enhanced by bioaugmentation

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MYCO-REMEDIATION• The process of using fungi to degrade or sequester contaminants in the environment. • Primary roles of fungi in the ecosystem is decomposition, which is performed by the mycelium• Some fungi are hyper accumulators, capable of absorbing and concentrating heavy metals in the mushroom fruit bodies.•In 2007 this method was used in San Francisco. Oil had contaminated the shoreline after a cargo ship spilled 58,000 gallons of heavy fuel oil. An experiment was designed that collected and layered with oyster mushrooms and straw: the mushrooms broke down the oil and after several weeks the resulting soil was clean enough to be used for roadside landscaping

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• In experiment conducted in conjunction with Dr. S. A. Thomas, (a major contributor in the bioremediation industry), a plot of soil contaminated with diesel was inoculated with mycelia of oyster mushrooms;

• After four weeks, more than 95% of many of the PAH

(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) had been reduced to non-toxic components in mycelial-inoculated plants

Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus)

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In 2002, the International Union of Soil Sciences proposed December 5 to be "World Soil Day" to celebrate the importance of soil in our lives.

Under the framework of the GSP, the sixty-eighth session of the United Nations General Assembly in December 2013 designated December 5th as the World Soil Day and declared 2015 as the “International Year of Soils” with the aim to raise awareness on the importance of soils for ecosystem functions and food security

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Monitoring of soil

Done by Central Soil Material Research Station [CSMRS] ,Delhi GOI -- in 2014-15 introduced scheme of Soil Health Card For every farmer and also mobile soil testing laboratories.Soil Health Card Scheme– Concerning the deteriorating the soil health which leads to sub-optimal utilization of farming resources. The government will initiate to provide every farmer a soil health card in a mission mode. A sum of Rs. 100 crore is allotted. An additional Rs. 56 crores have been allocated to set up 100 mobile soil testing laboratories across the country.

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Recent Advances in Water Pollution Control

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Water quality monitoring programme National water quality programme CPCB + SPCBs/PCCs established a nationwide network of water quality monitoring comprising 2500 stations in 28 States and 6 Union Territories.

Done on monthly or quarterly basis in surface waters and on half yearly basis in case of ground water.

Network covers 445 Rivers,154 Lakes, 12 Tanks, 78 Ponds, 41 Creeks, 25 canals, 45 Drains, 10 water treatment plants and 807 Wells.

Among the 2500 stations, 1275 are on rivers, 190 on lakes, 45 on drains, 41 on canals, 12 on tank, 41 on creeks/seawater, 79 on pond and 807 are groundwater stations

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State water quality programme

MPCB is executing GEMS/MINARS projects under National Water Quality Monitoring Program (NWMP) funded by CPCB.

At present MPCB monitors 48 Surface water and 25 Ground Water locations. Total 73 Stations.

Network covers 45 Rivers, 3 Creeks and 25 ground water locations. Monitoring at these stations is done as per the Uniform Protocol for water quality monitoring prescribed by MoEF and CPCB.

GEMS (Global Environmental Monitoring System) project- 5 Rivers

Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources System (MINARS) project- 40 Rivers, 3 Creeks 25 ground water stations

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Presently the inland water quality-monitoring network is operated under a three-tier programme i.e. Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS), Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources System (MINARS) and Yamuna Action Plan (YAP).

Water samples are being analysed for 28 parameters consisting of 9 core parameters, 19 other physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters apart from the field observations. Besides this, 9 trace metals and 15 pesticides are also analysed in selected samples.

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Organisation working with projects:Ganga Rejuvenate programme by Ministry of Water Resources ,

River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation.

Swachcha Bharat abhiyan (Clean India Movement ) by Ministry Of Urban Development.

Total sanitation campaign in Maharashtra

Sant Gadgebaba Swachata Abhiyan by state of ministry of rural water supply in Maharashtra

National environmental engineering & research institute (NEERI), Nagpur

The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI),Mumbai.

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National River Ganga Basin Authority (NRGBA) NRGBA was established by the Central Government of India, on 20 February 2009 under Section 3 (3) of the Environment Protection Act, 1986. Declared Ganges as the "National River" of India. Chairs are -- Prime Minister of India and Chief Ministers of states through which the Ganges flows. IN 2011, the World Bank "approved $1 billion in funding for the National Ganga River Basin Authority. Centre has confidence that by 2020 the polluted River Ganga will be cleaned and Rs 15,000 crore will spent . Objective -- To ensure effective abatement of pollution and conservation of the river Ganga by adopting a holistic approach with the river basin as the unit of planning.

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IMAGES OF DEPT

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Clean INDIA Mission

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan ( स्वच्छ भा�रत अभिभाया�न) is a national campaign by the Government of India, covering 4041 statutory towns, to clean the streets, roads and infrastructure of the country.

This campaign was officially launched on 2 October 2014 at Rajghat, New Delhi, where Prime Minister Narendra Modi himself cleaned the road.

It is India's biggest ever cleanliness drive and 3 million government employees and school and college students of India participated in this event

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Objective This campaign aims to accomplish the vision of a 'Clean India' by 2 October 2019, the 150th birthday of Mahatma Gandhi Specific Objectives are: Elimination of open defecation Conversion of insanitary toilets to pour flush toilets Eradication of manual scavenging 100% collection and scientific processing / disposal / reuse /

recycling of municipal solid waste A behavioural change in people regarding healthy sanitation

practices Generation of awareness among citizens about sanitation and its linkages with public health Supporting urban local bodies in designing, executing and

operating waste disposal systems Facilitating private-sector participation in capital expenditure and

operation and maintenance costs for sanitary facilities04/18/23 63

Rajiv Gandhi Environment Award for Clean Technology

Award given to industrial units that make a significant contribution towards the development of new, or the innovative modification of existing, technologies or adoption and use of clean technologies and practices that substantially reduce or prevent environmental pollution.

The award consist of a cash prize of Rupees Two lakh, trophy and citation.

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There is a scheme of National Awards for the Prevention of Pollution in which 23 awards are given each year, one in each of the identified eighteen categories of highly polluting industries Sugar, Fertilizer, Cement, Fermentation and distilleries, Aluminium, Petro-chemicals, Thermal power, Caustic soda, Oil refinery,

Sulphuric acid, Copper smelting, Zinc smelting, Iron and steel, Tanneries, pulp and paper, Dye and dye intermediates, pesticides, Pharmaceuticals 5 awards in the small-scale category. Tanneries, Pulp and Paper

Dye and Dye Intermediates Pesticides Pharmaceuticals

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RECENT ADVANCES IN NOISE POLLUTION CONTROL

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Roadways noise

Roadway noise can be reduced by the Use of noise barriers, Limitation of vehicle speeds,

Alteration of roadway surface texture, Limitation of heavy vehicles, and Tire design

Noise barrier (a/k/a sound wall, sound berm, sound barrier, or acoustical barrier) Is an exterior structure designed to protect inhabitants of sensitive land use areas from noise pollution. Noise barriers are the most effective method of mitigating roadway, railway, and industrial noise sources

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Benefits - Lessened sleep disturbance, Improved ability to enjoy outdoor life, Reduced speech interference, Stress reduction, Reduced risk of hearing impairment, and a Reduction in the elevated blood pressure created by noise (that improves cardiovascular health ).

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Sound tube in Melbourne, Australia,

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Noise abatement wall, Netherlands

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Aircraft noise abatement • By using quieter jet engines. • Altering flight paths and time of day runway has

benefitted residents near airports.• Residential sound proofing. Residential sound proofing• Insulation of home near airports• Done at San Francisco International Airport,

Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, John Wayne International Airport and

San Jose International Airport in California.

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Use of quiter engines Modern high-bypass turbofan engines, are quieter than

the turbojets and low-bypass turbofans

Noise-reducing chevrons on a Rolls-Royce Trent 1000 turbofan engine

Night flying restrictions At Heathrow, Gatwick and Stansted airports in London, UK

and Frankfurt Airport in Germany, apply to reduce noise exposure at night.04/18/23 72

Buy Quiet?Buy Quiet is a prevention initiative which:Encourages companies to purchase or rent quieter machinery and tools to reduce worker noise exposure.Provides information on equipment noise levels, so companies can buy quieter products that make the workplace safer.Encourages manufacturers to design quieter equipment by creating a demand for quieter products.

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Benefits of Buy Quiet

Reducing the risk of hearing loss.

Reducing the long-term costs of audiometric testing, personal protective equipment, and workers compensation. Conservative estimates provide $100 per dBA of savings when purchasing the quieter product

Helping companies comply with OSHA and other noise regulation requirements.

Reducing the impact of noise on the community

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Buy Quiet Partners and Promoters

New York City Department of Environmental Protection – In 2007 released a products and vendor guidance sheet to help contractors comply with the New York City Noise Regulations.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) – In 2009 implemented a Buy Quiet program

International Institute for Noise Control Engineering – In 2011 held the symposium ‘Inducing Buy Quiet Purchasing Attitudes Through Simplified Product Noise Ratings’.

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Other organisations

CPWR –The centre for construction research and training

American tinnitus associationHoneywell international initiative, Toolbox training:

constructionGreat plains centre for agricultural healthThe laborers health and safety fund of north america

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References1) Kyoto Protocol. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol (cited 12 April 2015).2) Montreal protocol. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Protocol (cited 14 April 2015)3) Carbon tax. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_tax#Footnotes (cited 11 April 2015)4)Carbon credit. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_credit (cited 14 April 2015).5)Polluter pays principle. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle (cited 12 April 2015).6)Zero carbon city. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-carbon_city (cited 13 April 2015).7)UN Conference On Environment And Development. http://www.un.org/geninfo/bp/enviro.html (cited 10 April 2015).8)Earth Summit. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Summit (cited 10 April 2015).9)http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?documentid=78&articleid=116310)List of environmental organisations. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_organizations (cited 15 April 2015).

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11) NATIONAL AIR QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME. http://cpcb.nic.in/air.php (cited 14 April 2015).12)AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK. http://mpcb.gov.in/air%20quality/air_quality.php (cited 14 April 2015).13)NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS IN MAHARASHTRA (NAMP). http://mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/NAMPstations2012.pdf (cited 14 April 2015)14)STATE AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS IN MAHARASHTRA (SAMP). http://mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/SAMPSTATIONS2012.pdf (cited 14 April 2015).15)Air Quality - Strengthening of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring. http://mpcb.gov.in/envtdata/airstrengthing.php (cited 15 April 2015).16)Worldwide Pollution Control Association. http://www.wpca.info/ (cited 16 April 2015)17)Indian Pollution Control Association. http://www.ipcaworld.co.in/ (cited 16 April 2015)18)NWMP Station Details (GEMS/MINARS) (Surface Water). http://mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/NWMP.pdf (cited 15 April 2015)19)Surface water locations under SWMP . http://mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/SWMP.pdf (cited 15 April 2015).20)Water Quality-Maps of Environmental Monitoring Network of Maharashtra. http://mpcb.gov.in/envtdata/mapsofwq.php (cited 15 April 2015)

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21) Water Quality Criteria. http://cpcb.nic.in/Water_Quality_Criteria.php (cited 16 April 2015).

22) Ministry of Environment and Forest Government of India. http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/ngrba/index.html (cited 13 April 2015)

23) National Ganga River Basin Authority. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ganga_River_Basin_Authority (cited 13 April 2015).

24) “NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN AUTHORITY’ (NGRBA): OBJECTIVES, APPROACH AND FUNCTIONS". http://cpcb.nic.in/ngrba/about.html (cited 13 April 2015)

25) Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swachh_Bharat_Abhiyan (cited 14 April 2015).

26) Bioremediation. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation (cited 16 April 2015)27) Bioaugmentation. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioaugmentation (cited 16 April 2015).28) LandFarming. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfarming (cited 13 April 2015).

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29)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioaugmentation30)http://www.asm.org/index.php/scientists-in-k-12-outreach/classroom-

activities/23-education/k-12-teachers/8212-the-role-of-microorganisms-in-the-ecosystem

31)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biostimulation32)“Phytoremediation Website” — Includes reviews, conference announcements,

lists of companies doing phytoremediation, and bibliographies.33)“An Overview of Phytoremediation of Lead and Mercury” June 6 2000. The

Hazardous Waste Clean-Up Information Web Site.34)“Enhanced phytoextraction of arsenic from contaminated soil using sunflower”

September 22 2004. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency35)“Phytoextraction”, February 2000. Brookhaven National Laboratory 2000.36)“Phytoextraction of Metals from Contaminated Soil” April 18, 2001. M.M. Lasat37)July 2002. Donald Bren School of Environment Science & Management.38)“Phytoremediation” October 1997. Department of Civil Environmental

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