RECENT ADVANCES IN DENTAL CERAMICS RECENT ADVANCES IN DENTAL CERAMICS.
RECENT ADVANCES IN ELECTRONICS
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Transcript of RECENT ADVANCES IN ELECTRONICS
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Dr. Y. NARASIMHA MURTHY Ph.DSri Sai Baba National College
(Autonomous)
ANANTAPUR- 515001-A.Pyayavaram @ yahoo.com
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Recent advances in ElectronicsEngineering & Technology has
revolutionized almost every aspect of
human life. Communications, householdappliances, medical are few names from
the vast list of areas.
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Contd..
Rapid advancement in the field ofElectronics Engineering promises a
new future to the mankind byredefining all aspects of human life.
Let us try to see these developments
in a systematic order.
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First generation Electronics-Vacuum Tubes
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Contd..
In 1875, American, G.R. Carey inventedthe phototube.
In 1878, Englishman Sir William
Crookes invented the 'Crookes tube', anearly prototype of cathode-ray tube.
In 1895, German, Wilhelm Roentgen
invented an early prototype X-ray tube.
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Contd..
In 1897, German, Karl Ferdinand Brauninvented the cathode ray tubeoscilloscope.
In 1904, John Ambrose Fleminginvented the first practical electrontube called the 'Fleming Valve'. Leming
invents the vacuum tube diode.
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Contd..
In 1906, Lee de Forest invented theaudion later called the triode, animprovement on the 'Fleming Valve'
tube.In 1913, William D. Coolidge invented
the 'Coolidge Tube', the first practical
X-ray tube. In 1920, RCA began the first
commercial electron tube
manufacturing.
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Triode , Tetrode
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Limitations !!
Large size
Power dissipation
Time of operation Poor responce
Cost
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Second Generation -Solid state
electronics
Started in 1930s with the first solid-state device the "cat's whisker"
detector, first used in radio receivers. Awhisker-like wire is placed lightly incontact with a solid crystal (such as a
germanium crystal) in order to detect aradio signal by the contact junctioneffect.
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Revolution in Solid state electronics
Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley inventedin 1947 the first bipolar point-contact
transistor
As an acknowledgement of this
accomplishment, Shockley, Bardeen, and
Brattain were jointly awarded the 1956
Nobel Prize in Physics "for their
researches on semiconductors and their
discovery of the transistor effect.
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John Bardeen, William Shockley and Walter Brattain at
Bell Labs, 1948.
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Contd.
The first silicon transistor wasproduced by Texas Instruments in 1954.
The first MOS transistor actually builtwas by Kahng and Atalla at Bell Labs in1960
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Advantages
Small size and minimal weight, allowingthe development of miniaturized
electronic devices.
Highly automated manufacturingprocesses, resulting in low per-unit cost.
Lower possible operating voltages,
making transistors suitable for small,
battery-powered applications.
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Contd..No warm-up required for cathode heaters
after power applicationLower power dissipation and generally
greater energy efficiency.
Higher reliability and greater physicalruggedness.
Extremely long life. Sometransistorized devices have been inservice for more than 50 years.
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Contd..
Complementary devices available,facilitating the design of complementary-symmetry circuits, which is not possible
with vacuum tubes.
Insensitivity to mechanical shock and
vibration, thus avoiding the problem ofmicro phonics in audio applications
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Limitations
Silicon transistors typically do not operateat voltages higher than about 1000 volts
(SiC devices can be operated as high as
3000 volts). In contrast, vacuum tubeshave been developed that can be operated
at tens of thousands of volts.
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IC TECHNOLOGY
The integration of large numbers of tiny
transistors into a small chip was an
enormous improvement over the manualassembly of circuits using discrete
electronic components.
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Contd..
Early developments of the integrated circuit go
back to 1949, when the German engineer
Werner Jacobi (Siemens AG) filed a patent for
an integrated-circuit-like semiconductor
amplifying device showing five transistors on acommon substrate in a 2-stage amplifier
arrangement. Jacobi disclosed small and cheap
hearing aids as typical industrial applications ofhis patent. A commercial use of his patent has
not been reported.
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First Commercial IC
Jack Clair Kilby an Americanelectrical engineer took part
(along with Robert Noyce)
in the realization of the first
integrated circuit while
working at Texas Instruments
in 1958. He was awarded the
Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000.
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Jack Kilby's original integrated circuit
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VLSI
SSI : "small-scale integration , digitalcircuits containing transistors numbering inthe tens
MSI : Contained hundreds of transistors ona single chip, called "medium-scaleintegration" (MSI)-1960s.
LSI :Large-scale integration with tens ofthousands of transistors per chip-mid 1970s
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contd..
The final step in the development process,starting in the 1980s and continuing
through the present, was "very large-scale
integration" (VLSI). The developmentstarted with hundreds of thousands of
transistors in the early 1980s, and
continues beyond several billiontransistors as of 2009.
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ADVANTAGES
Size : Sub-micron sizeSpeed and Power: Smaller size of IC
components yields higher speed and lower
power consumption due to smaller parasitic
resistances, capacitances an.d inductances.
Design is versatile , Simply change the maskto change the design .
But designing the lay-out is a timeconsuming process
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MICROPROCESSOR
The first known advertisement for the 4004 isdated November 15, 1971 and appeared in
Electronic News.
The Intels 4004 is generally regarded as thefirst commercially available microprocessor.
Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin and Busicom
engineer Masatoshi Shima are the people whotook part in the design of first 4-bit
microprocessor INTEL 4004.
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The 4004 with cover removed (left) and as
actually used (right)
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Microprocessor chronology
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Contd
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Contd
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Microcontroller
TI engineers Gary Boone and MichaelCochran succeeded in creating the first
microcontroller (also called a
microcomputer) in 1971.
The result of their work was the TMS
1000, a 4-bit microcontroller and released
commercially into market in 1974
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ASIC Technology
An application-specific integrated circuit, orASIC , is an integrated circuit (IC) customized
for a particular use, rather than intended for
general-purpose use. For example, a chipdesigned to run in a digital voice recorder is an
ASIC. Application-specific standard products
(ASSPs) are intermediate between ASICs and
industry standard integrated circuits like the
7400 or the 4000 series.
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A tray of Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)
chips
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SOC- System on -chipModern ASICs often include entire
microprocessors, memory blocks
including ROM, RAM, EEPROM, Flashand other large building blocks. Such an
ASIC is often termed a SoC (system-on-
chip)
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The implications of these developments
The rapid advancements in electronics influenced :
Consumer Electronics
Communications & Wireless
communication
Medical electronics
Transport Electronics(Automobile)Optoelectronic systems
Remote sensing & Power Electronics
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Consumer ElectronicsHigh-definition TV sets
have become a part
of almost every household .
Resolution is now up
to 4096 x 2160 (4K) pixels,
equivalent to more than
8 megapixels, and visitors
will be amazed by the pin-sharp images. With four timesthe resolution of full HD now available this technology
is ideal for beamers and large screens.
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HDTV Pictures
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OLED displays
OLED displays are very thin, making themideal for devices with very slim designs.
To date they have found their way onto
mobile phones, smart phones and tabletPCs.
Small OLED TVs have been on the market
for some time and this year the first large(55-inch) OLED are ready for sale.
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Smart TVs
Conventional broadcasts are not the onlything that smart TVs can receive. They canalso access internet content and services.
Owners can start apps on-screen, playgames with partners in the cloud, take outfilms from media theques, or keep in touchwith friends through e-mails, Skype, Twitteror Face book.
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Contd
By 2011 some 6 million internet TVs hadalready been sold. According to market
researchers, in 2012 every second set sold
in Germany will be a smart TV.In addition to apps some smart TVs
also feature browsers that can surf the
internet, similar to a PC.
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Ultra Books
Last year tablets were the big hit and in 2012ultra books are setting a new trend. They areextremely thin, feature extended batterylife, boot up in seconds and sport handsomelooks. Some models even let the user decidewhether to operate this mobile device as anotebook or tablet. Weighing only 1 to 2
kilograms, ultra books fully match theperformance of a conventional notebook.
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Samsung Series 9 Ultra book
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Contd
Photos, music and videos are no longer stored
on shelves, in albums and shoe boxes. All that
is a thing of the past. Nowadays they are
archived digitally on PCs, notebooks and
network hard drives and via a home networkcan be retrieved by virtually any digital device,
be it a smart phone, networked TV set or a
tablet. Standards such as UPnP and DLNAmake accessing media in a home network easy
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Contd..
Communication between CE components and
household appliances opens up wealth of
possibilities for future applications. Washing
machines can be monitored via a smart phone
or tablet while their owners are on the move.The lighting or blinds in the house can be
activated even when on holiday. When
shopping, users can be alerted to low foodstocks in the fridge.
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Communications Wireless
GPS, Bluetooth ,CDMA ,2G,3G ,WiFi ,
Zigbee etc.. are the recent trends in
communication technology.
The mobile phone technology has
revolutionized the entire communication
domain
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Contd..
The Cell Phone Has Become the BiggestPlatform Created.
Nearly 3 ~ 4.6 B Total Wireless
subscribers and nearly 950 M 3GSubscribers are now enjoying . It is
expected to be ~2.7B by 2014
S G l I f
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Samsung Galaxy- Icon for
Innovative technology ?
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Contd
The recent technology thatrevolutionized the home security
is the Zig Bee. i.e Zig Bee enableddigital home.
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A ZigBee-enabled digital home
As soon as you use your digital key tounlock the door, your house adjusts thelighting, heat, and window blinds to yourliking and puts on your favorite CD in thekitchen. While you were at work, thehouse fed the cat, turned off the spaceheater your kids accidentally left on in the
basement, and recorded motion-triggeredvideo from security cameras around theproperty.
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Contd
Your refrigerator detect an almost emptymilk carton and add a gallon of two
percent to the shopping list that it will e-
mail to you automatically. Your house wasready to detect water or gas leaks,
freezing pipes, and fire and could have
called you or the fire department or aplumber.
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Safety trends in automotive electronics
Safety awareness for vehicles has been
increasing strongly since the 1980s. It
started with simple seat-belt systemscontinued with airbags, and has now led
to the first really intelligent safety
systems.
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Contd --
With todays advances in sensor andprocessor technology, the possibilities are
growing rapidly. Governments are also
viewing these as ways to decrease trafficcasualties, and legislation is starting to
demand that car manufacturers make use
of the technology.
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Night vision camera
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Most car headlights can light the road up to
around 60 meters away. Lamps like High-Intensity Discharge (HID) types havegradually increased the range, but it is still
limited. Infrared imaging systems will allow drivers
to gain information about traffic up to
around 150 meters away - more than twicethe distance of ordinary low beamheadlights.
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Blind spot detection
Most blind spot detection systems use
radar sensors located behind the rearbumper that can monitor both sides of avehicle. The driver is alerted to any
potential hazard when another vehicleenters the blind spot. Very often, this isdone by a visible icon displayed in the
side view mirror, although some vendorsare now also using cameras for blind spotdetection.
Contd
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Contd..
Radar has the advantage of operating inall weather conditions, and accurately
measures the distance to moving objects.
Cameras can identify moving andstationary objects, though, and can
therefore improve the accuracy of radar
obstacle detection systems.
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Blind spot detection
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Driver alertness
Drivers not being alert, whether fromfatigue or distraction, is one of the main
causes of vehicle crashes. For some high-
end cars, buses and trucks offer an optionthat monitors the drivers face using a
camera located in the vehicle instrument
panel.
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Contd..
The camera monitors a drivers head andeye position , and the frequency at which
the driver blinks his or her eyes. When
needed, it sounds an alert to keep thedriver awake, and can apply additional
braking force when other sensors predict
an imminent collision.
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Driver alertness systems
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Lane departure warning
In US alone, around 4,500 deaths occureach year from head-on collisions or
sideswipes when vehicles cross the
enterline and collide with oncomingtraffic. Lane departure warning systems
can indicate when its possible to cross
the centerline using a green symbol on thedashboard display.
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They can provide an auditory alert if a
driver crosses a lane marking without first
having indicated. Most recent systems use
CMOS cameras to "follow" the
centerlines. Besides lane departure
warning systems, these cameras will in
the near future also be used for traffic signrecognition.
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Lane departure warning system
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Medical ElectronicsRecent developments in electronics has
also revolutionized the medical
domain especially patient monitoringand diagnosis. Tele medicine ,remotepatient monitoring technology is
slowly gaining momentum
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contd
The huge advances in medical devices,
especially the new mobile and connected
devices, are being driven by the latest
developments in semiconductors. These
include large scale integration and reduced
power consumption, but also semiconductor
devices specifically targeted at medicalapplications.
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Texas Instruments thermometer
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Wrist-Worn Pulse Oximeter
El h l h EEG
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Electroencephalograph-EEG
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vision of personal medical devices.
Insulin pump with wireless control
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Insulin pump with wireless control.
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Radiotherapy and Radiosurgery
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Wireless technology in patient
monitoring
Contd
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Contd..
The electronics has given everything tomake lives happy, but its up to the
humans to use the technology for the
betterment of their lives.
Otherwise.
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Imagine !!!!