Recall: some important homologies distinguishing the ... · Recall: some important homologies...
Transcript of Recall: some important homologies distinguishing the ... · Recall: some important homologies...
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Primate traitshttps://youtu.be/BpnlS_ach-0
Recall: some important homologies distinguishing the primate order:
*flexible limbs and prehensile hands/feet
*general dental formula and omnivorous diet
*color vision, diurnal, depend on vision more
*delayed maturation/development, more dependence on flexible social behavior and learning
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Question: Since...are all adaptations (traits that evolved in response to the environment), what environmental context best explains why primates acquired all these adaptations?
-what environment makes color vision a beneficial adaptation?
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Three hypotheses explaining primate adaptations
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Visual-predation hypothesis: many primate traits are adaptations to hunting insects in the lower tiers of the rainforests mya.
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Three hypotheses explaining primate adaptations
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Flowering plant hypothesis: primate traits developed the same time flowering plants (angiosperms) diversified globally.
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Three hypotheses explaining primate adaptations
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Arboreal hypothesis: many primate traits are adaptations to living in trees
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Three hypotheses explaining primate adaptations
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Prosimians: Lemurs and lorises-Madagascar
Ancestral traits-reliance on olfaction
-rhinarium: moist, fleshy pad on noses-shorter gestation/maturation period-dental comb: used to groom and feed
Derived traits-smaller lemurs: nocturnal insectivores-large lemurs: diurnal
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Survey of living primates
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Southeast Asia islands
Ancestral-nocturnal-insectivores
Derived-enormous immobile eyes-head can rotate 180 degrees
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Tarsiers
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Anthropoids traits
-larger body and brain
-increased reliance on vision
-longer gestation and maturation periods
-increased parental care
-more mutual grooming
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Anthropoids: monkeys apes, humans
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Monkeys: 85% of all primate species
Two groups divided geographically: New World monkeys and Old World monkeys
New World Monkeys
Central and South America
Derived-mostly diurnal-exclusively arboreal
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Anthropoids: monkeys apes, humans
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Tamarins and marmosets
Ancestral traits-smallest monkeys-claws
-twin births
-males more involved in infant care
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Anthropoids: monkeys apes, humans
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Old World Monkeys-tropical forests to semiarid deserts…
Cercopithecidae family
Cecropithecinae subfamily
Ancestral trasts-sexual dimorphism,
e.g., females during estrus have swelling and redness
-quadrupedal
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Anthropoids: monkeys apes, humans
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Old World Monkeys-mostly in Africa (except macaques)
Cercopithecines: baboons and macaques
-omnivorous-Ischial Callosities: tough leathery pad on hindquarters
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Anthropoids: monkeys apes, humans
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Old World MonkeysAfrica and AsiaColobines: colobus monkeys and Asian langurs
-narrower diet of eat mainly leaves
-Segmented stomachs - digest leaves more efficiently
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Anthropoids: monkeys apes, humans
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Characteristics distinguishing hominoids from monkeys
-larger brains and bodies
-shortened trunk
-no tail
-longer infant development periods
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Hominoids - apes and humans
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Gibbons-fastest brachiatorshttps://youtu.be/U3JhwjNfx_g-curved fingers, muscled shoulders
OrangutansBorneo and SumatraCharacteristics-almost completely arboreal-sexual dimorphism
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Hominoids - apes and humans
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GorillasAfrica: eastern lowland, western lowland, and mountain gorillas
Characteristics-largest primates-primarily terrestrial-'knuckle-walkers'
sexual dimorphism: 400 lbs males vs 200 lbs females
Social organization: natal group-vegetarian
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Hominoids - apes and humans
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ChimpanzeesEquatorial Africa
Characteristics-anatomically similar to gorillas-knuckle-walking on ground, brachiation in trees
Diet: variety of plants and animal foods
Social: large fluid communities; form lifelong attachments
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Hominoids - chimpanzees
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BonobosAreas south of Zaire River
Characteristics-similar to chimpanzees only less sexual dimorphism
-includes frequent copulations throughout female estrous cycle
-stable male-female bonding
-more frequent sexual activity and sexual activity between members of the same sex
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Hominoids - bonobos
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Scientific name for our species:
Homo sapiens
-italicize-Genus is capitalized -species lowercase
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Hominoids - humans
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Found everywhere in all climates
-generalized features like the other apes-omnivorous
Characteristics-only living bipeds
-entirely dependent on culture
-brainsize increased enormously
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Hominoids - humans
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Behaviors: anything organisms do in response to external/internal stimuli
Affected by: -genetics
-environment
-Instinctual behaviors: fixed behaviors animals born with
-Plastic behaviors: flexible, learned, and feature prominently in primates
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Behavior in general
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Group structure can influence behavior
Dominance hierarchies-system of social organization ranking individuals by relative access to resources
-common in primates: resources for male can include access to females
-ranks are learned and can change
https://youtu.be/HDxA8-01cp4
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Social behavior
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Primate social structure influenced by reproductive strategies and behavior
*Social structures common in primates
Multi-female, multi-male (most common) e.g., chimpanzees
Polygyny, i.e., multi-female, single-male (common) e.g., gorillas, baboons
Monogamy (uncommon) e.g., gibbons
Polyandry, i.e., single-female, multi-male (least common) e.g., red lion tamarins
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Affiliative: friendly relations between individuals; promotes group cohesion
Grooming - picking debris out of the fur of another individual-reinforces social bonds-most important affiliative behaviors among primates
Aggressive: conflict between individuals; promotes group separation
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Group behavior in primates
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Grooming - picking debris out of the fur of another individual-reinforces social bonds
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Group behavior in primates
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Animals use different reproductive strategies to improve reproductive success
r-selection: relatively large number of offspring; reduced parental care
K-selection: opposite
Species either use r or K-selection reproductive strategies
Females and males in mammals use these reproductive strategies
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Reproductive behavior - in general and in primates
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Primates, like all other animal with complex social behavior compete for good mating opportunities
Sexual dimorphism: more common in species with high male competition,
e.g., Orangutan dominant males have pads on face
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Reproductive behavior - in primates
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-higher-ranked individuals communicate dominance to lower-ranking, subordinates
Submission behavior communicates acknowledgement of dominance hierarchy
E.g., exposing hindquarters to higher-ranks, allowing higher-ranks mount subordinates
Displays of aggressive behavior communicate rank and maintains group cohesion by reducing violent conflicts
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Communication
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-involuntary utterances used to express present emotional states
Vervet monkeys: specific vocalizations for birds, snakes, leopards Only present tense
Language and humans: human language is distinct
-Relies on a set of arbitrary symbols used in written and spoken communication
-Used to convey abstract concepts like the past and future
E.g., displacement - communication about objects not currently present
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Animal communication versus language
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Primates learn complex social behaviors that resemble our culture
E.g., in Koko and Kanzi
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Primate cultural behavior
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Primates learn complex social behaviors that resemble our culture
E.g., in Koko and Kanzi
Both demonstrate the ape capacity to learn to communicate, but lack syntax and grammar like humans.
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Primate cultural behavior
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E.g., chimpanzees…
Stone hammers used across generations
Variation in tool design seen in different chimpanzee behaviors
Termite fishing
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Primate “cultural” behavior
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E.g., chimpanzees…
Stone hammers used across generations
Variation in tool design seen in different chimpanzee behaviors
Termite fishing
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Primate “cultural” behavior