(Boltz; Jones, 1989) Dynamic Attending and Responses to Time
Rebecca C. Boltz and Ernest M. Agee Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University
1
Variations in Florida Tropical Storms and Hurricane-Induced Tornadoes (HITs) Based on Global Fluctuations in Weather and Climate Rebecca C. Boltz and Ernest M. Agee Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University 5-Y ear N orth A tlantic T ropicalC yclones (1950-2004) 30 40 50 60 70 80 1950- 1954 1955- 1959 1960- 1964 1965- 1969 1970- 1974 1975- 1979 1980- 1984 1985- 1989 1990- 1994 1995- 1999 2000- 2004 Y ears (5 Y ear C lass Intervals) Num berofN orth A tlantic Tropical C yclones TC 1 corresponds to 1969 when JJA, JAS, ASO, SON & OND has an O.N.I. = +0.56 No La Niña – Doesn't Work! TC 2 corresponds to 1995 when the O.N.I. for TC season = -0.42 La Niña – It Works! TC 3 for 2005 = 28, and the O.N.I. = -.08 No La Niña – Doesn't Work! Summary and Conclusions Florida TCs match well with N. Atlantic TCs Florida HITs have increased during the past 20 years La Niña as a predictor of N. Atlantic TC frequency has mixed results The O.N.I. is positively correlated to N. Atlantic TC s (more bad news for La Niña) N. Atlantic and Florida TC trends (and Florida HITs) correspond well with tropical N. Atlantic SST anomalies Florida surface air temperature (and N. Amer. T s ) corresponds well with N. Atlantic and Florida TC trends and SST anomalies Studies by several researchers (e.g., Gray 1984; Pielke and Landsea 1999; Glantz 1999) show some statistical correlation of La Niña events to increased N. Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Frequency M.E.I. Anomalies in Select Regions of the Tropical Pacific Ocean TC1 and TC2 correspond to ENSO Index Values of +0.3 and +1.1, respectively 5-Y ear Florida T ropicalC yclones (1950-2004) 0 4 8 12 16 1950- 1954 1955- 1959 1960- 1964 1965- 1969 1970- 1974 1975- 1979 1980- 1984 1985- 1989 1990- 1994 1995- 1999 2000- 2004 Y ears (5 Y ear C lass Intervals) Num berofFlorida TropicalC yclones Florida H urricane-Induced T ornadoes (1950-2004) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1950- 1954 1955- 1959 1960- 1964 1965- 1969 1970- 1974 1975- 1979 1980- 1984 1985- 1989 1990- 1994 1995- 1999 2000- 2004 Y ears (5-Y ear C lass Intervals) N um berofH urricane-Induced Tornadoes M ean O .N .I.(1950-2004) -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1950- 1954 1955- 1959 1960- 1964 1965- 1969 1970- 1974 1975- 1979 1980- 1984 1985- 1989 1990- 1994 1995- 1999 2000- 2004 Y ears (5 Y earC lass Intervals) O .N.I. Table 1: Hurricane seasons 1950-2001. All years except those listed are neutral years. El Niño years 1951, 1957, 1963, 1965, 1969, 1972, 1976, 1982, 1986, 1987, 1991, 1997 La Niña years 1950, 1954, 1955, 1964, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1975, 1988, 1995, 1998, 1999 Florida Surface Air Tem perature Anom alies (1950-2004) -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 1950 1953 1956 1959 1962 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 Year D epature From M ean (degrees C ) Northern Hemisphere Temperature Record W arm (red) and cold (blue) episodes based on a threshold of + /- 0.5 o C for the O ceanic N iño Index (O N I) [3 m onth running m ean of ERSST.v2 SST anom alies in the N iño 3.4 region (5 o N -5 o S , 120 o -170 o W )], based on the 1971-2000 base period. For historicalpurposes cold and w arm episodes (blue and red colored num bers) are defined w hen the threshold is m et for a m inim um of 5 consecutive over-lapping seasons. Year D JF JFM FM A MAM AMJ M JJ JJA JA S ASO SON OND NDJ 1950 -1 .8 -1 .5 -1 .4 -1 .4 -1 .4 -1 .2 -0 .9 -0 .8 -0 .8 -0 .8 -0 .9 -1 .0 1951 -1 .0 -0 .8 -0 .6 -0.4 -0.2 0.1 0.4 0 .5 0 .6 0 .7 0 .7 0 .6 1952 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 -0.1 -0.2 -0.2 -0.1 1953 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 1954 0.3 0.2 -0.1 -0 .5 -0 .7 -0 .7 -0 .8 -1 .0 -1 .1 -1 .1 -1 .0 -1 .0 1955 -1 .0 -0 .9 -0 .9 -1 .0 -1 .1 -1 .0 -1 .0 -1 .0 -1 .5 -1 .8 -2 .1 -1 .7 1956 -1 .2 -0 .8 -0 .7 -0 .6 -0 .6 -0 .6 -0 .7 -0 .8 -0 .9 -0 .9 -0 .9 -0 .8 1957 -0 .5 -0.1 0.2 0 .6 0 .7 0 .8 0 .9 0 .9 0 .8 0 .9 1 .2 1 .5 1958 1 .6 1 .5 1 .1 0 .7 0 .5 0 .5 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 1959 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.0 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5 -0.4 -0.4 -0.3 -0.3 1960 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.2 1961 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 -0.3 -0.6 -0.6 -0.5 -0.5 1962 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.6 -0.7 -0.7 1963 -0.6 -0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1964 0.8 0.4 -0.1 -0.5 -0.7 -0.7 -0.8 -0.9 -1.0 -1.1 -1.1 -1.0 1965 -0.8 -0.5 -0.3 0.0 0.2 0.6 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.5 1966 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 1967 -0.4 -0.5 -0.6 -0.5 -0.3 0.0 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.5 -0.5 -0.6 1968 -0.7 -0.9 -0.8 -0.8 -0.4 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.9 1969 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 1970 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 -0.1 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.9 -1.2 1971 -1.4 -1.4 -1.2 -1.0 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.9 -0.9 -1.0 -0.9 1972 -0.7 -0.3 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.1 1973 1.8 1.2 0.5 -0.1 -0.5 -0.8 -1.1 -1.3 -1.4 -1.7 -1.9 -2.0 1974 -1.8 -1.6 -1.2 -1.1 -0.9 -0.7 -0.5 -0.4 -0.5 -0.7 -0.8 -0.7 1975 -0.6 -0.6 -0.7 -0.8 -1.0 -1.1 -1.3 -1.4 -1.6 -1.6 -1.7 -1.8 1976 -1 .6 -1 .2 -0 .9 -0 .7 -0 .5 -0.2 0.1 0.3 0 .5 0 .7 0 .8 0 .8 1977 0 .6 0 .5 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0 .5 0 .7 0 .8 0 .8 1978 0 .7 0.4 0.0 -0.3 -0.4 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5 -0.5 -0.4 -0.2 -0.1 1979 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 1980 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0 -0.1 1981 -0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 1982 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0 .6 0 .7 0 .8 1 .0 1 .5 1 .9 2 .2 2 .3 1983 2 .3 2 .0 1 .6 1 .2 1 .0 0 .6 0.2 -0.2 -0 .5 -0 .8 -0 .9 -0 .8 1984 -0 .5 -0.3 -0.2 -0.4 -0.5 -0.5 -0.3 -0.2 -0.3 -0 .6 -1 .0 -1 .1 1985 -1 .0 -0 .8 -0 .8 -0 .8 -0 .7 -0 .5 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.3 1986 -0.4 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.2 0 .5 0 .7 0 .9 1 .1 1 .2 1987 1 .3 1 .2 1 .1 1 .0 1 .0 1 .2 1 .5 1 .6 1 .6 1 .5 1 .3 1 .1 1988 0 .8 0 .5 0.1 -0.3 -0 .8 -1 .2 -1 .2 -1 .1 -1 .3 -1 .6 -1 .9 -1 .9 1989 -1 .7 -1 .5 -1 .1 -0 .9 -0 .6 -0.4 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 1990 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 1991 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0 .6 0 .8 0 .9 0 .9 0 .8 1 .0 1 .4 1 .7 1992 1 .8 1 .7 1 .6 1 .4 1 .1 0 .8 0.4 0.2 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.1 1993 0.3 0.4 0 .6 0 .8 0 .8 0 .7 0 .5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 1994 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 .5 0 .6 0 .6 0 .6 0 .6 0 .7 0 .9 1 .2 1 .3 1995 1 .2 0 .9 0 .7 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.0 -0.3 -0 .5 -0 .6 -0 .7 -0 .8 1996 -0 .8 -0 .7 -0 .5 -0.3 -0.2 -0.2 -0.1 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 1997 -0.4 -0.3 0.0 0.4 0 .9 1 .4 1 .7 2 .0 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .5 1998 2 .4 2 .0 1 .4 1 .1 0.4 -0.1 -0 .8 -1 .0 -1 .1 -1 .1 -1 .3 -1 .5 1999 -1 .6 -1 .2 -0 .9 -0 .7 -0 .8 -0 .8 -0 .9 -0 .9 -1 .0 -1 .2 -1 .4 -1 .6 2000 -1 .6 -1 .5 -1 .1 -0 .9 -0 .7 -0 .6 -0.4 -0.3 -0.4 -0 .5 -0 .7 -0 .7 2001 -0 .7 -0 .5 -0.4 -0.2 -0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.2 2002 -0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 0 .7 0 .8 0 .9 0 .9 1 .1 1 .3 1 .5 1 .3 2003 1 .1 0 .8 0 .6 0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 2004 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 .7 0 .8 0 .9 0 .9 0 .9 0 .8 2005 0 .6 0 .5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.7 2006 -0.8 -0.7 North American Surface Air Temperature Anomalies Cold and Warm Episodes by Season Tropical N. Atlantic SST Anomalies A nnualN orth A tlantic T ropicalC yclones P er Y ear (1950-2004) 0 5 10 15 20 1950 1953 1956 1959 1962 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 Y ear Num berofN orth A tlantic Tropical C yclones TC 1 TC 2
description
Variations in Florida Tropical Storms and Hurricane-Induced Tornadoes (HITs) Based on Global Fluctuations in Weather and Climate. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of Rebecca C. Boltz and Ernest M. Agee Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University
Variations in Florida Tropical Storms and Hurricane-Induced Tornadoes (HITs)Based on Global Fluctuations in Weather and Climate
Rebecca C. Boltz and Ernest M. AgeeEarth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University
5-Year North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones (1950-2004)
30
40
50
60
70
80
1950-1954
1955-1959
1960-1964
1965-1969
1970-1974
1975-1979
1980-1984
1985-1989
1990-1994
1995-1999
2000-2004
Years (5 Year Class Intervals)
Nu
mb
er
of
No
rth
Atl
an
tic
Tro
pic
al
Cy
clo
ne
s
TC1 corresponds to 1969 when JJA, JAS, ASO, SON & OND has an O.N.I. = +0.56
No La Niña – Doesn't Work!
TC2 corresponds to 1995 when the O.N.I. for TC season = -0.42
La Niña – It Works!
TC3 for 2005 = 28, and the O.N.I. = -.08
No La Niña – Doesn't Work!
Summary and Conclusions
Florida TCs match well with N. Atlantic TCs
Florida HITs have increased during the past 20 years
La Niña as a predictor of N. Atlantic TC frequency has mixed results
The O.N.I. is positively correlated to N. Atlantic TCs (more bad news for La Niña)
N. Atlantic and Florida TC trends (and Florida HITs) correspond well with tropical N. Atlantic SST anomalies
Florida surface air temperature (and N. Amer. Ts) corresponds well with N. Atlantic and Florida TC trends and SST anomalies
Studies by several researchers (e.g., Gray 1984; Pielke and Landsea 1999; Glantz 1999) show some statistical correlation of La Niña events to increased N. Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Frequency
M.E.I. Anomalies in Select Regions of the Tropical Pacific Ocean TC1 and TC2 correspond to ENSO Index Values of +0.3 and +1.1,
respectively
5-Year Florida Tropical Cyclones (1950-2004)
0
4
8
12
16
1950-1954
1955-1959
1960-1964
1965-1969
1970-1974
1975-1979
1980-1984
1985-1989
1990-1994
1995-1999
2000-2004
Years (5 Year Class Intervals)
Nu
mb
er
of
Flo
rid
a T
rop
ica
l Cy
clo
ne
s
Florida Hurricane-Induced Tornadoes (1950-2004)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1950-1954
1955-1959
1960-1964
1965-1969
1970-1974
1975-1979
1980-1984
1985-1989
1990-1994
1995-1999
2000-2004
Years (5-Year Class Intervals)
Nu
mb
er
of
Hu
rric
an
e-I
nd
uc
ed
T
orn
ad
oe
s
Mean O.N.I. (1950-2004)
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1950-1954
1955-1959
1960-1964
1965-1969
1970-1974
1975-1979
1980-1984
1985-1989
1990-1994
1995-1999
2000-2004
Years (5 Year Class Intervals)
O.N
.I.
Table 1: Hurricane seasons 1950-2001. All years except those listed are neutral years.
El Niño years 1951, 1957, 1963, 1965, 1969, 1972, 1976, 1982, 1986, 1987, 1991, 1997La Niña years 1950, 1954, 1955, 1964, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1975, 1988, 1995, 1998, 1999
Florida Surface Air Temperature Anomalies (1950-2004)
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
1950
1953
1956
1959
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
Year
Dep
atu
re F
rom
Mea
n (
deg
rees
C)
Northern Hemisphere Temperature Record
Warm (red) and cold (blue) episodes based on a threshold of +/- 0.5oC for the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) [3 month running mean of ERSST.v2 SST anomalies in the Niño 3.4 region (5oN-5oS, 120o-170oW)], based on the 1971-2000 base period. For historical purposes cold and warm episodes (blue and red colored numbers) are defined when the threshold is met for a minimum of 5 consecutive over-lapping seasons.
Year DJ F J FM FMA MAM AMJ MJ J J J A J AS ASO SON OND NDJ
1950 -1.8 -1.5 -1.4 -1.4 -1.4 -1.2 -0.9 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.9 -1.0
1951 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6
1952 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 -0.1 -0.2 -0.2 -0.1
1953 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3
1954 0.3 0.2 -0.1 -0.5 -0.7 -0.7 -0.8 -1.0 -1.1 -1.1 -1.0 -1.0
1955 -1.0 -0.9 -0.9 -1.0 -1.1 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.5 -1.8 -2.1 -1.7
1956 -1.2 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.7 -0.8 -0.9 -0.9 -0.9 -0.8
1957 -0.5 -0.1 0.2 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.5
1958 1.6 1.5 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3
1959 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.0 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5 -0.4 -0.4 -0.3 -0.3
1960 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.2
1961 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 -0.3 -0.6 -0.6 -0.5 -0.5 1962 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.6 -0.7 -0.7 1963 -0.6 -0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1964 0.8 0.4 -0.1 -0.5 -0.7 -0.7 -0.8 -0.9 -1.0 -1.1 -1.1 -1.0 1965 -0.8 -0.5 -0.3 0.0 0.2 0.6 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.5 1966 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 1967 -0.4 -0.5 -0.6 -0.5 -0.3 0.0 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.5 -0.5 -0.6 1968 -0.7 -0.9 -0.8 -0.8 -0.4 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.9 1969 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 1970 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 -0.1 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.9 -1.2 1971 -1.4 -1.4 -1.2 -1.0 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.9 -0.9 -1.0 -0.9 1972 -0.7 -0.3 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.1 1973 1.8 1.2 0.5 -0.1 -0.5 -0.8 -1.1 -1.3 -1.4 -1.7 -1.9 -2.0 1974 -1.8 -1.6 -1.2 -1.1 -0.9 -0.7 -0.5 -0.4 -0.5 -0.7 -0.8 -0.7 1975 -0.6 -0.6 -0.7 -0.8 -1.0 -1.1 -1.3 -1.4 -1.6 -1.6 -1.7 -1.8 1976 -1.6 -1.2 -0.9 -0.7 -0.5 -0.2 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.8
1977 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.8
1978 0.7 0.4 0.0 -0.3 -0.4 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5 -0.5 -0.4 -0.2 -0.1
1979 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5
1980 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0 -0.1
1981 -0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1
1982 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.9 2.2 2.3
1983 2.3 2.0 1.6 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.2 -0.2 -0.5 -0.8 -0.9 -0.8
1984 -0.5 -0.3 -0.2 -0.4 -0.5 -0.5 -0.3 -0.2 -0.3 -0.6 -1.0 -1.1
1985 -1.0 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.7 -0.5 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.3
1986 -0.4 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.2
1987 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.1
1988 0.8 0.5 0.1 -0.3 -0.8 -1.2 -1.2 -1.1 -1.3 -1.6 -1.9 -1.9
1989 -1.7 -1.5 -1.1 -0.9 -0.6 -0.4 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1
1990 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4
1991 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.4 1.7
1992 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.1 0.8 0.4 0.2 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.1
1993 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2
1994 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.2 1.3
1995 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.0 -0.3 -0.5 -0.6 -0.7 -0.8
1996 -0.8 -0.7 -0.5 -0.3 -0.2 -0.2 -0.1 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4
1997 -0.4 -0.3 0.0 0.4 0.9 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5
1998 2.4 2.0 1.4 1.1 0.4 -0.1 -0.8 -1.0 -1.1 -1.1 -1.3 -1.5
1999 -1.6 -1.2 -0.9 -0.7 -0.8 -0.8 -0.9 -0.9 -1.0 -1.2 -1.4 -1.6
2000 -1.6 -1.5 -1.1 -0.9 -0.7 -0.6 -0.4 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5 -0.7 -0.7
2001 -0.7 -0.5 -0.4 -0.2 -0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.2
2002 -0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.3
2003 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5
2004 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8
2005 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.7
2006 -0.8 -0.7
North American Surface Air Temperature Anomalies
Cold and Warm Episodes by Season
Tropical N. Atlantic SST Anomalies
Annual North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Per Year (1950-2004)
0
5
10
15
20
1950
1953
1956
1959
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
Year
Nu
mb
er
of
No
rth
Atl
an
tic
Tro
pic
al
Cy
clo
ne
s
TC1
TC2
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