Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2,...
Transcript of Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2,...
![Page 1: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Reasoning with OWL
Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2
1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France2) The University of Manchester, United Kingdom
![Page 2: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Credits: Matthew Horridge, Holger Knublauch et al.
A Practical guide to building OWL ontologies using the ProtégéOWL plugin and COODE tools Natasha Noy, Alan Rector
W3C “Semantic Web Best Practice” Working Group
![Page 3: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Objective
Acquiring an indepth understanding of the OWLDL semantics in order to perform advanced reasoning tasks
We will rely on the pizza example for:a better formalization of the domain knowledge
leveraging OWLDL reasoning capabilities for an easier curation of the ontology
an overview of some good practice
![Page 4: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Outline
OWL semantics
Open world assumption
Reasoning with individuals
![Page 5: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Getting started
1. Getting Protégé
version 4.0http://protege.stanford.edu
2. Getting some documentationhttp://protege.stanford.edu/doc/users.html
OWL Tutorial : http://www.coode.org
Wiki: http://protege.cim3.net/cgibin/wiki.pl
Mailing lists
![Page 6: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Getting started
1. Use the protege2007owlTutorial01.owl ontology from:http://www.ea3888.univrennes1.fr/dameron/protege2007/
2. Launch Protégé
3. Select “Open OWL ontology”
4. Retrieve your local copy of the ontology
![Page 7: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
OWL Semantics(the theoretical part)
![Page 8: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Individuals
Atoms
Individuals have an identity and can be counted
They are fundamental for understanding the semantics of DL...
... but you hardly use them when building ontologies
![Page 9: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Properties
A property = binary relationships btw individuals
Domain, RangeUsed as axioms (e.g. hasTopping and ice creams)
Subproperties
Characteristics Transitive: e.g. hasPart, hasAncestor... Symmetric: e.g. isSiblingOf... Functional: e.g. hasSSN, hasMother...
![Page 10: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Functional Properties
Functional property: each element of the domain can have 0 or 1 image in the range
ex: hasBiologicalMother, isToppingOf, isBaseOf,...
If a property is functional, then its inverse is inverse functional
ex: hasTopping
A property can be both functional and inv.functionalex: hasSSN, hasBasenot all do! > hasBiologicalMother
![Page 12: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Classes
A class is a set of individualsSpecial classes:
top () = owl:Thing i.e. set of all the individualsbottom (⊥) = empty set
Can be combined using set operatorssubset (subsumption)disjoint setsunionintersectioncomplement
![Page 15: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Classes: Disjointness
A
B
T
By default, any individual MAY be an instance of any classes => partial overlap of classes is assumed
![Page 16: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Classes: subsumption
A
B
T
A B : all the instances of A are instances of B (A is subClass of B)
![Page 18: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Classes
Cumulative approach: combine classes
using set operators (union, intersection, complement) express constraints define complex concepts
Intensional approach: describe the characteristics of a class and the system will automatically:
recognize that an individual is an instance of itrecognize that it is a subclass or a superclass of another class
![Page 20: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
CombiningClasses
![Page 21: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Objective
Combine classes using the OR, AND and NOT operators
Refer to the semantics of these operators (and avoid some basic mistakes)
=> find out which pizze are:Cheesy and vegetarianCheesy or vegetarianvegetarian and not vegetarian
![Page 22: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Prerequisite
PizzaVegetarianPizza
CheesyPizza
NamedPizzaMargheritaPizzaAmericanPizzaCaprinaPizza
Don't worry about the toppings, this is the next step!
DISJOINTS
NOT DISJOINTS
![Page 23: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
AND (Intersection)
Create CheesyAndVegetarianPizza as a subclass of Pizza
so far, except for the name, we have not provided any meaning
we have not exploited the cumulative approach
Add the necessary condition:VegetarianPizza CheesyPizza
Classify
![Page 24: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
is equivalent to:
... but the reasoning would have been trivial :)
![Page 27: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
AND (Intersection)
A BA B
A B = set of indiv. instances of A and of B
![Page 28: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
AND (Intersection)
A BA B
Ex: VegetarianPizza CheesyPizza
![Page 29: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
OR (Union)
Create CheesyOrVegetarianPizza as a subclass of Pizza
Add the necessary condition:VegetarianPizza CheesyPizza
Classify :(
![Page 30: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
CheesyPizza and VegetarianPizza are not recognized assubclasses of CheesyOrVegetarianPizza
![Page 32: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
OR (Union)
A BA B
A B = set of indiv. instances of A or of B
![Page 33: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
OR (Union)
A BA B
Ex: VegetarianPizza CheesyPizza
![Page 34: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
CheesyOrVegie VegetarianPizza CheesyPizza
OR (Union)
A BA B
CheesyOrVegetarianPizza
![Page 36: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
● There could be instances of CheesyPizza (red dot) that are not instances of CheesyOrVegetarianPizza...● ... therefore, CheesyPizza is not subclass of CheesyOrVeggie
OR (Union)
.CheesyOrVegetarianPizza
![Page 37: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
OR (Union)
Now, use a definition for CheesyOrVegetarianPizza(tip: rightclick is your friend)
![Page 38: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
your friend is here!
![Page 39: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Examples
Declare MargheritaPizza to be a VegetarianPizza
Declare AmericanPizza to be a CheesyPizza
Declare CaprinaPizza to be both CheesyPizza and VegetarianPizza
Classify:)why isn't CaprinaPizza classified as expected ?
![Page 42: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
AmericanPizza and CaprinaPizza are recognised as cheesey MargheritaPizza and CaprinaPizza are recognised as veggie ... but Caprina is not recognised as CheesyAndVeggie
![Page 46: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
AND (Intersection)
A BA B
Ex: VegetarianPizza CheesyPizza
CheesyAndVegetarianPizza
![Page 47: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
NEGATION (Complement)
A A
T
Ex: VegetarianPizza
![Page 50: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
NEGATION (Complement)
Create VegetarianTopping as a subclass of PizzaTopping
A Vegetarian topping is a topping
neither a meat topping, nor a fish topping
![Page 51: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
VegetableTopping, FruitTopping, ... are not recognised as VegetarianToppings
![Page 53: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
NEGATION (Complement)
Create VegetarianTopping as a subclass of PizzaTopping
A Vegetarian topping is neither a meat topping, nor a fish topping
Classify
Why do we have to provide a Necessary and Sufficient definition ?
![Page 54: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
NEGATION (Complement)
A Vegetarian topping is neither a meat topping, nor a fish topping
Why do we have to provide a Necessary and Sufficient definition ?
it ensures that all the instances of PizzaTopping that are neither instances of MeatTopping nor of FishTopping are inferred to be instances of VegetarianTopping
![Page 57: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
NEGATION (Complement)
Create VegetarianTopping as a subclass of PizzaTopping
A Vegetarian topping is neither a meat topping, nor a fish topping
Why do we have to provide a N&S definition ?
Create NonVegetarianTopping
Classify
![Page 58: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
NEGATION (Complement)
Note that the reasoner found out that CheeseTopping and VegetableTopping are subclasses of VegetarianTopping whereas the definition of VegetarianTopping does not mention CheeseTopping nor VegetableTopping (intentionality)
![Page 61: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Expressing constraints
![Page 62: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Objective
Application of the intensional approach: leverage the expressivity of the OWLDL language for a precise representation of the classes' features
● We will describe the pizze ingredients and use the reasoner to find out which one are cheesy and/or vegetarian
![Page 63: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Getting in sync!
If you need to catchup, the ontology at this point is protege2007owlTutorial02.owl
from:http://www.ea3888.univrennes1.fr/dameron/protege2007/
![Page 64: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Constraints
1. Quantifier restriction (at least one, all of)How to represent the fact that every pizza must have at least a topping ?How to represent the fact that all the ingredients of a vegetarian pizza must be vegetarians ?
2. Cardinality restrictionsHow to represent that a Hand must have 5 fingers as parts ?
3. hasValue restrictionsHow to define the value of a relation for a class ?
![Page 65: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Principles
A restriction describes an anonymous class composed of all the individuals that satisfy the restriction
e.g. all the individuals that have (amongst other things) mozzarella as topping
This anonymous class is used as a superclass of the (named) class we want to express a constraint on
e.g. MargheritaPizza
![Page 66: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
(∃ hasTopping Mozzarella) : set of the individuals being linked to at least one instance of Mozzarella through the hasTopping property
They can be linked to multiple instances of MozzarellaThey can also be linked to instances of other classes (provided domain and range integrity)
Margherita (∃ hasTopping Mozzarella)
Existential restriction
![Page 67: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
(∃ hasTopping Mozzarella) : set of the individuals being linked to at least one instance of Mozzarella through the hasTopping property
They can be linked to multiple instances of MozzarellaThey can also be linked to instances of other classes (provided domain and range integrity)
Margherita (∃ hasTopping Mozzarella)Other pizze can also have Mozzarella!
Existential restriction
![Page 68: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Define CheesyPizza as a pizza having at least one cheese topping
Remove the fact that AmericanPizza and CaprinaPizza are subclasses of CheesyPizza !
Complete the ontology
![Page 69: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
![Page 70: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
![Page 71: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
![Page 72: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
![Page 73: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Universal restriction
(∀ hasTopping VegetarianTopping) : set of all the individuals only linked to instances of VegetarianTopping through the hasTopping property
Warning: also includes all the individuals linked to nothing through the hasTopping property
![Page 74: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Universal restriction
(∀ hasTopping VegetarianTopping)
Remove the fact that MargheritaPizza and CaprinaPizza are subclasses of VegetarianPizza
Define VegetarianPizza as any pizza for which all the toppings are vegetarian toppings
Classify :(
![Page 75: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
![Page 76: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
:(
![Page 77: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
:)
:(
![Page 78: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Universal restriction
Why Margherita and Caprina pizze were not recognised as vegetarian pizze? (even though the vegetarian toppings were correctly recognised)
... find out in a few slides
![Page 79: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Cardinality restriction
PizzaWithTwoToppingsPizza (hasTopping = 2)
PizzaWithFiveOrMoreToppingsPizza (hasTopping ≥ 5)
PizzaWithThreeOrLessToppingsPizza (hasTopping ≤ 3)
Warning: This is NOT qualified cardinality restr.
![Page 80: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
![Page 81: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
![Page 82: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
![Page 83: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
:)
![Page 84: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
:/
PizzaWithTwoToppings is correctly recognized as a subclassof PizzaWithThreeOrLessToppings...... but MargheritaPizza is not recognized as a PizzaWithTwoToppings (hint...)
![Page 85: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Open world assumption
![Page 86: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Open VS Closed World Reasoning
Remember a few slides ago ???MargheritaPizza (∃ hasTopping Mozzarella)
(∃ hasTopping Tomato)VegetarianPizza = Pizza
( hasTopping VegetarianTop.)Tomato and Mozzarella ARE Vegetarian toppingsSo, why isn't Margherita classified under VegetarianPizza ?
![Page 87: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Open VS Closed World Reasoning
Remember a few slides ago ???MargheritaPizza (∃ hasTopping Mozzarella)
(∃ hasTopping Tomato)VegetarianPizza = Pizza
( hasTopping VegetarianTop.)Tomato and Mozzarella ARE Vegetarian toppingsBecause some Margheritas may have other toppings (e.g. HotSpicedBeefTopping) !
![Page 88: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Open VS Closed World Reasoning
ClosedWorld reasoning
Negation as failure
Anything that cannot be found is false
Reasoning about this world
OpenWorld reasoning
Negation as contradiction
Anything might be true unless it can be proven false
Reasoning about any world consistent with the model
![Page 89: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Need for closure
Margherita pizzas only have Tomato and Mozzarella for topping
MargheritaPizza (∃ hasTopping Mozzarella) (∃ hasTopping Tomato) ?????
![Page 90: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Need for closure
Margherita pizzas only have Tomato and Mozzarella for topping
MargheritaPizza (∃ hasTopping Mozzarella) (∃ hasTopping Tomato) ( hasTopping ???)
![Page 91: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Need for closure
Margherita pizzas only have Tomato and Mozzarella for topping
MargheritaPizza (∃ hasTopping Mozzarella) (∃ hasTopping Tomato) ( hasTopping (Mozzarella Tomato))
![Page 92: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Need for closure
Margherita pizzas only have Tomato and Mozzarella for topping
MargheritaPizza (∃ hasTopping Mozzarella) (∃ hasTopping Tomato) ( hasTopping (Mozzarella Tomato))
The universal constraint () alone is not enough ! We need both and constraints
![Page 93: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Need for closure
Margherita pizzas only have Tomato and Mozzarella for topping
MargheritaPizza (∃ hasTopping Mozzarella) (∃ hasTopping Tomato) ( hasTopping (Mozzarella Tomato))
Same principle for all the other pizze!
![Page 94: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
![Page 95: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
![Page 96: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
![Page 97: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
![Page 98: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Getting in sync!
If you need to catchup, the ontology at this point is protege2007owlTutorial03.owl
from:http://www.ea3888.univrennes1.fr/dameron/protege2007/
![Page 99: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
More fun with closure and defined classes
Before we added the closures, why wasn't AmericanPizza recognised as a subclass of MargheritaPizza ?
![Page 100: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Need for closure
Mozzarella + Tomato
Mozzarella + Tomato +Pepperoni
![Page 101: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Need for closure
Mozzarella + Tomato
Mozzarella + Tomato +Pepperoni
MargheritaPizza
AmericanPizza
![Page 102: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Need for closure
Margherita pizzas only have Tomato and Mozzarella for topping
MargheritaPizza = (∃ hasTopping Mozzarella) (∃ hasTopping Tomato) ( hasTopping (Mozzarella Tomato))
![Page 103: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Getting in sync!
If you need to catchup, the ontology at this point is protege2007owlTutorial04.owl
from:http://www.ea3888.univrennes1.fr/dameron/protege2007/
![Page 104: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
More fun with cardinality
Why isn't MargheritaPizza classified under PizzaWithTwoToppings ?
![Page 105: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
More fun with cardinality
Why isn't MargheritaPizza classified under PizzaWithTwoToppings?
Hints:Why isn't it classified under PizzaWithThreeOrLessToppings ?
Why isn't it even classified under PizzaWithFiveOrMoreToppings ?... do Margherita pizze have exactly 4 toppings ?
![Page 106: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
More fun with cardinality
Why isn't MargheritaPizza classified under PizzaWithTwoToppings?
Still... the openworld assumption:imagine one instance of MargheritaPizza having as topping:
one instance of MozzarellaTopping
one other instance of MozzarellaTopping
one instance of TomatoTopping
![Page 107: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
![Page 108: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
![Page 109: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
![Page 110: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
hasValue restriction
So far, we have been narrowing the range of relationship
create the class Person
create the relation hasPizzaMaker: Pizza > Person
create ItalianPerson as as subclass of Person
define GenuinePizza = ( hasPizzaMaker ItalianPers.)
![Page 111: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
![Page 112: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
![Page 113: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
![Page 114: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
hasValue restriction
So far, we have been narrowing the range of relationship
We may also want to restrict it to a precise value (and not to a set of values)
create olivier as an instance of Person
define OliviersPizza = (hasPizzaMaker olivier)
![Page 115: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
hasValue restriction
Create luigi as an instance of ItalianPerson
Create LuigisPizza
Classify :)
![Page 116: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
![Page 117: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
![Page 118: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
![Page 119: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
(slightly off topic) remark
ItalianPerson and FrenchPerson are not disjoint
Because there is no Unique Name Assumption, luigi and olivier could be the same person
Use the owl:differentFrom and owl:allDifferent constructs (in the OWL menu)!
![Page 120: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
![Page 121: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Reasoning makes life easier :)
Supports queries such as:What are the vegetarian pizze ?
What are the cheesy pizze ?
What are the noncheesy pizze ?
What are the cheesy vegetarian pizze ?
... it allows you to take advantage of the knowledge you put into your ontology
![Page 122: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
OWL and beyond...OWL 1.1
![Page 123: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Qualified Cardinality Restriction
● OWL 1.0 Cardinality restrictions:● PizzaWithTwoToppings● PizzaWithFiveOrMoreToppings● PizzaWithThreeToppingsOrLess
● OWL 1.1 Qualified cardinality restrictions● PizzaWithThreeCheese● PizzaWithAtLeastTwoCheese● PizzaWithAtLeastTwoCheeseAnd
![Page 124: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
![Page 125: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
![Page 126: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
![Page 127: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Additional features for properties
● Reflexivity● e.g. knows, isGreaterOrEqualTo
● Irreflexivity● e.g. isMotherOf, isGreaterThan
● Antisymmetry● e.g. isAncestorOf, isGreaterOrEqualTo
![Page 128: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
![Page 129: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Property chains
● Allow to describe (simple) composition of relations
● e.g.: if X eats Y and Y hasIngredient Zthen X eats Z
● Notation: fog(x) = f(g(x))
![Page 130: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
![Page 131: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Summary
![Page 132: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
Summary
1. Compositional approach
2. Intensional description
3. Reasoningclassification
openworld assumption
inconsistency
![Page 133: Reasoning with OWL - Protégé · 2007-09-04 · Reasoning with OWL Olivier Dameron1, Alan Rector2, Nick Drummond2, Matthew Horridge2 1) EA 3888, Université de Rennes1, France 2)](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042115/5e9237df9514173edb7cc81e/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)