REASON
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Transcript of REASON
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REASONDaniella Silva, Jessica de Medeiros, Sebastian Salomón,
Sebastian Ríos, Vincenzo Calvi, Antonella Busato, Heechae Chon
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Sherlock Holmes: ‘crime is common, logic is rare’
Using reason to go beyond the immediate evidence of our senses
Saving time by inferring from something you already know
Assumptions = premises Rationalism = reason as a source of knowledge
◦ Discovering truths about reality through reason alone (math/logic)
◦ Recognizing that senses can easily mislead us
INTRODUCTION
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3 kinds of reasoning:◦ deductive reasoning◦ inductive reasoning◦ informal reasoning
Fallacies – invalid patterns of reasoning
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Reasoning that moves from the general to the particular Syllogisms
◦ Two premises and conclusion◦ Three terms, each occurring twice◦ Quantifiers
Defining Truth and Validity◦ Truth = property of statements◦ Validity = property of arguments (whether conclusions follow
logically from premises) Structure of Arguments
◦ As long as structure is valid, argument is valid◦ Analyzing structure helps avoid belief bias◦ Belief Bias = tendency to belief that an argument is valid just
because we agree with the conclusion
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
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What about Truth?◦ Just because an argument is valid, does not mean
conclusion is true◦ In order for conclusion to be true: premises must be true
and argument must be valid◦ Example: ◦ Socrates is mortal, since all men are mortal.◦ It is evident that a tacitly understood claim is that Socrates
is a man. The fully expressed reasoning is thus: Since all men are mortal and Socrates is a man, Socrates is mortal.
◦ In this example, “all men are mortal” and “Socrates is a man” are the premises, while “Socrates is mortal” is the conclusion.
Enthymemes◦ Incomplete argument where one premise is not stated
because it is obvious
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It is opposite to deductive reasoning It goes from the particular to the general It moves from the observed to the unobserved You reason inductively thousands of times a day Examples:
◦ “Since my neighbor’s dog was friendly to me in the past, he will not bite me today”
◦ “Since apples nourished me in the past, I assume that they will nourish me in the future”
◦ “Since my chair supported my weight in the past, it will support me today”
INDUCTIVE REASONING
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◦ We cannot always rely on it◦ Induction goes beyond immediate evidence of
our senses◦ Too much generalizations◦ You jump to conclusions without enough
evidence◦ This is called confirmation bias
How Reliable is it?
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Informal reasoning is related to fallacies which are false ideas or beliefs, especially one that a lot of people believe is true.
There are several types of informal reasoning like ad ignorantiam, ad hominem, circular reasoning, special pleading, post hoc ergo propter hoc, equivocation, false analogy, false dilemma, and loaded question.
INFORMAL REASONING
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Circular reasoning: Assuming the truth of what you are supposed to be proving. ◦ Example: ‘I know that Jesus was the son of god because
he said he was, and the son of god would not lie’
SPECIFIC EXAMPLES
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Equivocation: using language ambiguously.◦ Example: ‘A feather is light.◦ What is light cannot be dark.◦ Therefore, a feather cannot be dark.’
Loaded question: A question that is biased because it contains built-in assumption. ◦ Example: ‘Do you always cheat in exams?’ Both yes/no
answers could imply something. Special pleading: using double standards to
excuse an individual or group. ◦Example: ‘I know there is a drought on and we
should save water, but I am putting my prize flowers in a competition next week and they need plenty of water.
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Cannot rely on reason to give us knowledge
As a way of thinking, logical reasoning cannot be doubted.
The law of identity The law of non-contradiction The law of the excluded middle All proof must end somewhere
◦ Infinite regress: A sequence of reasoning that can never come to an end.
REASONING AND CERTAINTY
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Law of identity
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Law of non-contradiction
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Law of the excluded middle
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◦ Reason is a way of knowing that can give us certainty◦ Three types: inductive, deductive, informal ◦ This belief may bring serious doubt◦ Reason is a double-edged tool◦ We become trapped in the “prison of logic” and this
can stifle our creativity◦ Someone too rationale may come across as cold and
“annoying”◦ Sometimes empathy and understanding helps solve
an argument in a relationship rather than using logic and reason
◦ Reason needs to be balanced by emotion
CONCLUSION
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZkajIoi77BU&feature=channel
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2wj4Lk07RE&feature=channel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premise
BIBLIOGRAPHY