Realism Meets Nation Building The US policy elite’s critique of US foreign policy in Pakistan

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Realism Meets Nation Building The US policy elite’s critique of US foreign policy in Pakistan Alicia Mollaun 3 rd year PhD student POGO

Transcript of Realism Meets Nation Building The US policy elite’s critique of US foreign policy in Pakistan

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Realism  Meets  Nation  Building  

 The  US  policy  elite’s  critique  of  US  

foreign  policy  in  Pakistan  Alicia  Mollaun  3rd  year  PhD  student  POGO  

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Research  Project  • Examina:on  of  US  and  Pakistan  elite  percep:ons  of  US  foreign  and  aid  policy  in  Pakistan  in  the  post  9/11  era.  

 •  38  face-­‐to-­‐face  interviews  conducted  in  Washington  D.C.  and  New  York  in  March  2012.    

 •  40  face-­‐to-­‐face  interviews  conducted  in  Islamabad  and  Lahore  between  October  2011  and  October  2013.    

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Research  themes/chapters  •  1.  US  elite  views  of  US  foreign  policy  in  Pakistan  •  2.  US  elite  views  of  US  aid  to  Pakistan  •  3.  Pakistan  elite  views  of  US  foreign  policy  in  Pakistan  •  4.  Pakistan  elite  views  of  US  aid  to  Pakistan  •  5.  Comparison  of  US  and  Pakistani  views  

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Research  Questions  –  this  chapter  • Does  the  US  elite  think  that  the  main  challenges  facing  Pakistan  are  internal  or  external?  • Does  the  US  elite  think  that  US  policy  in  Pakistan  is  mainly  guided  by  realist  or  by  na:on  building  objec:ves?  • How  sa:sfied  overall  is  the  US  elite  with  US  foreign  policy  in  Pakistan?  

 

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Literature  •  Proponents:  US  responsibility  to  na:on  build  (see  Dobbins  (2003)  (2007);  Lesser  (1999))  •  Argue  that  despite  limited  success  –  worthy  policy.  •  Fukuyama  (2004):  threats  come  from  weak  states  –  in  the  US  interest  to  teach  people  to  be_er  govern  themselves.  

•  Realist  Cri0cs:  See  Morrell  et  al  (1999);  Pei  and  Kasper  (2003);  Dempsey  and  Fontaine  (2001);  Dempsey  (2002).  •  Not  the  job  of  the  US  to  na:on  build  –  par:cularly  as  a  means  to  counter  terrorism.    • Dempsey  argues  that  na:on  building  won’t  combat  terrorism  –  CT  hinges  on  policy  of  ‘victory  and  credible  deterrence’.    

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Literature  •  Large  case  study  based  literature  of  US  na:on  building:  •  Post  9/11,  majority  of  literature  focused  on  Iraq  and  Afghanistan,  li_le  on  US  na:on  building  in  Pakistan.  

•  Afghanistan  and  Iraq:  Fukuyama  (2006)  •  Iraq:  Dodge  (2003),  Diamond  (2006)  •  Afghanistan:  Goodson  (2005),  Rubin  (2003)  •  Pakistan/Afghanistan/Central  Asia:  Rashid  (2008)    

•  Li_le  considera:on  of  Pakistan  -­‐  (Rashid  (2008)  a  journalis:c    excep:on),  or  on  possible  trade-­‐offs/tensions  between  realist  and  na:on-­‐building  objec:ves.  

•  This  research  fills  a  gap  on  the  literature  on  Pakistan  and  na:on  building;  and  on  US  elite  percep:ons  of  US  policy  more  broadly.  

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Obama’s  nation  building  strategy  in  Pakistan  

Af-­‐Pak  Strategy  2009:  “Today,  it  is  clearer  than  ever  before  that  we  must  expand  our  rela:onship  with  Pakistan  beyond  security  issues,  and  lead  the  interna:onal  community  in  helping  the  Pakistani  people  overcome  poli:cal,  economic,  and  security  challenges  that  threaten  Pakistan’s  stability,  and  in  turn  undermine  regional  stability.”    

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 But  with  a  hint  of  realism  Obama:  “Pakistan  must  demonstrate  its  commitment  to  roo:ng  out  al  Qaeda  and  the  violent  extremists  within  its  borders.  And  we  will  insist  that  ac:on  be  taken  -­‐-­‐  one  way  or  another  -­‐-­‐  when  we  have  intelligence  about  high-­‐level  terrorist  targets.”  (2009)  

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So  what  does  the  US  policy  elite  think  about  US  policy  in  Pakistan?  

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What  is  the  major  short-­‐  to  medium-­‐term  challenge  facing  Pakistan?  •  Wide  range  of  challenges  iden0fied:  

•  34  different  challenges  named;  83  responses  given.  •  Number  of  respondents  =  36      

• 14  of  36  elite  respondents  (39%)  name  at  least  one  external  challenge  

 • 30  of  36  elite  respondents  (83%)  name  at  least  one  internal  challenge  

       

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What  is  the  major  short-­‐  to  medium-­‐term  challenge  facing  Pakistan?  

Most  popular  responses  and  number  of  respondents:      

       

External    (25%  of  total  responses)  

Internal    (75%  of  total  responses)  

Afghanistan  (5)   Economy  (10)  India  (5)   Energy  (6)  Securing  Nukes  (3)   Extremism  (6)  

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What  is  the  major  short-­‐  to  medium-­‐term  challenge  facing  Pakistan?  

“The  domes:c  situa:on  in  Pakistan  will  be  cri:cal.    It  is  going  to  be  the  economic  problems  that  will  be  the  driver,  which  will  out  of  necessity  force  Pakistan  into  rethinking  its  regional  rela:onships.    The  US  obviously  has  a  great  interest  in  this  because  an  unstable  Pakistan  is  not  going  to  help  in  crea:ng  a  stable  Afghanistan  or  a  stable  South  Asia.”    Interview:  Shuja  Nawaz,  The  Atlan:c  Council.    

       

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What  does  the  US  want  most  from  Pakistan?  •  18  different  ‘wants’  iden:fied;  63  total  responses  (average  of  two  per  respondent)  •   Number  of  respondents  =  32     Realist    

63%  (total  responses)    

Na0on  Building  27%  

Don’t  know  10%  

Afghanistan  (17)   Stability  (7)   US  doesn’t  know  what  it  wants  (4)    

Counterterrorism  (non-­‐state  actors)  (6)  

Extremism  (social  phenomenon)  (5)  

US  has  too  many  conflic:ng  goals  (2)  

Nuclear  Security  (5)   Governance  (2)  

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Realist  perspectives  

“Why  are  we  giving  Pakistan  this  aid?  It  is  Nigeria  with  nuclear  weapons.    That  is,  it  is  a  poor  country  that  cannot  meet  its  budget,  but  it  doesn’t  have  oil.    So  in  a  sense  it  is  a  form  of  blackmail…Pakistanis  know  that  we  regard  their  survival  as  important  to  us.”      Interview:  Stephen  Cohen,  Brookings  Ins:tu:on  2013  

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Nation  building  perspectives  “There  are  more  extremists,  a  more  religiously  conserva:ve  popula:on  –  that  is  what  the  trend  is.    Part  of  the  problem  is  that  there  are  always  things  to  mul:ply  that  –  a  lack  of  educa:on,  lack  of  jobs,  lack  of  a  stable  economy.  We  don’t  have  programs  to  address  it  [extremism]  at  all  …  it  is  too  much  of  a  band-­‐aid  approach”      Interview:  Poli:cal  Staffer,  Washington  D.C.  

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What  is  the  one  key  factor  you  would  change  in  US  policy  towards  Pakistan?  •  74%  of  responses  advocated  for  a  complete  overhaul  of  US  policy  

•  24  different  policy  changes  advocated,  total  responses  34  •  Number  of  respondents  =  26  •  Wide  range  of  changes  suggested,  most  popular  

 

Complete  Policy  Overhaul  (74%)  

Discrete  Reforms  (26%)  

Take  a  longer  term  approach  (5)  

Make  aid  pay  as  you  go  (2)  

Reset  rela:ons  (3)   Promote  peace  with  India  (2)  

Improve  US  credibility  (2)   Reduce  drone  strikes  (1)  

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What  is  the  one  key  factor  you  would  change  in  US  policy  towards  Pakistan?  

“The  US  has  no  long-­‐term  strategy  for  its  rela:onship  with  Pakistan.    They  have  a  strategy  based  on  the  war  in  Afghanistan.    If  you  read  the  strategic  documents  the  Obama  Administra:on  puts  out,  the  purpose  of  the  rela:onship  with  Pakistan  is  to  defeat  and  dismantle  AQ,  prevent  safe  havens  and  nuclear  issues.    It  is  all  limited  to  that  agenda.  This  is  the  problem.”    Interview:  Shamila  Chaudhary,  New  America  Founda:on  

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How  satisDied  overall  is  the  US  elite  with  US  foreign  policy  in  Pakistan?  • Very  dissa:sfied.    • Dissa:sfac:on  expressed  in  very  general  terms  –  “take  a  longer  term  approach”.  

 •  Indicates  dissa:sfac:on  with  US  policy  on  the  whole  (both  military  and  civilian).  

 •  Lack  of  ‘discrete’  or  specific  policy  ideas  tells  us  that  there  are  no  easy  fixes  for  the  US  in  Pakistan.    

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Why  the  dissatisfaction?  •  It  is  difficult  to  achieve  realist  and  na:on  building  goals  in  Pakistan:  •  Messaging  gets  lost  –  US  asks  too  much  of  Pakistan  –  the  elite  think  there  are  too  many  goals/unclear  goals.  

•  Pakistan’s  weak  government  and  civil-­‐military  tension.  •  Over  the  past  decade  the  US  has  go_en  li_le  bang  for  its  buck  in  Pakistan  –  aid  for  na:on  building  has  yielded  poor  results  in  terms  of  Pakistan  assis:ng  the  US  with  security  goals  (realist  goals)  –  so  why  keep  pursuing  this  policy?  

“I  am  not  quite  sure  the  US  knows  what  it  wants.    American  policy  is  in  the  midst  of  transi:on,  from  a  near  myopic  focus…on  the  war  on  terror…the  Obama  Administra:on  sustained  many  aspects  of  the  Bush  approach  and  tried  to  add  civilian  aid…but  never  really  broke  the  narra:ve  -­‐  a  principle  objec:ve  of  the  Obama  Administra:on’s  engagement  was  the  outcome  of  its  investments  in  Afghanistan.”  Interview:  Steve  Coll,  New  America  Founda:on  

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Why  the  dissatisfaction?  •  There  is  disconnect  between  US  goals  and  Pakistan’s  priori:es  •  Many  elite  believe  there  is  li_le  convergence  of  na:onal  interests,  especially  regarding  the  Taliban  and  Pakistan’s  strategic  use  of  terrorist  networks.  

 “We  want  things  Pakistan  does  not  want  to  do  or  cannot  deliver  on.    There  is  a  direct  correla:on,  the  security  apparatus  knows,  that  if  they  extend  their  CT  opera:ons  beyond  the  Pakistan  Taliban,  they  are  invi:ng  a  world  of  hurt.    So  they  can’t  deliver  or  don’t  want  to  deliver.    I  don’t  see  it  changing.    They  are  promising  less  and  delivering  li_le.    Except  for  against  those  guys  [terrorists]  that  are  aiming  at  them.”  Interview,  Michael  Krepon,  S:mson  Centre  

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Why  the  dissatisfaction?  •  The  pursuit  of  realist  objec:ves  undermines  na:on  building  goals:  •  The  elite  are  cognisant  that  the  US’s  transac:onal  approach  to  the  

rela:onship  and  pursuing  short-­‐term  policy  is  not  in  the  US’s  long-­‐term  interests  in  building  a  stable  and  secure  Pakistan.  

•  The  elite  argue  that  the  US  rela:onship  with  Pakistan  is  viewed  through  the  lens  of  Afghanistan  –  this  damaged  US-­‐Pak  rela:ons  and  has  undermined  na:on  building  goals  given  Pakistan  thinks  the  US  is  helping  Pakistan  in  exchange  for  security  coopera:on.  

 “I  would  want  to  take  a  much  longer  approach…This  idea  of  thinking  about  Pakistan  in  the  long-­‐term  rather  than  the  short-­‐term  should  be  front  and  centre.    Think  about  the  10-­‐20  year  :me  frame,  not  what  you  want  out  of  Pakistan  next  year…  The  threat  of  another  9/11  hangs  over  every  poli:cians  head.    That  overwhelms  every  other  policy  decision.    If  doing  something  slightly  increases  the  chance  that  we  will  have  another  a_ack  –  no  one  wants  to  touch  it,  even  if  it  is  just  the  percep:on.”    Interview:  Danny  Cutherell,  Centre  for  Global  Development  

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Conclusion  • Looking  at  elite  responses  across  all  three  research  ques:ons,  some  interes:ng  pa_erns  emerge  with  regards  to  elite  percep:ons:  • Pakistan  needs  help  primarily  with  its  internal  challenges  –the  elite  are  more  likely  to  nominate  internal  rather  than  external  challenges  when  asked  what  Pakistan’s  main  problems  are.  

 

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Conclusion  

• US  primary  goals  in  Pakistan  are  realist  ones  –  despite  the  Obama  rhetoric,  the  elite  think  that  when  it  comes  to  Pakistan,  realist  goals  are  more  important  than  na:on  building  for  the  US.  

   

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Conclusion  

• US  policy  in  Pakistan  needs  to  be  overhauled  –  Most  of  the  elite  advocate  a  complete  overhaul  or  reset  rather  than  more  specific  reforms.    

 

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Conclusion  •  I  argue  that  this  dissa:sfac:on  with  US  policy  reflects:    •  the  difficulty  of  achieving  either  realist  or  na:on  building  goals  •  the  disconnect  between  Pakistani  needs  and  US  priori:es  •  the  fact  that  the  pursuit  of  realist  objec:ves  undermines  the  achievement  of  na:on  building.  

 

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Concluding  remarks  •  In  context  of  this  broader  research  project,  US  elite  views  are  not  too  dissimilar  to  Pakistan  elite  views.  •  Pakistan  elite  also  emphasise  internal  challenges  –  though  there  is  greater  agreement  on  what  the  internal  challenges  are.  

•  Both  have  a  realist  perspec:ve.  Some  of  the  elite  argue  that  US  aid  to  Pakistan  should  be  scaled  back;  many  elite  in  Pakistan  advocate  cancelling  it  altogether.  

•  The  Pakistan  elite,  however,  is  less  dissa:sfied  with  the  way  its  government  is  conduc:ng  policy  vis-­‐à-­‐vis  the  US  –  and  collec:vely  blame  the  US  for  many  of  its  country’s  woes.    

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Concluding  remarks  

Important  applica:ons  of  this  research:  •  Ul:mately,  the  US  will  have  a  greater  probability  of  success    in  Pakistan  if  its  broad  geopoli:cal  interests  dovetail  with  those  of  both  the  elite  and  the  people  in  the  target  na:on  –  and  if  the  US  can  be_er  understand  the  perspec:ves  of  the  elite.    

•  This  research  adds  to  the  large  body  of  literature  on  elite  opinion  and  fills  a  gap  with  respect  to  Pakistan.    There  is  li_le  in-­‐depth  research  on  the  foreign  policy  views  of  the  elite  in  Pakistan,  or  the  US  elite  concerning  US  policy  in  Pakistan.  

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Discussion  and  Q&A