Real world attenuation of foam earplugs- Smith
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
Real-world attenuation of foam earplugs.
Dr Adrian Smith
RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
Noise-induced hearing loss
• Common occupational hazard– Across industries– Global
• Costs– Australia, 24% of OH&S claims in last 10 yrs– $$: compensation– $$: lost productivity– In Australia, $11 billion each year
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
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RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
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Measured noise Factory attenuation data Calculated at-ear noise
exposure
… assuming that the wearer gets full benefit of earplugs.
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• Roll earplug into a crease-free cylinder.
• Pull Back ear by reaching over head with free hand, gently pull top of ear up and out.
• Insert earplug deep into ear canal.
• Hold until it fully expands.
• Visual check. The earplug should not be visible from the front.
• Acoustic check. Earplugs should block enough noise that covering your ears does not result in a significant difference.
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But…
Most earplug users do not receive formal training to insert earplugs.
Start of training.
“These are earplugs. t them in your ear when you are around loud noise”.
End of training.
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This is how deep to insert earplugs!
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Aim
Document real-world attenuation of foam earplugs.
Determine whether training improves attenuation.
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Method43 aircrew, attending AVMED for training
Asked to insert earplugs as normal.– Blinded to purpose of the study– Not coached or corrected– Technique recorded
Attenuation measuredOne-on-one training, plus 10-sec video clipsAttenuation re measured
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Demographics
Aircrew– Pilots, 24 (56%)– Non-pilots, 19 (44%)
Experience– Junior (1-100 hr), 53%– Experienced (101-1500 hr), 28%– Very experienced (>1500 hr), 19%
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ANSI S12.6-1997
Earplugs inserted under direct vision of a trained audiologist.
Earplugs inserted by naïve wearers, following manufacturer’s instructions.
AS1270:2002
Optimum protection
Typical protectionof an ‘informed user’
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I S12.6-1997 Optimum performance, inserted under direct control of trained audiologist.
NRR 32 dB
270:2002 Typical performance achievable by 80% of ‘informed users’.
SLC80 25 dB
s study. Performance of typical population of users.
SLC801 18 dB
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What about those with “formal training”?
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*
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After training…
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Importance of technique
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** *
* p<0.001
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*
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*
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Does the training benefit everyone?
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One size fits all....
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One size fits most....
Small
Large
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Improvement P-value‘Formal instruction’ already 10.1 dB
0.81Self-taught 9.4 dBPilot 8.4 dB
0.41Non-pilot aircrew 10.5 dBNewly-qualified (<100 h) 11.1 dB
0.15Experienced (>1500 h) 7.3 dBConfident in technique 9.4 dB
0 96
Who benefits from training?Attenuation P-value
Before training 15 dB<0.001
After training 26 dB
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10 dB improvement … so what?
Every 3 dB=
double sound pressure level
Sound pressure level↓
Noise exposure↓
Risk of NIHL3 6 9 12 15
dB f tt ti
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Conclusions
Foam earplugs in the hands of untrained users are significantly less effective than factory specifications.
ADF pers likely over-exposed to noise.
Brief training intervention– Insertion technique, improved
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Take-home messages
Earplugs are not intuitive to use.Earplugs need formal, structured training– Improved attenuation– Reduction in occupational noise exposure– Reduction in risk of noise-induced hearing loss
AVMED training module: Roll. Pull. Push. Hold. Check.
Target training or different earplugs?
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Thank you
Dr Adrian Smith
Specialist Aviation Medical Officer (Army)RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
[email protected]: 08 7383 3169
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Foam earplugs:
more interestingthan you think!
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Thank you
Dr Adrian Smith
Specialist Aviation Medical Officer (Army)RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
[email protected]: 08 7383 3169