REAL TIME OBSTACLE DETECTION AND AUTOMATIC HEADLIGHT ...ijaeart.com/apr2016/p8.pdf · AUTOMATIC...

International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Recent Technology ISSN (Online) : 2455 3522 ; www.ijaeart.com Volume 6 Issue 1 | April 2016 | PP : 46 - 58

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REAL TIME OBSTACLE DETECTION AND

AUTOMATIC HEADLIGHT DIMMER FOR

AUTOMOBILES

Farooque Abdullah S1,Brindha C

2,Divya TR

3,Anitha C

4 and Nimisha KR

5

1234

UG Scholar-Sri Eshwar College of Engineering,Coimbatore,Tamil Nadu,India

5 Assistant Professor-Sri Eshwar College of Engineering,Coimbatore,Tamil Nadu,India

1. ABSTRACT:

The number of the accidents that occur in the world

increases every year but the amount of fatalities has

decreased due to new technology developed by the

automobile industry. However the only way to save

far more lives is to keep cars from smashing into

each other in the first place In this paper, a system is

presented to avoid accidents caused by careless

driving of the driver. This system warns the driver

when it finds obstacles on its path which aids the

driver in preventing accidents. A simple method is

suggested, to improve the safety of the vehicle by

using ultrasonic sensors for getting a picture of the

obstacles in the path of the vehicle. Another method

is suggested to automate the head lamps of the

vehicle from high beam to low beam by sensing the

intensity of light from opposite vehicle. These

techniques increase the comfort and safety of night

driving to a large extent.

Keywords:Automobiles,Headlight

dimmer,Ultrasonic sensor,Obstacles

2. INTRODUCTION:

Present industry is increasingly shifting towards

automation. Two principle components of today‘s

industrial automations are programmable controllers

and robots. In order to aid the tedious work and to

serve the mankind, today there is a general tendency

to develop an intelligent operation.PIC

Microcontroller is the heart of the device which

handles all the sub devices connected across it. We

have used as microcontroller. It has flash type

reprogrammable memory. It has some peripheral

devices to play this project perform. It also provides

sufficient power to inbuilt peripheral devices. We

need not give individually to all devices. The

peripheral devices also activates as low power

operation mode. These are the advantages are appear

here.

3.CURRENT PROBLEM FACED BY

MOTORISTS :

Motorists are facing a huge problem due to this high

beam light which falls directly onto their eyes during

driving. There are many medical facts and figures

which support their problems of driving.

3.1 TROXLER EFFECT :

In the medical world, Troxler effect is used to

describe a kind of temporary blindness. It is

otherwise known as the ‗fading effect‘. A study

shows that if our eyes are exposed to a very bright

light source of around 10,000 lumens, we experience

a glare.This glare is produced due to over exposure of

the rods and cones inside our eye. Even after the

source of glare is removed, an after-image remains in

our eye that creates a blind spot. This phenomenon is

called Troxler effect. This means that the driver‘s

reaction time is increased by 1.4 seconds. For

example, let us assume a motorist travelling at 60

miles per hour takes 0.5 seconds to react to a hazard



and will stop within 41 feet. Due to Troxler effect,

the same person travelling under the same conditions

will take 0.9 seconds longer to react and hence will

come to a complete halt only at 123 feet.There is a

huge difference of 82 feet. This is more than enough

to cause a disaster on the road. This Troxler effect is

across all ages. Any one exposed to sudden bright

light experiences this Troxler effect.

3.2 ACCIDENTS DUE TO TROXLER EFFECT:

As discussed earlier, there are many accidents caused

due to Troxler effect. Many accident reports have

been witnessed where a large vehicle, hitting a slow

moving smaller vehicle while the latter is trying to

over-take. Though it might be obvious to blame the

driver, they claim to have not seen the smaller

vehicle approaching. This is the most common

example of illustrating the Troxler effect in our day-

to-day life. Due to excessive brightness, the driver of

the large vehicle is blinded. So he is unable to notice

the smaller vehicle even though it is right in front of

him. This can be avoided if the headlight is dipped to

low beam mode.

4.THE HEADLIGHT BEAMS :

The headlight of vehicles is fitted with two bulbs.

One bulb is used for high beam and the other for the

low beam. On an average, in India, the requirement

of the headlight is essential from 6.00 pm till 5.00

am. It is most essential during late night travels. The

headlight can be switched between the bright and dip

modes by the driver using a switch. The bright mode

is used when there are no other sources of light on the

streets to aid with driving. Long highways, a pitch

black street with no lights are the ideal locations

where one would use a bright beam [5]. The dip or

the low beam is less intense than the bright beam. It

is used under normal night driving conditions. The

dip beam is aimed low at the road and gives less

range. The high beam has a longer range but very less

field coverage. Hence, dip beam is less intense (700

lumens) and high beam has a higher brightness index

(1200 lumens) when tested under a standard distance

of 50 feet from the vehicle.The high beam since has a

longer throw and a higher brightness index, will

ultimately fall directly on the eyes of the driver

coming on the other side of the traffic. The angle of

spread of the dip beam and the high beam is 135�

and 15� respectively.This again confirms on their

range and spread. A human eye can withstand a

brightness of around 1000 lumens when the source is

at 20 feet.Hence it is very important to make sure that

our vehicle‘s bright (high) beam does not affect the

driver coming from the opposite direction. As it is

not possible to reduce the intensity of our headlight,

all we have to do is to switch down to the dip beam

until the traffic has passed away. This will ensure a

safe and a friendly driving on the road during the

night.

5.ULTRASONIC SENSOR:

Ultrasonic sensors (also known as tranceivers when

they both send and receive) work on a principle

similar to radar or sonar which evaluate attributes of

a target by interpreting the echoes from radio or

sound waves respectively. Ultrasonic sensors

generate high frequency sound waves and evaluate

the echo which is received back by the sensor.

Sensors calculate the time interval between sending

the signal and receiving the echo to determine the

distance to an object.This technology can be used for

measuring: wind speed and direction (anemometer),

fullness of a tank and speed through air or water. For

measuring speed or direction a device uses multiple

detectors and calculates the speed from the relative

distances to particulates in the air or water. To

measure the amount of liquid in a tank, the sensor

measures the distance to the surface of the fluid.

Further applications include: humidifiers, sonar,



medical ultrasonography, burglar alarms and non-

destructive testing.Systems typically use a transducer

which generates sound waves in the ultrasonic range,

above 20,000 hertz, by turning electrical energy into

sound, then upon receiving the echo turn the sound

waves into electrical energy which can be measured

and displayed.The technology is limited by the

shapes of surfaces and the density or consistency of

the material. For example foam on the surface of a

fluid in a tank could distort a reading.

6.SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS

6.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

PIC

LCD DISPLAY

LDR sensor

ULTRASONIC SENSOR

DRIVER CIRCUIT

RELAY

ALARM

KEYPAD

6.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

MPLAB- FOR PIC

LABVIEW

6.3 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION:

MPLAB:

MPLAB IDE is an integrated development

environment that provides development engineers

with the flexibility to develop and debug firmware

for various Microchip devices.MPLAB IDE is a

Windows-based Integrated Development

Environment for the Microchip Technology

Incorporated PICmicrocontroller (MCU) and dsPIC

digital signal controller (DSC) families. In the

MPLAB IDE, we can:

1.Create source code using the built-in editor.

2.Assemble, compile and link source code using

various language tools. An assembler, linker and

librarian come with MPLAB IDE. C compilers are

available from Microchip and other third party

vendors.

3.Debug the executable logic by watching program

flow with a simulator, such as MPLAB SIM, or in

real time with an emulator, such as MPLAB ICE.

Third party emulators that work with MPLAB IDE

are also available.

4.Make timing measurements.

5.View variables in Watch windows.

6.Program firmware into devices with programmers

such as PICSTART Plus or PRO MATE II.

7.Find quick answers to questions from the MPLAB

IDE on-line Help.

6.4 MPLAB SIMULATOR:

MPLAB SIM is a discrete-event simulator for the

PIC microcontroller (MCU) families. It is integrated

into MPLAB IDE integrated development

environment. The MPLAB SIM debugging tool is

designed to model operation of Microchip

Technology's PIC microcontrollers to assist users in

debugging software for these devices

6.5 IC PROG:

The PRO MATE II is a Microchip microcontroller

device programmer. Through interchangeable

programming socket modules, PRO MATE II enables

you to quickly and easily program the entire line of

Microchip PICmicro microcontroller devices and

many of the Microchip memory parts.PRO MATE II

may be used with MPLAB IDE running under

supported Windows OS's (see Read me for PRO

MATE II.txt for support list), with the command-line

controller PROCMD or as a stand-alone programmer

6.6 COMPILER-HIGH TECH C:

A program written in the high level language called

C; which will be converted into PICmicro MCU

machine code by a compiler. Machine code is

suitable for use by a PICmicro MCU or Microchip

development system product like MPLAB IDE.

6.7 PIC START PLUS PROGRAMMER:

The PIC start plus development system from

microchip technology provides the product

development engineer with a highly flexible low cost


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microcontroller design tool set for all microchip PIC

micro devices. The pic start plus development system

includes PIC start plus development programmer and

MPLAB IDE.The PIC start plus programmer gives

the product developer ability to program user

software in to any of the supported microcontrollers.

The PIC start plus software running under MPLAB

provides for full interactive control over the

programmer.

7. BLOCK DIAGRAM

7.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

PIC

CONCEPTS OF MICROCONTROLLER:

Microcontroller is a general purpose device, which

integrates a number of the components of a

microprocessor system on to single chip. It has

inbuilt CPU, memory and peripherals to make it as a

mini computer. A microcontroller combines on to the

same microchip:

The CPU core

Memory(both ROM and RAM)

Some parallel digital i/o

Microcontrollers will combine other devices such as:

A timer module to allow the microcontroller to

perform tasks for certain time periods.

A serial i/o port to allow data to flow between the

controller and other devices such as a PIC or another

microcontroller.

An ADC to allow the microcontroller to accept

analogue input data for processing.

Microcontrollers are :

1. Smaller in size

2.Consumes less power

3.Inexpensive

Micro controller is a stand alone unit ,which can

perform functions on its own without any

requirement for additional hardware like i/o ports and

external memory. The heart of the microcontroller is

the CPU core. In the past, this has traditionally been

based on a 8-bit microprocessor unit. For example

Motorola uses a basic 6800 microprocessor core in

their 6805/6808 microcontroller devices.In the recent

years, microcontrollers have been developed around

specifically designed CPU cores, for example the

microchip PIC range of microcontrollers.

7.2 AMPLIFIER:

An ELECTRONIC AMPLIFIER is a device for

increasing the (power of a (signal. It does this by

taking energy from a power supply and controlling

the output to match the input signal shape but with a

larger amplitude. In this sense, an amplifier may be

considered as modulating the output of the power

supply.Here we use inverting amplifier as a gain

amplifier. We can change the gain by adjusting the

value of feedback resistance value.As the open loop

DC gain of an operational amplifier is extremely high

we can afford to lose some of this gain by connecting

a suitable resistor across the amplifier from the

output terminal back to the inverting input terminal to

both reduce and control the overall gain of the

amplifier. This then produces and effect known

commonly as Negative Feedback, and thus produces

a very stable Operational Amplifier system.


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Negative Feedback is the process of "feeding back"

some of the output signal back to the input, but to

make the feedback negative we must feed it back to

the "Negative input" terminal using an external

Feedback Resistor called Rf. This feedback

connection between the output and the inverting input

terminal produces a closed loop circuit to the

amplifier resulting in the gain of the amplifier now

being called its Closed-loop Gain.

7.3 DRIVER CIRCUIT:

In electronics, a driver is an electrical circuit or other

electronic component used to control another circuit

or other component, such as a high-power transistor.

The term is used, for example, for a specialized

computer chip that controls the high-power

transistors in AC-to-DC voltage converters. An

amplifier can also be considered the driver for

loudspeakers, or a constant voltage circuit that keeps

an attached component operating within a broad

range of input voltages.

The following circuit will allow you to drive a 12V

relay using logic voltage (an input of 4V or greater

will trip the relay). The circuit has its own 12V power

supply making it self contained but the power supply

portion can be left out if an external supply will be

used. The circuit shows an output from the power

supply that can be used to power other devices but it

should be noted that the supply is unregulated and not

particulary powerful with the parts stated. The 12V

DC output is suitable for powering a few LEDs or

low voltage lights but should not be used to power

other electronic boards or motors.

7.4 RELAY:

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current

flowing through the coil of the relay creates a

magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the

switch contacts. The coil current can be on or off so

relays have two switch positions and they are double

throw (changeover) switches. Relays allow one

circuit to switch a second circuit which can be

completely separate from the first. For example a low

voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a

230V AC mains circuit. There is no electrical

connection inside the relay between the two circuits;

the link is magnetic and mechanical. The coil of a

relay passes a relatively large current, typically

30mA for a 12V relay, but it can be as much as

100mA for relays designed to operate from lower

voltages. Most ICs (chips) cannot provide this current

and a transistor is usually used to amplify the small

IC current to the larger value required for the relay

coil. The maximum output current for the popular

555 timer IC is 200mA so these devices can supply

relay coils directly without amplification.

Relays are usually SPDT or DPDT but they can have

many more sets of switch contacts, for example

relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are readily

available. Most relays are designed for PCB

mounting but you can solder wires directly to the pins

providing you take care to avoid melting the plastic

case of the relay. The animated picture shows a

working relay with its coil and switch contacts. You



can see a lever on the left being attracted by

magnetism when the coil is switched on. This lever

moves the switch contacts. There is one set of

contacts (SPDT) in the foreground and another

behind them, making the relay DPDT.

The relay's switch connections are usually labeled

COM, NC and NO: COM = Common, always

connect to this, it is the moving part of the switch.

NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this

when the relay coil is off. NO = Normally Open,

COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on.

7.5 ALARM:An alarm gives an audible or visual

warning about a problem or condition.

7.6 BUZZER:A buzzer or beeper is a signalling

device, usually electronic, typically used in

automobiles, household appliances such as a

microwave oven, or game shows. It most commonly

consists of a number of switches or sensors

connected to a control unit that determines if and

which button was pushed or a preset time has lapsed,

and usually illuminates a light on the appropriate

button or control panel, and sounds a warning in the

form of a continuous or intermittent buzzing or

beeping sound. Initially this device was based on an

electromechanical system which was identical to an

electric bell without the metal gong (which makes the

ringing noise). Often these units were anchored to a

wall or ceiling and used the ceiling or wall as a

sounding board. Another implementation with some

AC-connected devices was to implement a circuit to

make the AC current into a noise loud enough to

drive a loudspeaker and hook this circuit up to a

cheap 8-ohm speaker. Nowadays, it is more popular

to use a ceramic-based piezoelectric sounder like a

Sonalert which makes a high-pitched tone. Usually

these were hooked up to "driver" circuits which

varied the pitch of the sound or pulsed the sound on

and off.

7.7 KEYPAD: A numeric keypad, or numpad for short, is the small,

palm-sized, seventeen key section of a computer

keyboard, usually on the very far right. The numeric

keypad features digits 0 to 9, addition (+), subtraction

(-), multiplication (*) and division (/) symbols, a

decimal point (.) and Num Lock and Enter keys.

Laptop keyboards often do not have a numpad, but

may provide numpad input by holding a modifier key

(typically lapelled "Fn") and operating keys on the

standard keyboard.

Particularly large laptops (typically those with a 17

inch screen or larger) may have space for a real

numpad, and many companies sell separate numpads

which connect to the host laptop by a USB

connection.



Numeric keypads usually operate in two modes:

when Num Lock is off, keys 8, 6, 2, 4 act like an

arrow keys and 7, 9, 3, 1 act like Home, PgUp, PgDn

and End; when Num Lock is on, digits keys produce

corresponding digits. These, however, differ from the

numeric keys at the top of the keyboard in that, when

combined with the Alt key on a PC, they are used to

enter characters which may not be otherwise

available: for example, Alt-0169 produces the

copyright symbol. These are referred to as Alt codes.

On Apple Computer Macintosh computers, which

lack a Num Lock key, the numeric keypad always

produces only numbers. The num lock key is

replaced by the clear key. Numeric keypads usually

operate in two modes: when Num Lock is off, keys 8,

6, 2, 4 act like an arrow keys and 7, 9, 3, 1 act like

Home, PgUp, PgDn and End; when Num Lock is on,

digits keys produce corresponding digits. These,

however, differ from the numeric keys at the top of

the keyboard in that, when combined with the Alt key

on a PC, they are used to enter characters which may

not be otherwise available: for example, Alt-0169

produces the copyright symbol. These are referred to

as Alt codes.

8.OVERALL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

DESCRIPTION:

8.1 POWER SUPPLY:

The ac voltage, typically 220V rms, is connected to a

transformer, which steps that ac voltage down to the

level of the desired dc output. A diode rectifier then

provides a full-wave rectified voltage that is initially

filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc

voltage. This resulting dc voltage usually has some

ripple or ac voltage variation.

A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also

remains the same dc value even if the input dc

voltage varies, or the load connected to the output dc

voltage changes. This voltage regulation is usually

obtained using one of the popular voltage regulator

IC units.

Working principle:

8.1(A) Transformer :

The potential transformer will step down the power

supply voltage (0-230V) to (0-6V) level. Then the

secondary of the potential transformer will be

connected to the precision rectifier, which is

constructed with the help of op–amp. The advantages

of using precision rectifier are it will give peak

voltage output as DC, rest of the circuits will give

only RMS output.

8.1(B) Bridge rectifier:

When four diodes are connected as shown in figure,

the circuit is called as bridge rectifier. The input to

the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite

corners of the network, and the output is taken from

the remaining two corners. Let us assume that the

transformer is working properly and there is a

positive potential, at point A and a negative potential

at point B. the positive potential at point A will

forward bias D3 and reverse bias D4. The negative

potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse

D2. At this time D3 and D1 are forward biased and

will allow current flow to pass through them; D4 and

D2 are reverse biased and will block current flow.

The path for current flow is from point B through D1,

up through RL, through D3, through the secondary of

the transformer back to point B. this path is indicated

by the solid arrows. Waveforms (1) and (2) can be

observed across D1 and D3.One-half cycle later the

polarity across the secondary of the transformer

reverse, forward biasing D2 and D4 and reverse

biasing D1 and D3. Current flow will now be from

point A through D4, up through RL, through D2,

through the secondary of T1, and back to point A.

This path is indicated by the broken arrows.



Waveforms (3) and (4) can be observed across D2

and D4. The current flow through RL is always in the

same direction. In flowing through RL this current

develops a voltage corresponding to that shown

waveform (5). Since current flows through the load

(RL) during both half cycles of the applied voltage,

this bridge rectifier is a full-wave rectifier.One

advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional

full-wave rectifier is that with a given transformer the

bridge rectifier produces a voltage output that is

nearly twice that of the conventional full-wave

circuit. This may be shown by assigning values to

some of the components shown in views A and B.

assume that the same transformer is used in both

circuits. The peak voltage developed between points

X and y is 1000 volts in both circuits. In the

conventional full-wave circuit shown—in view A, the

peak voltage from the center tap to either X or Y is

500 volts. Since only one diode can conduct at any

instant, the maximum voltage that can be rectified at

any instant is 500 volts. The maximum voltage that

appears across the load resistor is nearly-but never

exceeds-500 v0lts, as result of the small voltage drop

across the diode. In the bridge rectifier shown in view

B, the maximum voltage that can be rectified is the

full secondary voltage, which is 1000 volts.

Therefore, the peak output voltage across the load

resistor is nearly 1000 volts. With both circuits using

the same transformer, the bridge rectifier circuit

produces a higher output voltage than the

conventional full-wave rectifier circuit.

8.1(C) HARDWARE IMAGES

1.At normal driving conditions the high beam is

switched on (during night time)

2. When vehicle approaches it automatically

switches to low beam(during night time)

3.When ultrasonic sensor detects any obstacle it

produces sound and displays the distance between

vehicle and obstacle in the LCD display



IC voltage regulators:

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used

ICs. Regulator IC units contain the circuitry for

reference source, comparator amplifier, control

device, and overload protection all in a single IC. IC

units provide regulation of either a fixed positive

voltage, a fixed negative voltage, or an adjustably set

voltage. The regulators can be selected for operation

with load currents from hundreds of milli amperes to

tens of amperes, corresponding to power ratings from

milli watts to tens of watts.

A fixed three-terminal voltage regulator has an

unregulated dc input voltage, Vi, applied to one input

terminal, a regulated dc output voltage, Vo, from a

second terminal, with the third terminal connected to

ground.The series 78 regulators provide fixed

positive regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts.

Similarly, the series 79 regulators provide fixed

negative regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts.

For ICs, microcontroller, LCD --------- 5 volts

For alarm circuit, op-amp, relay circuits ---------- 12

volts

8.2 LCD DISPLAY WITH PIC

We connect the lcd display with PIC through PORT

D.

PORTD AND TRISD REGISTER :

PORTD is an 8-bit wide bi-directional port. The

corresponding data direction register is TRISD.

Setting a TRISD bit (=1) will make the

corresponding PORTD pin an input, i.e., put the

corresponding output driver in a hi-impedance mode.

Clearing a TRISD bit (=0) will make the

corresponding PORTD pin an output.

PORTD AND TRISD REGISTERS:

This section is not applicable to the 28-pin devices.

PORTD is an 8-bit port with Schmitt Trigger input

buffers. Each pin is individually configurable as an

input or output. PORTD can be configured as an 8-bit

wide microprocessor Port (parallel slave port) by

setting control bit PSPMODE (TRISE<4>). In this

mode, the input buffers are TTL.

INTENSITY MEASUREMENT USING LDR



LDR:

A photoresistor is an electronic component

whose resistance decreases with increasing incident

light intensity. It can also be referred to as a light-

dependent resistor (LDR), or photoconductor.

A photoresistor is made of a high-resistance

semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of

high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the

semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy

to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free

electron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity,

thereby lowering resistance.A photoelectric device

can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. In intrinsic

devices, the only available electrons are in the

valence band, and hence the photon must have

enough energy to excite the electron across the entire

band gap. Extrinsic devices have impurities added,

which have a ground state energy closer to the

conduction band — since the electrons don't have as

far to jump, lower energy photons (i.e. longer

wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to

trigger the device.

Cadmium sulphide cells:

Cadmium sulphide or cadmium sulphide

(CdS) cells rely on the material's ability to vary its

resistance according to the amount of light striking

the cell. The more light that strikes the cell, the lower

the resistance. Although not accurate, even a simple

CdS cell can have a wide range of resistance from

less than 100 Ω in bright light to in excess of 10 MΩ

in darkness. The cells are also capable of reacting to a

broad range of frequencies including infrared (IR),

visible light, and ultraviolet (UV). They are often

found on street lights as automatic on/off switches.

They were once even used in heat-seeking missiles to

sense for targets.

Applications:

Photoresistors come in many different types.

Inexpensive cadmium sulphide cells can be found in

many consumer items such as camera light meters,

clock radios, security alarms, street lights and

outdoor clocks. At the other end of the scale, Ge:Cu

photoconductors are among the best far-infrared

detectors available, and are used for infrared

astronomy and infrared spectroscop.

Circuit working principle:

In this circuit the LDR is connected in series with

resistor R1 formed as voltage divider network which

is connected to inverting input terminla of

comparator. The reference voltage is given to non

inverting input terminal. The comparator is

constructed by the operational amplifier LM741. The

LM741 is a high performance monolithic operational

amplifier on a single silocon chip.

When there is no light rays the output of the

comparator is zero because we have set the reference

voltage equal to inverting input voltage. When the



light rays fallen on the LDR, it resistance value is

decreased. The comparator delivered error voltage on

the output terminal. Then the error voltage is given to

next stage of the gain amplifier in which the variable

resistor is connected in the feedback path. By

adjusting the resistor we can get the variable gain

voltage on the output terminal which is given to ADC

or other related circuit in order to find the light

intensity level.

8.3 ULTRASONIC DISTANCE METER

Circuit Description: This circuit is designed to measure the distance of the

object with the help of ultrasonic waves. The 12F675

microcontroller is used to generate the 40 KHz

frequency signal. This signal is given to level logic

converter (MAX232) in order to convert to TTL

output pulse to +12v and -12v pulse. Then this pulse

is transmitted through ultrasonic transmitter.

The ultrasonic wave is spread in the air and hit the

nearest object and reflected from the object which is

received by the ultrasonic receiver. The received

wave is given to amplifier in order to amplify the

received weak signal. After the amplification the

amplified wave is given to zero adjustment amplifier

because the amplified wave is in the range of above

6v level. Then the output is given to comparator in

which the wave signal is converted into

corresponding square wave signal. Then the square

wave signal is given to input of the microcontroller.

Now the microcontroller compares the time between

the transmitted signal and received signal and

generates the corresponding pulse output which is

equal to distance of the object. Then the pulse signal

is given to input of BC547 transistor.

8.4 RELAY CIRCUIT:

Circuit description:

This circuit is designed to control the load. The load

may be motor or any other load. The load is turned

ON and OFF through relay. The relay ON and OFF

is controlled by the pair of switching transistors (BC

547). The relay is connected in the Q2 transistor

collector terminal. A Relay is nothing but

electromagnetic switching device which consists of

three pins. They are Common, Normally close (NC)

and Normally open (NO).The relay common pin is

connected to supply voltage. The normally open



(NO) pin connected to load. When high pulse signal

is given to base of the Q1 transistors, the transistor is

conducting and shorts the collector and emitter

terminal and zero signals is given to base of the Q2

transistor. So the relay is turned OFF state.When low

pulse is given to base of transistor Q1 transistor, the

transistor is turned OFF. Now 12v is given to base of

Q2 transistor so the transistor is conducting and relay

is turned ON. Hence the common terminal and NO

terminal of relay are shorted. Now load gets the

supply voltage through relay.

8.5 ALARM CIRCUIT:

Circuit description: The circuit is designed to control the buzzer. The

buzzer ON and OFF is controlled by the NPN

transistor (BC 547). The buzzer is connected in the

transistor collector terminal. When high pulse signal

is given to base of the transistors it will be turned on

and now alarm get ground so it will be on.If low

pulse is given to the NPN transistor base means it

will be off and also alarm goes to the off state.

9. CONCLUSIONS :

The occurrence of glare during driving is a serious

problem for drivers. This is caused due to the sudden

exposure of our eyes to a very bright light; the bright

headlights of vehicles.This causes a temporary

blindness called the Troxler effect. Eventually this

becomes the major reason for night accidents. The

driver should actually turn down the bright lights

immediately to avoid glare to the other person which

is not happening. And also due to lack of knowledge

about the obstacles in front of us. Hence, is the idea

for the design and development of a prototype circuit

called the automatic headlight dimmer and obstacle

detection. It gives the driver to use high beam light

when required and also to know the obstacles while

reaching it before. The circuit consists of simple

and economical components which can be easily

installed. The working and implementation of the

prototype are discussed in detail. Thus the

implementation of these devices in every vehicle in

future will not only avoid accidents but also provide a

safe and a comfortable driving.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT :

We thank Mrs.Nimisha K.R,ME,our

project guide for helping and

guiding us throughout the entire

project and also providing us

information about the statistical

reports.

REFERENCES:



1.MILL MAN J and HAWKIES C.C.

―INTEGRATED

ELECTRONICS‖ MCGRAW HILL, 1972

2.ROY CHOUDHURY D, SHAIL JAIN, ― LINEAR

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT‖, New Age International

Publishers, New Delhi,2000

3.―THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER AND

EMBEDDED SYSTEM‖ by Mohammad Ali Mazidi.

BIOGRAPHIES:

Farooque Abdullah.S was born

in Coimbatore,India on

30.09.1993 and completed his

schooling in P.K.D.Matriculation

Higher Secondary School,Pollachi

in the year 2012.Currently pursuing the under

graduate course,B.E (Electronics and Communication

Engineering) in Sri Eshwar College of

Engineering,Coimbatore,India.His areas of interests

include Networking and Control systems.

Brindha.C was born in

Theni,India on 26.03.1995 and

completed her schooling from

Nadar Saraswathi Higher

Secondary School,Theni in the

year 2012.Currently pursuing the under graduate

course,B.E (Electronics and Communication


Engineering,Coimbatore,India.Her areas of interests

include Networking and Embedded systems.

Divya.T.R was born in

Ooty,India on 10.09.1994 and

completed her schooling from

Shri Shanthi Vijay Girls Higher

Secondary School,Ooty in the

year 2012.Currently pursuing the under graduate




include Digital Signal Processing and Control

systems.

Anitha.C was born in

Coimbatore,India on 02.06.1995

and completed her schooling

from Government Higher

Secondary

School,Vadasithur,Kinathukadavu in the year

2012.Currently pursuing the under graduate




include Electronic circuits and Embedded systems.

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