Readings Pages 114- 129 Great Architecture of the World...Gothic Architecture 1140-1500 Influenced...
Transcript of Readings Pages 114- 129 Great Architecture of the World...Gothic Architecture 1140-1500 Influenced...
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Pages 114- 129Great Architecture of the World
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ARCH 1121 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY
Readings
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Gothic Architecture 1140-1500
Influenced by Romanesque Architecture
While Romanesque remained solid and massive –Gothic:
1) opened up to walls with enormous windows and 2) replaced semicircular arch with the pointed arch.
Style emerged in France
Support: Piers and Flying Buttresses
Décor: Sculpture and stained glass
Effect: Soaring, vertical and skeleton-like
Inspiration: Heavenly light
Goal: To lift our everyday life up to the heavens
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Gothic Architecture 1140-1500
Dominant Art during this time was Architecture
Growth of towns – more prosperous
They wanted their own churches – Symbol of civic Pride
More confident and optimistic
Appreciation of Nature
Church/Cathedral was the outlet for creativity
Few people could read and write
Clergy directed the operations of new churches- built by laymen
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Gothic Architecture 1140-1420
Began soon after the first Crusaders returned from Constantinople
Brought new technology: Winches to hoist heavy stones
New Translation of Euclid’s Elements – Geometry
Gothic Architecture was the integration of Structure and Ornament – Interior Unity
Elaborate Entrances covered with Sculpture and pronounced vertical emphasis, thin walls pierced by stained-glass
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Gothic Architecture Characteristics:
Emphasis on verticality
Skeletal Stone Structure
Great Showing of Glass: Containers of light
Sharply pointed Spires
Clustered Columns
Flying Buttresses
Pointed Arches
Ogive Shape
Ribbed Vaults
Inventive Sculpture Detail
Sharply Pointed Spires
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Gothic Architecture 1140-1500
Abbot Suger had the vision that started Gothic Architecture
Enlargement due to crowded churches, and larger windows
Imagined the interior without partitions, flowing free
Used of the Pointed Arch and Rib Vault
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St. Denis 1135-1144
An integration of the various spaces such as, radiating chapels and ambulatory
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St. Denis 1135-1144
Replaced Stone walls in Chapels with Stained Glass
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St. Denis 1135-1144
Substituted thin columns for heavy piers in the Ambulatory
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St. Denis 1135-1144
Rebuilt the West Façade and installed the first Rose Window between two towers
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St. Denis 1135-1144
Rebuilt the West Façade & installed the first Rose Window between two towers
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The Pointed ArchTypical Roman Arch could only span square bays
Pointed arch allowed for various sizes of bays (rectangular)
Shape could be varied, made flatter or more pointed
Exerted far less lateral force than the typical arch
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Rib and Panel ConceptConcentration of forces at points of support rather than bearing walls
System of vertical ribs or piers at regular intervals that supported the vaults above
Advantages: Large windows, relatively light –skeleton-like
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The Flying ButtressGothic Vaults exerted tremendous forces both vertically and laterally
Downward loads were concentrated on piers, while the lateral loads needed to be resolved.
Heavy pier buttresses at right angles to the exterior walls counteracted the lateral forces
Side Aisles were incorporated into the Flying buttresses
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The Flying
Buttress
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The Flying
Buttress
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Notre Dame Begun 1163:
Continuous aisles that terminated in a Chevet (round apse)Compact Cruciform Plan
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Notre Dame Begun 1163:
Typical three story arrangement: Nave arcade, Triforium and the Clerestory
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Notre Dame Begun 1163:
© Maud Aptekar 2009
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Notre Dame
Begun 1163:
Western Façade with twin Towers- deeply recessed portals and Rose Window©
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Notre Dame Begun 1163:
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Notre Dame Begun 1163: Portal to the Virgin
© Maud Aptekar 2009
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Notre Dame Begun 1163: Flying Buttresses
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Notre Dame Begun 1163:
Flying Buttresses
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Chartres Cathedral: 1194 - 1220Built to house the tunic worn by Virgin Mary when she gave birth to Jesus
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Chartres Cathedral: 1194 - 1220Known for 26,000 sf of renowned Stained glass
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Chartres Cathedral: 1194-1220Known for its sculptures
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Chartres Cathedral: 1194 - 1220Entire city worked on Cathedral92' long singled-aisled nave
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Chartres Cathedral: 1194 - 1220Flying buttresses
commons.wikimedia.org by Eusebius
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Reims Cathedral, Reims, France begun 1211
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Reims Cathedral, FranceNotre Dame, Paris, France©
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England:
Structural elements of the Gothic style were adopted earlier in England than anywhere else.
English Cathedrals were longer, narrower and lower than the French
Transepts were more pronounced
Apses were generally square
English Churches were more solemn
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Salisbury Cathedral: 1220 - 1260
Completed in 40 years.
Double Transepts
Horizontal emphasis with Great Central tower over the crossing with spire was 400’ tall
Nave is 84’ tall
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Salisbury Cathedral, England: 1220 - 1260
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Salisbury Cathedral, 1220 - 1260co
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Salisbury Cathedral, England: 1220 - 1260
commons.wikimedia.org by Bernard Gagnon
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Salisbury Cathedral, England: 1220 - 1260
commons.wikimedia.org by Moodycommons.wikimedia.org by Steve Cadman
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Italy:
Generally the character of the Architecture was still influenced by Rome
Internal tie beams were preferred to Flying Buttresses
Surface Decoration was preferred to structural articulation
Lower more horizontal manner
Flat pitched roofs
Small windows without tracery
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Cathedral Milan, Italy: 1386-1572
www.flickr.com By Francisco Antunes
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Cathedral Milan: Begun at the end of the 14th
Century
Extremely lofty –rising 150’ at the nave and 100’ at the side aisles
Known as ”Church of the Hundred Spires”
Over 6000 individual sculptures
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Cathedral Milan, Italy: 1386-1572
www.flickr.com By X-Max
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Doges Palace, Venice, Italy: 1309-1424
www.flickr.com By Mary.
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Doges Palace,
Venice Italy: 1309-1424Designed by Giovanni and Bartolomeo Buon
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Doges Palace (Venice): Begun at the end of the 14th CenturyLacy network of arcades and open stoneworkMarks the highlight of Italian GothicNon-Ecclesiastical Building
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Doges Palace, Venice Italy: 1309-1424
www.flickr.com By F Chickens
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King’s College Chapel, Cambridge, England: 1466-1515
Late Gothic Architecture: More geometric and machine-like than the more organic earlier Gothic works
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commons.wikimedia.org by Gunnar Wrobel
King’s College Chapel, Cambridge, England: 1466-1515
www.flickr.com by Lawrence OP
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commons.wikimedia.org by TomAlt.
King’s College Chapel, Cambridge, England: 1466-1515
www.flickr.com by Lawrence OP
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King’s College Chapel, Cambridge, England: 1466-1515
commons.wikimedia.org by Andrew Dunncommons.wikimedia.org
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