Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms

14
2022.07.06 John C. Beckman Reading Biblical Hebrew Paradigms & Tables Hebrew Keyboard ........................................................................................................................................2 Consonants ..................................................................................................................................................3 Vowels .........................................................................................................................................................4 Adjective Endings ........................................................................................................................................5 Noun Endings ..............................................................................................................................................5 Pronominal Suffixes .................................................................................................................................6 Verb Stems ..................................................................................................................................................7 Qal ...............................................................................................................................................................8 Niphal..........................................................................................................................................................9 Piel ........................................................................................................................................................... 10 Hitpael...................................................................................................................................................... 11 Pual .......................................................................................................................................................... 12 Hiphil ....................................................................................................................................................... 13 Hophal...................................................................................................................................................... 14

Transcript of Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms

Page 1: Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms

2022.07.06 John C. Beckman

Reading Biblical Hebrew Paradigms & Tables

Hebrew Keyboard ........................................................................................................................................2

Consonants ..................................................................................................................................................3

Vowels .........................................................................................................................................................4

Adjective Endings ........................................................................................................................................5

Noun Endings ..............................................................................................................................................5

Pronominal Suffixes ■ .................................................................................................................................6

Verb Stems ..................................................................................................................................................7

Qal ...............................................................................................................................................................8

Niphal..........................................................................................................................................................9

Piel ........................................................................................................................................................... 10

Hitpael...................................................................................................................................................... 11

Pual .......................................................................................................................................................... 12

Hiphil ....................................................................................................................................................... 13

Hophal...................................................................................................................................................... 14

Page 2: Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms

2 of 14 Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms John C. Beckman

~ 1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 0 - = del

Q W E R T

Y U I O P [ ] \ Tab

A S D F G

H J K L ; ‘ Return Caps

Z X C V B

N M , . / Shift Shift

Alt Cmd Space Cmd Alt Ctrl Ctrl

~ 1 2 3 4

־ 0 9 8 7 6 5 del

ו ק י ת ר Tab \ [ ] פ

ג ש ד ס

ל כ ש ה ‘ Return Caps

Shift Shift / . , מ נ ב ט צ ח ז

Alt Cmd Space Cmd Alt Ctrl Ctrl

~ 1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 0

maqaf dagesh

del

quf vav segol resh tav yud qubuts hiriq holam pe

[ ] \ Tab

patah samekh dalet sin gimel he shin kaf lamed shva

‘ Return Caps

zayin het tsadi tet bet nun mem

, . / Shift Shift

Alt Cmd Space Cmd Alt Ctrl Ctrl

~ 1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 0 - = del

Q W E R T

Y U I O P [ ] \ Tab

A S D F G

H J K L ; ‘ Return Caps

Z X C V B

N M , . / Shift Shift

Alt Cmd Space Cmd Alt Ctrl Ctrl

~ 1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 0 del

Tab \ [ ] ף

Return Caps ‘ ך

Shift Shift / א ע ם ן ץ

Alt Cmd Space Cmd Alt Ctrl Ctrl

~ 1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 0

del

tsere holam final pe

[ ] \ Tab

qamats final kaf

; ‘ Return Caps

final tsadi final nun final mem ayin alef

/ Shift Shift

Alt Cmd Space Cmd Alt Ctrl Ctrl

Hebrew Keyboard • This keyboard map is used by the online quiz system. It is based on the SIL Hebrew keyboard map. • Qamats and qamats qatan are both typed as shift-A.

א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ ך ל מ ם נ ן ס ע פ ף צ ץ ק ר ש ש ת t j f r q c p s n m l k y v x z w h d g b

shift C P < N M K >

= u o i e a ; shift 6 E A press & release ctrl alt shift \ O E A

~ 1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 0 - = del

Q W E R T

Y U I O P [ ] \ Tab

A S D F G

H J K L ; ‘ Return Caps

Z X C V B

N M , . / Shift Shift

Alt Cmd Space Cmd Alt Ctrl Ctrl

~ 1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 0 del

[ ] \ Tab

‘ Return Caps

, . / Shift Shift

Alt Cmd Space Cmd Alt Ctrl Ctrl

~ 1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 0

del

hataf segol hataf qamats

[ ] \ Tab

hataf patah

; ‘ Return Caps

, . / Shift Shift

Alt Cmd Space Cmd Alt Ctrl Ctrl

accent

accent

Page 3: Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms

John C. Beckman Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms 3 of 14

Consonants Pronunciation (if needed) Name Final Form Consonant

silent alef 1 א

V if no dagesh bet 2 ב

gimel 3 ג

dalet 4 ד

he 5 ה

vav 6 ו

zayin 7 ז

KH het 8 ח

tet 9 ט

yud 10 י

KH if no dagesh kaf ך כ 11

lamed 12 ל

mem ם 13 מ

nun ן 14 נ

samekh 15 ס

silent ayin 16 ע

F if no dagesh pe ף פ 17

tsadi ץ 18 צ

quf 19 ק

resh 20 ר

sin 21 ש

shin 22 ש

tav 23 ת

Page 4: Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms

4 of 14 Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms John C. Beckman

Vowels

Class Sound Vowel Letters Vowel Points

Non-Reduced Vowels Reduced Vowels

A latte

ה qamats he

patah

qamats

hataf patah

E bet ה segol he

ה tsere he

י segol yud

י tsere yud

segol

tsere

hataf segol

I beet י hiriq yud hiriq

O go

ה holam he

holam vav ו

qamats qatan

holam

hataf qamats

U goo ו shuruq qubuts

None bet vocal shva

Class Sound Vowel Letters Vowel Points

Non-Reduced Vowels Reduced Vowels • A word-final vowel is always a vowel letter, except that a few specific suffixes can end in qamats . • He vowel letters ( ה ה , ה , ה , ) can only occur at the end of a word.

Plene vs. Defective Spelling

Plene י ה ו ו (word final)Defective (restricted)

• Word-final qamats is restricted to a few specific suffixes. Qamats is never otherwise word-final.

Page 5: Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms

John C. Beckman Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms 5 of 14

Adjective Endings

Number Gender

Absolute State Construct State

(Bare) +Pronominal Suffix ■

Singular

Masculine (none) ■ (none)

Feminine ה ת ■ ת

ת ■ ת ת

Plural Masculine ים י ■ י Feminine ות ■ ותי ות

Noun Endings

Number Gender

Absolute State Construct State

(Bare) +Pronominal Suffix ■

Singular

Usually Masculine (none) ■ (none) Masculine ה ה ■

Feminine ה ת ■ ת

ת ■ ת ת

Dual Either ים י ■ י

Feminine ים י ■ תי ת ת

Plural Usually Masculine ים י ■ י Usually Feminine ות ■ ותי ות

• If no accent is shown, then either of the last two full vowels of the word can be accented. • If no vowel is shown before ת ,י, or a pronominal suffix ■, then the vowel varies. י ➢ ■ only occurs on singular words. Duals and plurals use י■ ■י , ■י , , or י■

• The plural endings ים and ות may be written defectively as ם and ת • The feminine plural ending ותי ■ may omit the yud → ות ■

Page 6: Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms

6 of 14 Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms John C. Beckman

Pronominal Suffixes ■ Number Person Gender Pronominal Suffixes ■

Singular

1 C 1 י י 2 ני ני 3

2 M ך ך

F ך

3 M נו הו ו ו ה

F נה ה ה

Plural

1 C נו נו

2 M כם

F כן

3 M מו ם הם

F ן הן • Within each row, the pronominal suffixes can be written in any order.

The order in the table above was chosen simply to make the patterns easier to recognize.

1 The 1cs pronominal suffix י is used on prepositions. It is also used on singular nouns and adjectives. So אחי is ‘my brother.’ 1 The 1cs pronominal suffix י is NOT used on finite verbs (P, I, M). It is used non-finite verbs (∞, singular Pt). So אחי is ‘my brother.’ 2 The 1cs pronominal suffix י is used on prepositions. It is also used on dual and plural nouns and adjectives. So אחי is ‘my brothers.’ 2 The 1cs pronominal suffix י absorbs the י of the ■י dual and plural ending. This is why ‘my brothers’ is אחי (NOT אחיי ). 2 The 1cs pronominal suffix י is sometimes written י , following the ⟶ rule. So אחי is ‘my brothers.’ 3 The 1cs pronominal suffix ני is not used on the preposition ב. So בני is 1+בןcs ‘my son’, and בי is 1+בcs ‘with me.’

Page 7: Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms

John C. Beckman Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms 7 of 14

Verb Stems Active Middle Passive

Qal (Q) ( P, P3+■, Pt, וPp) Niphal (N) ( P, Pt, someA) ← Niphal

P, Pp, A; qq: ∞+■, M2ms+■ נ P, Pt, someA

Pt

I י I י

M, ∞ (P+ , Pp+ ) ה M, ∞, someA

Piel (D) Hitpael (HtD) Pual (Dp) ( Pt)

P הת P, M, ∞, A P

מ Pt מת Pt מ Pt

I י I ית I י

M, ∞, A

Hiphil (H) י ( A, M2ms+Ø, short I+Ø ) ← Hiphil Hophal (Hp) ( Pt)

ה P ה/ה P

Pt מ/מ Pt מ

י /י I י I

M, ∞, A ה

“+■” means a pronominal suffix. On the M2ms it also includes paragogic He.

“+ ” means any ending that grabs the accent: a pronominal suffix or an accented subject ending.

“+Ø” means nothing at the end: no subject ending, no pronominal suffix, no paragogic He.

Parsing Code:

Stems D Piel

Dp Pual

H Hiphil

Hp Hophal

HtD Hitpael

N Niphal

Q Qal

Conjugations A Absolute

I Imperfect

M Imperative

P Perfect

Pt Participle

Pp Passive Participle

(Qal only)

∞ Infinitive

Page 8: Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms

8 of 14 Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms John C. Beckman

Qal

Qal (Q) A Absolute I Imperfect M Imperative P Perfect Pt Participle Pp Passive Participle (Qal only) ∞ Infinitive

Qal (Q) ( P, P3+■, Pt, וPp )

P, Pp, A; qq: ∞+■, M2ms+■

Pt

I י

M, ∞ (P+ , Pp+ )

Number Gender Qal Participle Qal Passive Participle

Absolute Construct Absolute Construct

Singular

M ל ל same ← קט קטול קטול קטF ה ת קטל ה קטל קטול ת קטולF לת לת same ← קט (cannot occur) (cannot occur) קט

Plural M ים י קטל ים קטל קטול י קטולF קטלות ← same קטולות קטלות ← same קטולות

PGN Qal Perfect+ ■ Qal Perfect Qal Imperfect Qal Imperative

1cs י לתי ■קטלת ל קט אקט

2ms לת ■קטלת ל קט ל ∞or Q תקט קט

2fs (omit) לת י קט י תקטל קטל

3ms ל ■ קטל ל קט יקט

3fs ת or QM2ms ■קטל+parHe ה ל קטל תקט

1cp לנו ■קטלנו ל קט נקט

2mp (omit) ם קטלו תקטלו קטלת

2fp (omit) ן לנה קטלת לנה תקט קט

3mp קטלו ■קטלו

Q∞ = QM2ms יקטלו

3fp לנה ל QA תקט קט

Page 9: Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms

John C. Beckman Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms 9 of 14

Niphal

Niphal (N) A Absolute I Imperfect M Imperative P Perfect Pt Participle ∞ Infinitive

Niphal (N) ( P, Pt, someA )

P, Pt, someA נ

I י

M, ∞, someA ה

Number Gender Niphal Participle

Absolute Construct

Singular

M ל נקט

(omit)

F ה נקטלF לת נקט

Plural M ים נקטלF נקטלות

PGN Niphal Perfect Niphal Imperfect Niphal Imperative

1cs לתי לא/ א נקט קט

2ms לת ל נקט ל or N(∞/A) תקט הקט2fs לת י נקט י or N∞+1cs תקטל הקטל

3ms ל נקטל יקט

3fs ה ל נקטל תקט

1cp לנו ל נקט נקט

2mp ם הקטלו תקטלו נקטלת

2fp ן לנה נקטלת (omit) תקט

3mp נקטלו

N∞ = NM2ms יקטלו3fp לנה ‡NA = NM2ms תקט

‡ NA has 4 spellings: לנקט להקט להקט לנקט

Page 10: Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms

10 of 14 Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms John C. Beckman

Piel

Piel (D) A Absolute I Imperfect M Imperative P Perfect Pt Participle ∞ Infinitive

Piel (D)

P

Pt מ

י I

M, ∞, A

Number Gender Piel Participle

Absolute Construct

Singular

M ל ל same ← מקט מקטF (omit) (omit) F לת לת same ← מקט מקט

Plural M ים י מקטל מקטלF מקטלות ← same מקטלות

PGN Piel Perfect Piel Imperfect Piel Imperative 1cs לתי ל קט אקט

2ms לת ל קט ל or D(∞/A) תקט קט2fs לת י קט י or D∞+1cs תקטל קטל

3ms ל ל קט יקט3fs ה ל קטל תקט1cp לנו ל קט נקט2mp ם קטלו תקטלו קטלת2fp ן לנה קטלת לנה תקט קט

3mp קטלו

D∞ = DM2ms יקטלו3fp לנה DA = DM2ms תקט

Page 11: Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms

John C. Beckman Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms 11 of 14

Hitpael

Hitpael (HtD) A Absolute I Imperfect M Imperative P Perfect Pt Participle ∞ Infinitive

Hitpael (HtD)

הת P, M, ∞, A

Pt מת

I ית

Number Gender Hitpael Participle

Absolute Construct

Singular

M ל מתקט

(omit)

F ה מתקטלF לת מתקט

Plural M ים מתקטלF מתקטלות

PGN Hitpael Perfect Hitpael Imperfect Hitpael Imperative

1cs לתי ל התקט אתקט

2ms לת ל התקט HtDP3ms = תתקט

2fs לת י התקט י תתקטל התקטל

3ms or

M2ms/∞/A ל ל התקט יתקט

3fs (omit) ל תתקט

1cp לנו ל התקט נתקט

2mp ם HtDP3cp = תתקטלו התקטלת

2fp (omit) (omit) (omit)

3mp or M2mp התקטלו

HtD∞ = HtDP3ms יתקטלו

3fp לנה HtDA = HtDP3ms תתקט

Page 12: Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms

12 of 14 Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms John C. Beckman

Pual

Pual (Dp) Pual (Dp) ( Pt )

I Imperfect P Perfect Pt Participle

P

Pt מ

I י

Number Gender Pual Participle

Absolute Construct

Singular

M ל מקט

(omit)

F ה מקטלF לת מקט

Plural M ים מקטלF מקטלות

PGN Pual Perfect Pual Imperfect Pual Imperative

1cs לתי (omit) קט

2ms לת ל קט (omit) תקט

2fs לת י קט (omit) תקטל

3ms ל ל קט יקט

3fs ה ל קטל תקט

1cp לנו (omit) קט

2mp ם (omit) תקטלו קטלת

2fp (omit) (omit) (omit)

3mp קטלו

Dp∞ (omit) יקטלו

3fp (omit) DpA (omit)

Page 13: Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms

John C. Beckman Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms 13 of 14

Hiphil

Hiphil (H) A Absolute I Imperfect M Imperative P Perfect Pt Participle ∞ Infinitive

Hiphil (H) י ( A, M2ms+Ø, short I+Ø )

ה P

Pt מ

I י

ה M, ∞, A

Number Gender Hiphil Participle

Absolute Construct

Singular

M יל יל same ← מקט מקטF ה תמקטי מקטיל ל F לת לת same ← מקט מקט

Plural M ים ימקטי מקטיל ל F מקטילות ← same מקטילות

PGN Hiphil Perfect Hiphil Imperfect Hiphil Imperfect (Short) Hiphil Imperative

1cs לתי יל הקט אקט (no short form) 2ms לת יל הקט ל or HA לתקט תקט הקט2fs לת ילי הקט ילי (no short form) תקט הקט

3ms יל יל הקט ליקט יקט3fs ילה יל הקט לתקט תקט1cp לנו יל הקט (no short form) נקט2mp ם ילו הקטלת תקט (no short form) ילו הקט2fp (omit) (omit) (no short form) (omit)

3mp ילו הקט

ילו יל ∞H (no short form) יקט הקט3fp (omit) (no short form) HA = HM2ms

Page 14: Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms

14 of 14 Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms John C. Beckman

Hophal

Hophal (Hp)

I Imperfect P Perfect Pt Participle

Hophal (Hp) ( Pt )

P ה/ה

Pt מ/מ

I י/י

Number Gender Hophal Participle

Absolute Construct

Singular

M ל מ/מקט

(omit)

F (omit)

F לת מ/מקט

Plural M ים מ/מקטלF (omit)

PGN Hophal Perfect Hophal Imperfect Hophal Imperative

1cs לתי ל ה/הקט א/אקט

2ms לת ל ה/הקט (omit) ת/תקט

2fs לת י ה/הקט (omit) ת/תקטל

3ms ל ל ה/הקט י/יקט

3fs ה ל ה/הקטל ת/תקט

1cp לנו ל ה/הקט נ/נקט

2mp ם (omit) ת/תקטלו ה/הקטלת

2fp (omit) (omit) (omit)

3mp ה/הקטלו

Hp∞ (omit) י/יקטלו

3fp לנה HpA (omit) ת/תקט