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Transcript of Reading Assignment: Chapter 23: Perciformes end. Notice: Projects Due: Wednesday 10 December end.
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Reading Assignment:
Chapter 23: Perciformes
end
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Notice:
• Projects Due: Wednesday 10 December
end
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Behavior & Communication:
1. Schooling
2. Feeding
3. Aggressive Behavior
4. Dominance Hierarchies
5. Resting Behavior
end
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1. Schooling - moving in close
coordinated association • 25% of fishes school
– herring schools to 4.5 billion m3
• @ density 0.5-1 fish per m3
• 1/7 th vol. of Lake Sakakawea
– consider: Lake Sakakawea 30 billion m3
• 200 mi long; 185 ft max depth
end
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end
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Advantages of Schooling:
• Reduced risk of predation– school may appear as large organism– collective alertness– predator confusion
• difficulty of selecting target (flock-shooting)
• movement camouflage
end
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sergeant majorend
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Advantages of Schooling continued:
• Hydrodynamics--energetic efficiency in swimming– drafting– snout-cone effect– similar to V-formation in birds
• 25 birds could get a 70% increase in distance for a given energy expenditure
end
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Hydrodynamics of Schooling
thrust
streamlines
turbulence
end
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Carangidae--bigeye jack schoolend
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diagonal banded sweetlips end
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Advantages of Schooling continued:
• increased efficiency in finding food
• increased reproductive success
end
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2. Feeding Behavior• Generalists--wide variety of prey
– omnivores -- catfishes
• Specialists--specific prey– herbivores -- plant/algae eaters– planktivores– piscivores -- fish eaters– extreme specialists
• scale-eating cichlids• parrot fishes -- coral• cookie-cuter sharks
end
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Scaridae--parrot-fishesend
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cookie cutter shark
end
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cookie cutter shark
end
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goblin shark
caught at depth of 960 m
end
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end
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Feeding Behavior continued:
• Opportunists -- take advantage of abundant prey – even if outside normal mode of feeding– non-surface feeders may feed at surface during
mayfly hatch– trout feeding on insect hatches
end
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Foraging Factors:
• prey size versus mouth size• energetic efficiency--energy spent versus energy
gained– prey distance– ease of capture - speed; maneuverability– handling - spines; armor– ease of digestion - composition; scales; bone– energy/nutrient content
end
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end
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3. Aggressive Behavior
• Territoriality - some defend territories, generally for a limited resource– mates– breeding sites– feeding territories– Ex. Tilapia in thermal gradient
end
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Aggressive Behavior continued:
• Aggressive encounters:– charges– nips– flare fins– lateral displays– submissive behaviors
end
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Aggressive Behavior continued:
• Factors affecting aggressive advantage:– size– prior residency– result of previous encounters
• Dominance Hierarchies– often established in interacting groups– Advantages/Disadvantages?
end
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end
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4. Resting Behavior
• “sleeping” or inactive
• observed in many species
• day night dusk dawn
• schools become disorganized
• some change color
• some do not react to vision or touch
end
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end
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Communication
Pheromones--already covered
1. Visual Signals
2. Auditory Signals
end
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1. Visual Signals:• Color -- important in visual comm.
– pigments: • carotenoids - reds, yellows (contribute to green)• melanins - dark red, brown, black
end
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Color continued:
– Structural colors: (reflected light)• purines - reflective (colorless)
– ex: guanine (iridiophores) cells containing guanine
– iridescence: produced when light waves are reflected in parallel
end
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carotenoids
clown fishend
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Salvelinus fontinalis--brook trout
carotenoids
end
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carotenoids
diagonal banded sweetlipsend
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melanins
end
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Poeciliidae -- black mollymelanins
end
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Etheostoma nigrum - johnny dartermelanins
end
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guanineblue marlin
end
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guanine
Hiodon alosoides -- goldeye end
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guanine
Dorosoma petenense -- threadfin shad
end
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guanine
Sphyraenidae -- barracudaend
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Example of coloration:
Campostoma--stonerollerend
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Example of coloration:
end
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Etheostoma exile--Iowa darter
Example of coloration:
end
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Lepomis cyanellus -- green sunfish
Example of coloration:
end
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Chromatophores -- pigment cells
• branched cells
• contain pigments or reflective crystals
• pigments can be concentrated in center or distributed in branches
• control: neuro-endocrine system
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Chromatophore
pigment
Vision & Nerve control
Normal coloration
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EX: experiments with flounders--role of vision
Pleuronectiformes
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adrenaline
Chromatophore
pigment
Lighter color
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acetyl
cholin
e
Chromatophore
pigment
Return to normal color
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Function of coloration
• thermoregulation - dark absorbs heat; light reflects heat
• intraspecific communication
• evasion of predators
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squirrelfishred coloration
Examples:
red--first wavelength to be filtered
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red coloration
short distance advertisement
northern redbelly dace
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countershading
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countershading
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poster colors--complex color patterns
(common in reef fish)
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Function of Poster colors:• advertisement of territory ownership• contact between foragers• intraspecific communication of sex, status,
maturity (Labridae, Scaridae)• predator avoidance--cryptic on color
background• aposmatic coloration--advertisement of
danger (poison; spines)
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poster colors
butterfly fish
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poster colors
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poster colors
queen angelfish
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poster colors
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poster colors lionfish--aposmatic coloration
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disruptive coloration--patterns that disrupt outline
flicker fusion--patterned fish against patterned background
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disruptive coloration
camouflage
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disruptive coloration
camouflage
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disruptive coloration
camouflage
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disruptive coloration
camouflage
guitarfish
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disruptive coloration
camouflage
leafy seadragon
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eye concealment
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eye concealment
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eye concealment
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eye enhancement
French angelfish
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eye enhancement
moray eel
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eyespots
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lateral stripes
common in schooling spp
For orientation &
pred. confusion
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lateral stripes
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polychromatism
• different colors in different individuals– ex: midas cichlid
• gold morphs win comp. for food
• rarely common in wild (prob. due to pred.)
– ex: annual killifish• brightly colored morphs dominant--greater
reproductive success early
• dull forms live longer--rep. success later in season
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special patterns
Ex: egg-shaped spots on male cichlids– mouth brooders– females take eggs into mouth after laying– attempts to pick up “dummy” eggs aids
fertilization
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photophores dragonfish
Light producing cellsMost common in twilight-zone fishes 300-1000 m
Self-liminescence--liciferin/luciferace chem. react
Symbiotic luminescence--luminescent bacteria
in gland-like structures
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photophores
lanternfish